Pub Date : 2025-07-21DOI: 10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100186
Yishan Chen , Huayu Tian , Tao Lin , Yipeng Liang , Enfu Wang , Wenzhu Li , Jingda Huang , Xiaolong Fang , Wenbiao Zhang
Bamboo-activated carbon prepared from low-ash prickly bamboo charcoal could promote the diversified development of the bamboo charcoal industry and realize the high value-added and high-level application of prickly bamboo material. In this study, the water vapor activation method was first used to investigate the effects of activation temperature, activation time and water vapor flux on the performance of bamboo activated carbon. Its optimal activation process parameters (activation reaction temperature of 875 ℃, activation reaction time of 2 h, and activation reaction water vapor flux of 0.50 L·h−1) were then determined. The effect of NaOH impregnation modification of activated carbon on its adsorption performance was also investigated to determine its optimal modification process (NaOH solution concentration of 5 mol·L−1, impregnation temperature of 55 ℃, impregnation time of 6 h). After modification, the adsorption performance of bamboo activated carbon was greatly improved. The following adsorption values were obtained: 1225.7 mg·g−1 for iodine, 365.6 mg·g−1 and 280.6 mg·g−1, respectively, for the dynamic and static adsorption of formaldehyde, 273.47 mg·g−1 and 361.79 mg·g−1 respectively for the dynamic and static adsorption of toluene and 298.19 mg·g−1 for VOCs. This study provides a theoretical basis and technological support for the use of prickly bamboo-activated carbon in the field of gas-phase adsorption.
{"title":"Study on the properties of activated carbon based on activation process and NaOH modification","authors":"Yishan Chen , Huayu Tian , Tao Lin , Yipeng Liang , Enfu Wang , Wenzhu Li , Jingda Huang , Xiaolong Fang , Wenbiao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bamboo-activated carbon prepared from low-ash prickly bamboo charcoal could promote the diversified development of the bamboo charcoal industry and realize the high value-added and high-level application of prickly bamboo material. In this study, the water vapor activation method was first used to investigate the effects of activation temperature, activation time and water vapor flux on the performance of bamboo activated carbon. Its optimal activation process parameters (activation reaction temperature of 875 ℃, activation reaction time of 2 h, and activation reaction water vapor flux of 0.50 L·h<sup>−1</sup>) were then determined. The effect of NaOH impregnation modification of activated carbon on its adsorption performance was also investigated to determine its optimal modification process (NaOH solution concentration of 5 mol·L<sup>−1</sup>, impregnation temperature of 55 ℃, impregnation time of 6 h). After modification, the adsorption performance of bamboo activated carbon was greatly improved. The following adsorption values were obtained: 1225.7 mg·g<sup>−1</sup> for iodine, 365.6 mg·g<sup>−1</sup> and 280.6 mg·g<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, for the dynamic and static adsorption of formaldehyde, 273.47 mg·g<sup>−1</sup> and 361.79 mg·g<sup>−1</sup> respectively for the dynamic and static adsorption of toluene and 298.19 mg·g<sup>−1</sup> for VOCs. This study provides a theoretical basis and technological support for the use of prickly bamboo-activated carbon in the field of gas-phase adsorption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100040,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Bamboo Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144694483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-21DOI: 10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100188
Meghna Thapa, Vipin Parkash, Ranjna Kaundal, Supriti Paul
Fungal endophytes are crucial in maintaining ecosystem balance and enhancing host plant growth. The roots, stems and leaves of hill bamboo (bamboo and ringal species) collected from four different sites of the Garhwal hills, Uttarakhand, were sampled for the presence of endophytic fungi. A total of 111 endophytic fungal strains representing 11 genera were isolated from 304 segments. The endophytes belonged to the phylum Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Ascomycota was the dominant group, representing 91.6 %, while Basidiomycota represented 8.3 %. Fusarium oxysporum was the dominant endophyte (18.7 %) among sites, while within the plant parts, Pochonia chlamydosporia dominated (26.6 %), followed by Nigrospora sphaerica (18.6 %). Among sites, the colonization frequency of F. oxysporum was higher (8.3 %) while Angiospora montagnei (1.94 %) had the least colonization frequency. The diversity and species richness of culturable endophytic fungi were found to be higher in the Haridwar site. Within the plant parts, the diversity and species richness were greater in the stems. Nigrospora sphaerica and Rhizoctonia solani species were isolated from three sites, while N. sphaerica was isolated from all the studied plant parts. The isolation of fungal endophytes from hill bamboo was carried out for the first time in India. Throughout their life cycles, fungal endophytes protect the host through parasitism, antibiosis and competition. They also act as a plant growth promoter by synthesizing phytohormones such as auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins. Therefore, endophytes can be used as effective plant growth promoters and biocontrol agents, thus promoting sustainable agriculture and forestry practices.
{"title":"Diversity and distribution of endophytic fungi in hill bamboos of the Garhwal Hills, India","authors":"Meghna Thapa, Vipin Parkash, Ranjna Kaundal, Supriti Paul","doi":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fungal endophytes are crucial in maintaining ecosystem balance and enhancing host plant growth. The roots, stems and leaves of hill bamboo (bamboo and ringal species) collected from four different sites of the Garhwal hills, Uttarakhand, were sampled for the presence of endophytic fungi. A total of 111 endophytic fungal strains representing 11 genera were isolated from 304 segments. The endophytes belonged to the phylum Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Ascomycota was the dominant group, representing 91.6 %, while Basidiomycota represented 8.3 %. <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> was the dominant endophyte (18.7 %) among sites, while within the plant parts, <em>Pochonia chlamydosporia</em> dominated (26.6 %), followed by <em>Nigrospora sphaerica</em> (18.6 %). Among sites, the colonization frequency of <em>F. oxysporum</em> was higher (8.3 %) while <em>Angiospora montagnei</em> (1.94 %) had the least colonization frequency. The diversity and species richness of culturable endophytic fungi were found to be higher in the Haridwar site. Within the plant parts, the diversity and species richness were greater in the stems. <em>Nigrospora sphaerica</em> and <em>Rhizoctonia solani</em> species were isolated from three sites, while <em>N. sphaerica</em> was isolated from all the studied plant parts. The isolation of fungal endophytes from hill bamboo was carried out for the first time in India. Throughout their life cycles, fungal endophytes protect the host through parasitism, antibiosis and competition. They also act as a plant growth promoter by synthesizing phytohormones such as auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins. Therefore, endophytes can be used as effective plant growth promoters and biocontrol agents, thus promoting sustainable agriculture and forestry practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100040,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Bamboo Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144703145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We studied the effects of hybrid bamboo leaf particulate (BLp), alumina (Al2O3) and zirconia (ZrO2) concentrations on structural, mechanical, physical and wear properties of Al-based biocomposites. BLp was subjected to alkali and thermal treatment to improve its surface morphology, distribution and interaction with the Al-based alloy. The composites were made using a double layer feeding stir casting method, with reinforcements added at 2 and 4 wt% concentrations and hybrid concentrations after carbonisation. The BLPs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive x-ray (SEM/EDX). The corrosion study of Al-7Mg-3Si-1.5Ni/Al2O3/ZrO2/BLA biocomposites was conducted in a 1 M HCl solution, and the effects of solution temperature and immersion time were investigated using weight loss measurements at 303 K and immersion times of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h. FTIR spectroscopy revealed changes in BLp functional groups and molecular structure following treatment, whereas SEM and OM analysis revealed changes in particle distribution and elemental composition, indicating that the thermochemical treatment altered the crystallinity, distribution and orientation of particulate matter while improving particle surface roughness and mechanical interlocking matter. The mechanical properties of the biocomposites showed improvements in ultimate tensile strength, hardness, impact and wear resistance, with a maximum tensile strength of 235.17 MPa, hardness of 110.6 BHN, impact of 62.3 J, and a lower wear rate of 2.82 × 10−4 mm3/mm (64.08 % decrease). Density and porosity analysis revealed changes in biocomposites structure and compaction after treatment and reinforcement, with hybrid Al2O3/ZrO2/BLA reinforced Al-based biocomposites recording the highest density value of 2.80 g/cm3 due to increased wettability and their porous-free structure. The difference in theoretical and experimental density values indicates the presence of porosity, with % porosity values ranging from 0.4 to 1.11. Reinforcements improved particle dispersion in biocomposites, but their effect was further enhanced in hybrid and varied systems. The hybrid Al-7Mg-3Si-1.5Ni/Al2O3/ZrO2/BLA biocomposites outperformed single additions of Al2O3, ZrO2 and BLA. This suggests that using alkali-treated BLp and hybrid plant-based reinforcing with high-temperature metallic materials (Al2O3 and ZrO2) can significantly improve the mechanical, structural and wear properties of Al-based biocomposites.
{"title":"Enhancing mechanical, structural and wear properties of Al-Mg-Si-Ni-based biocomposites: Additives of hybrid high-temperature materials and bamboo leaf particulates","authors":"J.L. Chukwuneke , I.E. Digitemie , C.H. Achebe , C. Unegbu , H.C. Olisakwe , A.U. Madumere , T.O. Nwokeocha , O.K. Osazuwa","doi":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We studied the effects of hybrid bamboo leaf particulate (BLp), alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and zirconia (ZrO<sub>2</sub>) concentrations on structural, mechanical, physical and wear properties of Al-based biocomposites. BLp was subjected to alkali and thermal treatment to improve its surface morphology, distribution and interaction with the Al-based alloy. The composites were made using a double layer feeding stir casting method, with reinforcements added at 2 and 4 wt% concentrations and hybrid concentrations after carbonisation. The BLPs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive x-ray (SEM/EDX). The corrosion study of Al-7Mg-3Si-1.5Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/ZrO<sub>2</sub>/BLA biocomposites was conducted in a 1 M HCl solution, and the effects of solution temperature and immersion time were investigated using weight loss measurements at 303 K and immersion times of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h. FTIR spectroscopy revealed changes in BLp functional groups and molecular structure following treatment, whereas SEM and OM analysis revealed changes in particle distribution and elemental composition, indicating that the thermochemical treatment altered the crystallinity, distribution and orientation of particulate matter while improving particle surface roughness and mechanical interlocking matter. The mechanical properties of the biocomposites showed improvements in ultimate tensile strength, hardness, impact and wear resistance, with a maximum tensile strength of 235.17 MPa, hardness of 110.6 BHN, impact of 62.3 J, and a lower wear rate of 2.82 × 10<sup>−4</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/mm (64.08 % decrease). Density and porosity analysis revealed changes in biocomposites structure and compaction after treatment and reinforcement, with hybrid Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/ZrO<sub>2</sub>/BLA reinforced Al-based biocomposites recording the highest density value of 2.80 g/cm<sup>3</sup> due to increased wettability and their porous-free structure. The difference in theoretical and experimental density values indicates the presence of porosity, with % porosity values ranging from 0.4 to 1.11. Reinforcements improved particle dispersion in biocomposites, but their effect was further enhanced in hybrid and varied systems. The hybrid Al-7Mg-3Si-1.5Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/ZrO<sub>2</sub>/BLA biocomposites outperformed single additions of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, ZrO<sub>2</sub> and BLA. This suggests that using alkali-treated BLp and hybrid plant-based reinforcing with high-temperature metallic materials (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub>) can significantly improve the mechanical, structural and wear properties of Al-based biocomposites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100040,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Bamboo Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144685600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-05DOI: 10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100184
Habtamu Achenef Tesema
I evaluated biomass variations of lowland bamboo (Oxytenanthera abyssinica) in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia, under different mulching and soil composition treatments. A plantation was established in June 2017 using 162 seedlings arranged in a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with three blocks, six plots per block and nine seedlings per plot. Treatments included two mulching levels, mulched (W1) and non-mulched (WO), and three soil compositions: T1 (a 3:2:1 mix of local soil, animal manure, and sand), T2 (a 3:2 mix of local soil and animal manure) and T3 (a 6:2 mix of local soil and animal manure). Standard management practices were applied uniformly. Data collection was conducted in April 2022 on four-year-old bamboo stands. Growth parameters measured included culm height, number of culms per clump and diameter at breast height (DBH), recorded at 1.30 m above ground. Only culms older than three years were sampled, identified using a morphological technique developed by the author. Biomass was estimated using DBH and height through established allometric models. The results showed that soil composition had a significant effect on DBH and height, with T2 yielding the highest values. Mulching significantly improved DBH, although its effects on height and biomass were not statistically significant. Tukey’s HSD test confirmed significant differences among specific treatment combinations. Biomass accumulation was highest under T2 with mulch. These findings underscore the importance of organic matter inputs and proper soil management for improving bamboo growth. Mulching may further enhance performance, particularly in semi-arid environments such as eastern Ethiopia.
{"title":"Effects of soil composition and mulching treatments on biomass variations of Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A.Rich.) Munro, eastern Ethiopia","authors":"Habtamu Achenef Tesema","doi":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>I evaluated biomass variations of lowland bamboo (<em>Oxytenanthera abyssinica</em>) in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia, under different mulching and soil composition treatments. A plantation was established in June 2017 using 162 seedlings arranged in a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with three blocks, six plots per block and nine seedlings per plot. Treatments included two mulching levels, mulched (W1) and non-mulched (WO), and three soil compositions: T1 (a 3:2:1 mix of local soil, animal manure, and sand), T2 (a 3:2 mix of local soil and animal manure) and T3 (a 6:2 mix of local soil and animal manure). Standard management practices were applied uniformly. Data collection was conducted in April 2022 on four-year-old bamboo stands. Growth parameters measured included culm height, number of culms per clump and diameter at breast height (DBH), recorded at 1.30 m above ground. Only culms older than three years were sampled, identified using a morphological technique developed by the author. Biomass was estimated using DBH and height through established allometric models. The results showed that soil composition had a significant effect on DBH and height, with T2 yielding the highest values. Mulching significantly improved DBH, although its effects on height and biomass were not statistically significant. Tukey’s HSD test confirmed significant differences among specific treatment combinations. Biomass accumulation was highest under T2 with mulch. These findings underscore the importance of organic matter inputs and proper soil management for improving bamboo growth. Mulching may further enhance performance, particularly in semi-arid environments such as eastern Ethiopia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100040,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Bamboo Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144571035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-04DOI: 10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100182
Milind Digambar Patil , Sanjay Vasant Deshmukh
Tree canopies create shaded microhabitats in the understorey by reducing light availability for plants growing beneath them. Medium-sized tropical sympodial bamboos, such as Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii, typically exhibit shade tolerance, particularly during early developmental stages, but may adopt light-demanding growth strategies in response to resource competition. P. stocksii is traditionally cultivated by local farmers in the central Western Ghats, often in association with native shade trees. This study investigated the effects of varying tree canopy cover viz. full shade (70–80 % canopy cover), partial shade (30–50 %), and open conditions, on clump and culm growth of P. stocksii. Clump-level traits assessed included clump diameter, total number of standing culms, the relationship between mother and daughter culms, average distance between them, and culm density. Culm-level traits included total height, number of nodes, basal diameter and height of the first branch above ground. Results indicated that the total number of standing culms was primarily determined by clump size rather than shading effect of tree canopies. However, open conditions supported relatively higher culm density per unit area. The relationship between mother and daughter culm numbers was consistently strong across treatments, suggesting minimal influence of canopy cover. A decrease in canopy cover was associated with a reduced average distance between mother and daughter culms. Shaded conditions significantly enhanced culm growth traits, including greater height, basal diameter and node number, along with an increased height of the first branch from the ground. Strong positive correlations were observed among culm height, basal diameter and node number, indicating these traits are interrelated and likely regulated by similar environmental factors. Overall, the study highlights the beneficial role of native shade trees in bamboo-based agroforestry systems, emphasizing that their retention, rather than replacement with monoculture bamboo plantations, fosters a synergistic, climate-resilient land-use model that supports both biodiversity conservation and sustainable rural livelihoods.
{"title":"Influence of native shade tree canopies on the clump and culm growth of Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii (Munro) T.G.Nguyen in the Western Ghats, India","authors":"Milind Digambar Patil , Sanjay Vasant Deshmukh","doi":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tree canopies create shaded microhabitats in the understorey by reducing light availability for plants growing beneath them. Medium-sized tropical sympodial bamboos, such as <em>Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii</em>, typically exhibit shade tolerance, particularly during early developmental stages, but may adopt light-demanding growth strategies in response to resource competition. <em>P. stocksii</em> is traditionally cultivated by local farmers in the central Western Ghats, often in association with native shade trees. This study investigated the effects of varying tree canopy cover viz. full shade (70–80 % canopy cover), partial shade (30–50 %), and open conditions, on clump and culm growth of <em>P. stocksii</em>. Clump-level traits assessed included clump diameter, total number of standing culms, the relationship between mother and daughter culms, average distance between them, and culm density. Culm-level traits included total height, number of nodes, basal diameter and height of the first branch above ground. Results indicated that the total number of standing culms was primarily determined by clump size rather than shading effect of tree canopies. However, open conditions supported relatively higher culm density per unit area. The relationship between mother and daughter culm numbers was consistently strong across treatments, suggesting minimal influence of canopy cover. A decrease in canopy cover was associated with a reduced average distance between mother and daughter culms. Shaded conditions significantly enhanced culm growth traits, including greater height, basal diameter and node number, along with an increased height of the first branch from the ground. Strong positive correlations were observed among culm height, basal diameter and node number, indicating these traits are interrelated and likely regulated by similar environmental factors. Overall, the study highlights the beneficial role of native shade trees in bamboo-based agroforestry systems, emphasizing that their retention, rather than replacement with monoculture bamboo plantations, fosters a synergistic, climate-resilient land-use model that supports both biodiversity conservation and sustainable rural livelihoods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100040,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Bamboo Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-04DOI: 10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100183
Sanjie Dutt A. Kumar , Franklyn F. Manggapis , Joe Robert Paul G. Lucena , Aaron Paul I. Carabbacan
We examined the flexural capacity of glue-laminated bamboo (GLB) beams made from Bambusa spinosa through experimental four-point bending tests and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to evaluate mechanical performance, validate numerical models and develop moment capacity equations. We demonstrate that Bambusa spinosa meets structural requirements for engineered bamboo, with GLB100 and GLB125 achieving flexural strengths of 146.78 MPa and 130.66 MPa, respectively. An adhesive shear bond strength of 15.45 MPa ensured durability and structural integrity, while FEA predictions closely aligned with experimental results, confirming the accuracy of numerical modeling in structural analysis. This reinforces the viability of GLB beams as a sustainable alternative to traditional materials, contributing to reducing environmental impact in construction. Economic feasibility, building code limitations and standardization challenges are hindering widespread adoption, necessitating further research on optimizing lamination techniques, adhesive selection, and long-term durability under diverse environmental conditions. This will enhance the applicability of GLB beams in real-world structural designs. Our findings support the advancement of engineering standards for GLB beams, and promoting Bambusa spinosa as a high-strength, eco-friendly solution for sustainable construction.
{"title":"Investigation of the flexural capacity of glue-laminated Bambusa spinosa Roxb. beams using an experimental procedure and finite element analysis","authors":"Sanjie Dutt A. Kumar , Franklyn F. Manggapis , Joe Robert Paul G. Lucena , Aaron Paul I. Carabbacan","doi":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examined the flexural capacity of glue-laminated bamboo (GLB) beams made from <em>Bambusa spinosa</em> through experimental four-point bending tests and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to evaluate mechanical performance, validate numerical models and develop moment capacity equations. We demonstrate that <em>Bambusa spinosa</em> meets structural requirements for engineered bamboo, with GLB100 and GLB125 achieving flexural strengths of 146.78 MPa and 130.66 MPa, respectively. An adhesive shear bond strength of 15.45 MPa ensured durability and structural integrity, while FEA predictions closely aligned with experimental results, confirming the accuracy of numerical modeling in structural analysis. This reinforces the viability of GLB beams as a sustainable alternative to traditional materials, contributing to reducing environmental impact in construction. Economic feasibility, building code limitations and standardization challenges are hindering widespread adoption, necessitating further research on optimizing lamination techniques, adhesive selection, and long-term durability under diverse environmental conditions. This will enhance the applicability of GLB beams in real-world structural designs. Our findings support the advancement of engineering standards for GLB beams, and promoting <em>Bambusa spinosa</em> as a high-strength, eco-friendly solution for sustainable construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100040,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Bamboo Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-03DOI: 10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100180
S. Mosquera G , A. Mariño C , P. Luna T
We analyzed the effect of dry etching plasma treatment on the Young’s modulus and surface appearance of Guadua angustifolia fibres. The fibres were bombarded with argon ions at different energy levels and exposure times through a dry etching method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that ion bombardment modified the fibre surface morphology, increasing roughness. Using higher plasma energy with shorter exposure times produced similar effects to those obtained with lower energy and longer exposure times. The increase in Young’s modulus was directly related to changes in the fibre’s surface structure. These findings confirm the influence of plasma treatment on the mechanical properties of the fibres and open new possibilities for their application as a reinforcement in composite materials.
{"title":"Influence of dry etching plasma treatment energy on the Young’s modulus and surface appearance of bamboo fibres","authors":"S. Mosquera G , A. Mariño C , P. Luna T","doi":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We analyzed the effect of dry etching plasma treatment on the Young’s modulus and surface appearance of <em>Guadua angustifolia</em> fibres. The fibres were bombarded with argon ions at different energy levels and exposure times through a dry etching method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that ion bombardment modified the fibre surface morphology, increasing roughness. Using higher plasma energy with shorter exposure times produced similar effects to those obtained with lower energy and longer exposure times. The increase in Young’s modulus was directly related to changes in the fibre’s surface structure. These findings confirm the influence of plasma treatment on the mechanical properties of the fibres and open new possibilities for their application as a reinforcement in composite materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100040,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Bamboo Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100179
Santosh Ayer
Bamboo, often referred to as “green gold”, has emerged as a promising nature-based solution for climate change mitigation due to its rapid growth rate and carbon sequestration capacity. With over 53 species across 12 genera distributed from the Terai lowlands to the Himalayan foothills, Nepal holds substantial potential to engage in bamboo-based carbon credit mechanisms. To support this potential, I conducted a narrative review focused on Nepal-specific literature, complemented by global sources to contextualize broader methodological and policy gaps that constrain bamboo’s integration into carbon markets. Globally, bamboo remains underrepresented in carbon certification frameworks due to the absence of recognized methodologies, standardized measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) protocols, and its classification as a non-timber forest product. These global limitations pose additional barriers for countries like Nepal, where bamboo is largely cultivated outside traditional forest areas. In addition, key challenges for Nepal include: (1) inadequate bamboo species documentation and distribution mapping, (2) lack of structured silvicultural management practices, (3) absence of species-specific allometric models for biomass estimation, and (4) policy and institutional gaps that exclude bamboo ecosystems—particularly those outside forests—from REDD+ and national carbon frameworks. Financial and market-related constraints, such as high project registration costs, volatile carbon pricing, and limited access to certification mechanisms, further hinder participation. While existing studies highlight bamboo’s carbon sink potential, more accurate species-level data, spatial inventories, and carbon accounting tools are required to support reliable stock estimation. Based on my findings, I recommend that Nepal should revise its national forest definition to include bamboo, develop bamboo-specific MRV protocols, clarify carbon rights, and introduce targeted financial incentives to facilitate bamboo’s inclusion in both compliance and voluntary carbon markets.
{"title":"Potential barriers to bamboo-based carbon credit initiatives in Nepal: What stands in the way?","authors":"Santosh Ayer","doi":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bamboo, often referred to as “green gold”, has emerged as a promising nature-based solution for climate change mitigation due to its rapid growth rate and carbon sequestration capacity. With over 53 species across 12 genera distributed from the Terai lowlands to the Himalayan foothills, Nepal holds substantial potential to engage in bamboo-based carbon credit mechanisms. To support this potential, I conducted a narrative review focused on Nepal-specific literature, complemented by global sources to contextualize broader methodological and policy gaps that constrain bamboo’s integration into carbon markets. Globally, bamboo remains underrepresented in carbon certification frameworks due to the absence of recognized methodologies, standardized measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) protocols, and its classification as a non-timber forest product. These global limitations pose additional barriers for countries like Nepal, where bamboo is largely cultivated outside traditional forest areas. In addition, key challenges for Nepal include: (1) inadequate bamboo species documentation and distribution mapping, (2) lack of structured silvicultural management practices, (3) absence of species-specific allometric models for biomass estimation, and (4) policy and institutional gaps that exclude bamboo ecosystems—particularly those outside forests—from REDD+ and national carbon frameworks. Financial and market-related constraints, such as high project registration costs, volatile carbon pricing, and limited access to certification mechanisms, further hinder participation. While existing studies highlight bamboo’s carbon sink potential, more accurate species-level data, spatial inventories, and carbon accounting tools are required to support reliable stock estimation. Based on my findings, I recommend that Nepal should revise its national forest definition to include bamboo, develop bamboo-specific MRV protocols, clarify carbon rights, and introduce targeted financial incentives to facilitate bamboo’s inclusion in both compliance and voluntary carbon markets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100040,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Bamboo Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100181
R. Udhayasankar, R. Sathish Kumar
The need to protect the environment has led to the development of eco-friendly materials. In this context, green composites have been created using bamboo fibre mat (BF) as the primary reinforcement, polylactic acid (PLA) as the matrix, and nano silica as a filler material. Bamboo fibre is significant because it is renewable, biodegradable and widely available, making it an excellent alternative to synthetic materials. In this study, six composite samples were fabricated by varying the weight percentages of PLA, bamboo fibre mat and nano silica. We evaluated the properties of these fabricated composites. Experimental observations revealed that Sample S4 exhibited the best mechanical properties, including the highest tensile strength and stiffness, as well as improved water absorption and thermal stability compared to the other samples. Sample S6 (50 % PLA, 25 % bamboo fibre, 25 % nano silica) had a lower density due to the presence of more voids. Scanning electron microscopy images of Sample S4 (70 % PLA, 15 % bamboo fibre, 15 % nano silica) showed a uniform distribution of nano silica fillers throughout the PLA matrix. Additionally, Sample S5 (60 % PLA, 20 % bamboo fibre, 20 % nano silica)) demonstrated good interaction between nano silica, PLA and the natural fibres, which facilitated better material integration. Our results suggest that these biocomposites could serve as effective and sustainable materials for various applications.
{"title":"Towards green composites: Composites reinforced with bamboo fibre mats","authors":"R. Udhayasankar, R. Sathish Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The need to protect the environment has led to the development of eco-friendly materials. In this context, green composites have been created using bamboo fibre mat (BF) as the primary reinforcement, polylactic acid (PLA) as the matrix, and nano silica as a filler material. Bamboo fibre is significant because it is renewable, biodegradable and widely available, making it an excellent alternative to synthetic materials. In this study, six composite samples were fabricated by varying the weight percentages of PLA, bamboo fibre mat and nano silica. We evaluated the properties of these fabricated composites. Experimental observations revealed that Sample S4 exhibited the best mechanical properties, including the highest tensile strength and stiffness, as well as improved water absorption and thermal stability compared to the other samples. Sample S6 (50 % PLA, 25 % bamboo fibre, 25 % nano silica) had a lower density due to the presence of more voids. Scanning electron microscopy images of Sample S4 (70 % PLA, 15 % bamboo fibre, 15 % nano silica) showed a uniform distribution of nano silica fillers throughout the PLA matrix. Additionally, Sample S5 (60 % PLA, 20 % bamboo fibre, 20 % nano silica)) demonstrated good interaction between nano silica, PLA and the natural fibres, which facilitated better material integration. Our results suggest that these biocomposites could serve as effective and sustainable materials for various applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100040,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Bamboo Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144549585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-25DOI: 10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100178
S. Krishnamoorthi , M.P. Divya , R. Ravi , V. George Jenner , M. Raveendran , P. Hemalatha
The demand for green and dry fodder is projected to reach 1012 million tonnes and 631 million tonnes, respectively, by 2050. In this context, bamboos are a promising alternative for addressing the growing demand for both green and dry fodder due to consistent biomass production throughout the year, making it a valuable resource. Bamboo is abundant in northeastern India, particularly in Tripura, and offers a possible renewable fodder resource for livestock. This study explores the potential of bamboo species (Melocanna baccifera, Bambusa vulgaris and Bambusa polymorpha) for producing high quality, nutrient rich, leaf-based pellets produced using a portable pelleting machine.The results showed that a composite containing Melocanna baccifera with groundnut oil cake (15 %), rice bran (4 %), maize grain (4 %), finger millet grains (4 %), molasses (1 %), mineral mixture (1 %) and salt (1 %) exhibited better quality, based on nutritional, anti-nutritional and palatability in terms of maximum crude protein (19.86 %) and carbohydrates (40.10 %). The minimum moisture content (8.00 %), ash content (8.88 %), crude fat (3.34 %), crude fibre (21.90 %), total nitrates (0.022 %), total phenols (0.73 %), total tannin (0.17 %) and total silica (1.80 %) were all considered to be good. We suggest that bamboo leaf-based pellets are a promising alternative to conventional fodder, offering a sustainable and nutritionally superior option to support India's growing livestock sector.
{"title":"Nutritional evaluation of bamboo leaf-based pellets for livestock in northeastern India","authors":"S. Krishnamoorthi , M.P. Divya , R. Ravi , V. George Jenner , M. Raveendran , P. Hemalatha","doi":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The demand for green and dry fodder is projected to reach 1012 million tonnes and 631 million tonnes, respectively, by 2050. In this context, bamboos are a promising alternative for addressing the growing demand for both green and dry fodder due to consistent biomass production throughout the year, making it a valuable resource. Bamboo is abundant in northeastern India, particularly in Tripura, and offers a possible renewable fodder resource for livestock. This study explores the potential of bamboo species (<em>Melocanna baccifera</em>, <em>Bambusa vulgaris</em> and <em>Bambusa polymorpha</em>) for producing high quality, nutrient rich, leaf-based pellets produced using a portable pelleting machine.The results showed that a composite containing <em>Melocanna baccifera</em> with groundnut oil cake (15 %), rice bran (4 %), maize grain (4 %), finger millet grains (4 %), molasses (1 %), mineral mixture (1 %) and salt (1 %) exhibited better quality, based on nutritional, anti-nutritional and palatability in terms of maximum crude protein (19.86 %) and carbohydrates (40.10 %). The minimum moisture content (8.00 %), ash content (8.88 %), crude fat (3.34 %), crude fibre (21.90 %), total nitrates (0.022 %), total phenols (0.73 %), total tannin (0.17 %) and total silica (1.80 %) were all considered to be good. We suggest that bamboo leaf-based pellets are a promising alternative to conventional fodder, offering a sustainable and nutritionally superior option to support India's growing livestock sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100040,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Bamboo Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144513955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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