Animal - Open Space最新文献_第4页

Method: Comparing averaging methods for gas flux data generated by automated head chamber systems 方法：比较自动化头室系统产生的气体通量数据的平均方法

Animal - Open Space

Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100106

M.R. Beck , L.R. Thompson , C.A. Moffet , R.R. Reuter , S.A. Gunter

Researchers are increasingly using automated head chamber systems (GreenFeed; C-Lock inc., Rapid City, SD) for estimating gaseous emissions, such as carbon dioxide and methane, and consumption, such as oxygen. Our objective was to explore different data preprocessing methods. For this investigation, we collated data from 5 previously published manuscripts – 3 from grazing studies and 2 from studies utilizing finishing beef steers. We compared simple arithmetic or time-bin (8, 3-h intervals) averaging and least-squares means (LSMEANS) methodologies to arrive at a single estimate for each animal from gas estimates for each visit. For the LSMEANS approach, a mixed effects model was fit for each gas as the dependent variable, animal ID as fixed effects, visit duration and average airflow as covariates, and date and hour of day by animal ID as random effects. If duration and average airflow were not significant, they were removed from the model. After fitting the model, LSMEANS were generated for each animal with a standard error of the mean for each animal estimate. We then analyzed the data for each experiment according to the model presented in its respective manuscript, to obtain residual standard deviation and to calculate the coefficient of variation. Time-bin averaging increased unexplained error relative to arithmetic averaging and the LSMEANS approach. The increased unexplained error resulted in time-bin averaging having a greater coefficient of variation by 11.2% for pasture and 6.1% for finishing trials compared with arithmetic averaging and by 13.5% for pasture and 6.1% for finishing trials compared with the LSMEANS approach. We conclude that the proposed LSMEANS approach controls for any potential diurnal variation in gas flux, without increasing unexplained error as seen by time-bin averaging.

研究人员越来越多地使用自动化头室系统（GreenFeed; C-Lock inc., Rapid City， SD）来估计气体排放，如二氧化碳和甲烷，以及消耗，如氧气。我们的目标是探索不同的数据预处理方法。在这项调查中，我们整理了先前发表的5篇论文的数据，其中3篇来自放牧研究，2篇来自育肥牛研究。我们比较了简单的算术或时间桶（8,3小时间隔）平均和最小二乘平均（LSMEANS）方法，从每次访问的气体估计中得出每只动物的单一估计。对于LSMEANS方法，将每种气体作为因变量拟合为混合效应模型，动物ID为固定效应，访问时间和平均气流为协变量，动物ID的日期和小时为随机效应。如果持续时间和平均气流不显著，则将其从模型中删除。拟合模型后，对每只动物生成LSMEANS，每只动物估计值的标准误差为平均值。然后，我们根据各自手稿中的模型对每个实验的数据进行分析，得到残差标准差，并计算变异系数。相对于算术平均和LSMEANS方法，时间仓平均增加了无法解释的误差。与算术平均法相比，无法解释的误差增加导致时间bin平均法的变异系数在放牧试验中增加了11.2%，在育肥试验中增加了6.1%，在放牧试验中增加了13.5%，在育肥试验中增加了6.1%。我们的结论是，提出的LSMEANS方法控制了气体通量的任何潜在日变化，而不会增加时间桶平均所看到的无法解释的误差。

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引用次数: 0

Data paper: Behavioural and production data of sows fed tailored diets over three consecutive gestations 数据论文：连续三个妊娠期饲喂定制日粮的母猪的行为和生产数据

Animal - Open Space

Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100105

C. Ribas , A. Blanc , M. Simon , J. Thomas , N. Quiniou , C. Gaillard

This database was created to better understand the long-term impact of precision feeding (PF, i.e. delivery of an individualised mix of different diets to meet estimated individual requirements) on the performances of gestating sows, compared to sows fed a conventional feeding strategy (i.e., delivery of a single diet throughout gestation). Two experiments were carried out with feed supplies to PF sows adjusted individually and daily when they were grouped, based on energy and amino acids requirements (trial 1) and additionally on minerals during the last month of gestation (trial 2). Sows were group-housed from day 3 (trial 1) or day 25 (trial 2) to day 108 of gestation. Data were collected from sows over one to three successive gestations cumulating 58 (trial 1) or 77 (trial 2) gestations. The gestation pens were equipped with electronic feeder and water dispensers to characterise the feeding and drinking behaviours, with an automated scale to characterise the BW and with cameras to characterise the behaviour and location of sows, on a daily and individual basis. An automatic video analysis software analysed sows’ physical activity at the group scale, on three different stages of gestation. Physical activity was also recorded individually with accelerometers for a few numbers of sows. Social interactions, activities, and pen location were characterised at the individual level on specific periods from video manual analysis. Backfat thickness (BT) was measured manually with an ultrasound portable device. Cleanliness, scratches and lameness were recorded weekly during gestation. Each gestation room was equipped with devices which enable to follow ambient temperature, relative humidity, and other parameters such as noise or methane concentration. At farrowing, litter size and birthweight were measured. Data were used to analyse the effect of feeding strategies on feeding behaviour, variation of BW and BT during gestation, health status, social interactions when sows were group-housed, and litter characteristics at farrowing. The database contains a large amount of data including feed composition and intakes, behaviours, ambient parameters, and sow performances of group-housed gestating sows enabling to use unsupervised data mining approaches. Longitudinal database may be used to correlate feeding behaviour with physical activity or ambient parameters. Common phenotypes (BW, BT) collected at different key stages of gestation may be used to extend the existing dataset to have a greater statistical power.

该数据库的建立是为了更好地了解精确喂养（PF，即提供不同日粮的个性化组合，以满足估计的个体需求）对妊娠母猪性能的长期影响，与传统喂养策略（即在整个妊娠期间提供单一日粮）的母猪相比。试验进行了两个试验，分别根据能量和氨基酸需求（试验1）和妊娠最后一个月的矿物质需求（试验2），对PF母猪进行单独和分组时的每日饲料供应调整。母猪从妊娠第3天（试验1）或第25天（试验2）至第108天分组饲养。数据收集于母猪连续妊娠1 - 3次，累计妊娠58次（试验1）或77次（试验2）。妊娠栏配备了电子喂食器和饮水机，以表征喂养和饮水行为，配备了自动秤，以表征体重，并配备了摄像机，以表征母猪的行为和位置，每天和个别的基础。一个自动视频分析软件分析了母猪在妊娠三个不同阶段的身体活动情况。还用加速度计分别记录了几头母猪的身体活动。社会互动、活动和笔的位置在特定时期从视频手工分析中在个人层面上进行表征。用便携式超声仪手工测量背膘厚度（BT）。妊娠期间每周记录清洁、抓痕和跛行情况。每个妊娠室都配备了能够跟踪环境温度、相对湿度和其他参数（如噪音或甲烷浓度）的设备。分娩时，测量产仔数和出生体重。采用数据分析了不同饲养策略对母猪摄食行为、妊娠期体重和BT变化、健康状况、群养母猪社会交往和产仔特征的影响。该数据库包含大量数据，包括群养妊娠母猪的饲料组成和采食量、行为、环境参数和母猪性能，可以使用无监督数据挖掘方法。纵向数据库可用于将摄食行为与身体活动或环境参数联系起来。在妊娠不同关键阶段收集的共同表型（BW， BT）可用于扩展现有数据集，使其具有更大的统计能力。

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引用次数: 0

Quantification of the effect of reducing dietary crude protein in broiler chickens on nitrogen flows and litter characteristics by meta-analysis 采用meta分析定量研究饲粮粗蛋白质降低对肉仔鸡氮流和产仔特性的影响

Animal - Open Space

Pub Date : 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100104

T. de Rauglaudre , B. Méda , S. Fournel , M.-P. Létourneau-Montminy

In broiler chickens, reducing dietary CP content is an effective strategy to improve the efficiency of dietary nitrogen (N) utilisation by broilers while reducing N losses through volatilisation. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of lowering dietary CP on N flows (intake, retention, excretion, manure accumulation, and volatilisation). The database included studies that measured N volatilisation using a mass balance approach. A total of nine papers describing 16 trials and 46 observations were found. The effect of CP content on N flow variables was assessed using a linear mixed-effects model with the trial as a random effect. Broilers of the control treatments ingested an average of 4.2 g of N per day and retained an average of 55% of this N. Nitrogen intake that was not retained was excreted (1.9 g/d), and 33% of this excreted N was lost through volatilisation. Reducing dietary CP by 1% point (%-point) decreased N intake by 0.21 g/d (P < 0.001) without any effect on N retention. Nitrogen excretion and the volatility of excreted N decreased by 0.20 g/d and 4.22%-points, respectively, for each 1%-point reduction in CP content (P < 0.001). The synergy between the reduced excreted N and its volatility decreased the amount of volatilised N by 0.12 g/d (−23%) for every 1%-point reduction in CP content (P < 0.001). Reducing CP content also decreased litter mass (P < 0.05) and increased its DM (P < 0.01). The data presented show that increasing litter DM content (P < 0.05) and lowering pH (P < 0.001) reduces the volatility of excreted nitrogen. The results of this meta-analysis highlight the benefits of this low-CP diet for reducing N losses, and the equations created can be used in future evaluations of the effects of reducing dietary CP content.

降低肉仔鸡饲粮粗蛋白质含量是提高肉仔鸡饲粮氮利用效率、减少氮挥发损失的有效策略。本研究的目的是量化降低饲粮粗蛋白质对氮流（摄入、滞留、排泄、粪便积累和挥发）的影响。该数据库包括使用质量平衡方法测量N挥发的研究。共有9篇论文描述了16项试验和46项观察结果。采用线性混合效应模型评估CP含量对N流量变量的影响，试验为随机效应。对照处理肉鸡平均每天摄入4.2 g氮，平均保留55%的氮。未保留的氮被排出体外（1.9 g/d），其中33%的氮通过挥发损失。饲粮粗蛋白质降低1% (%-point)，氮摄入量降低0.21 g/d (P <；0.001)，对氮保留没有任何影响。CP含量每降低1个点，氮排泄量和氮挥发性分别降低0.20 g/d和4.22%；0.001)。CP含量每降低1个点（P <； P），减少的N排泄量与其挥发性之间的协同作用使N的挥发量减少0.12 g/d（- 23%）。0.001)。降低CP含量也降低了凋落物质量(P <；0.05)， DM升高(P <；0.01)。数据表明，增加凋落物DM含量(P <；0.05)，降低pH值(P <；0.001)降低了排出氮的挥发性。这项荟萃分析的结果强调了这种低粗蛋白质饮食对减少氮损失的好处，并且所创建的方程可用于未来评估降低饮食粗蛋白质含量的效果。

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引用次数: 0

Erratum to “A workflow to study the microbiota profile of piglet’s umbilical cord blood: from sampling to data analysis” [Animal Open Space 2 (2023) 100031] “研究仔猪脐带血微生物群的工作流程：从采样到数据分析”[动物开放空间2(2023)100031]的勘误

Animal - Open Space

Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100102

Francesco Palumbo , Marion Girard , Federico Correa , Giuseppe Bee , Paolo Trevisi

引用次数: 0

Erratum to “Method: Standard operating procedure for the administration of swallowable devices to study pig’s gut content in a non-invasive way” [Animal Open Space 3 (2024) 100076] “方法：以无创方式使用可吞咽装置研究猪肠道内容物的标准操作程序”的勘误[动物开放空间3 (2024)100076]

Animal - Open Space

Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100101

I. García Viñado , G. Bee , P. Trevisi , C. Ollagnier

引用次数: 0

Data paper: Pig body composition during growth determined non-destructively or through dissection and intramuscular fat content in different anatomical locations 资料论文：通过非破坏性或解剖和不同解剖部位肌内脂肪含量测定生长期猪体组成

Animal - Open Space

Pub Date : 2025-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100100

M. Font-i-Furnols, A. Brun

Data from the body composition of 90 pigs from three crossbreeds (Duroc × (Landrace × Large White), Pietrain × (Landrace × Large White) and Landrace × Large White) obtained at four different moments during growth (30, 70, 100 and 120 kg BW) are presented. Moreover, a subsample of pigs at 30, 70 and 100 kg as well as all those of 120 kg were slaughtered. All left carcasses were cut following the EU reference cutting and some of them dissected, either through a simplified dissection (four main cuts) or a full dissection (all the cuts except head and front and hind feet). At each target BW, live pigs were scanned by computed tomography (CT), providing the volume associated with each Hounsfield value. In addition, several measures (area, thickness, etc.) were obtained from CT images at specific anatomical locations, in order to characterise the body composition. Carcass characteristics (fat and muscle thickness) were also obtained directly from the carcass after slaughter and the weight and intramuscular fat content of three ham muscles and three loin locations were determined. This information can be used to develop growth curves for different tissues and cuts and to understand tissue deposition at various growth stages, either globally across all animals or to compare genotypes. Also, it provides a valuable database for exploring the relationship between whole carcass composition and that of the individual cuts, since it provides both the weight of all the cuts and the different tissue weights from dissections. Moreover, differences between full and simplified dissection can be studied from the database. Intramuscular fat is an important quality trait that affects consumer acceptance of meat, both visually and in terms of eating quality. Usually, intramuscular fat is measured in one muscle, but the database provides information from six different muscle/locations in the pig carcass, allowing a deeper analysis of this attribute. All these data have been used in several publications, but it can be reused and reanalysed using alternative methodologies and for different purposes.

本文介绍了90头杂交品种（杜×长×大）、皮特兰×长×大和长×大)在生长期间4个不同时刻（30、70、100和120 kg体重）的体成分数据。此外，屠宰了30、70和100公斤的猪子样本以及所有120公斤的猪。所有剩下的尸体都是按照欧盟的参考切割方法切割的，其中一些是通过简化的切割（四个主要切割）或完整的切割（除了头部和前后脚的所有切割）进行解剖的。在每个目标体重处，通过计算机断层扫描（CT）对生猪进行扫描，获得与每个Hounsfield值相关的体积。此外，从特定解剖位置的CT图像中获得一些测量（面积，厚度等），以表征身体组成。屠宰后直接从胴体中获得胴体特征（脂肪和肌肉厚度），并测定了3块火腿肌肉和3个腰部部位的重量和肌内脂肪含量。这些信息可用于绘制不同组织和切口的生长曲线，并了解所有动物在全球范围内或比较基因型的不同生长阶段的组织沉积。此外，它还提供了一个有价值的数据库，用于探索整个胴体组成与单个切肉组成之间的关系，因为它既提供了所有切肉的重量，也提供了来自解剖的不同组织重量。此外，还可以从数据库中研究完整解剖和简化解剖的差异。肌内脂肪是影响消费者对肉类接受度的重要品质特征，无论是视觉上还是食用质量上。通常，肌内脂肪是在一块肌肉中测量的，但数据库提供了猪胴体中六个不同肌肉/位置的信息，允许对这一属性进行更深入的分析。所有这些数据已在若干出版物中使用，但可以使用其他方法并为不同目的重新使用和重新分析。

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引用次数: 0

Erratum to “Processing weights of chickens determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: 1. Weight changes due to fasting, bleeding, and chilling” [Animal Open Space 1 (2022) 100024] “用双能x射线吸收仪测定鸡的加工重量”的勘误：1。由于禁食、出血和寒冷导致的体重变化”[动物开放空间1 (2022)100024]

Animal - Open Space

Pub Date : 2025-05-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100103

D.A. Martinez, N. Suesuttajit, J.T. Weil, P. Maharjan , A. Beitia , K. Hilton , C. Umberson, A. Scott, C.N. Coon

引用次数: 0

Method: Using a commercial precision livestock farming activity collar to automatically record and classify dairy cow activity at pasture 方法：采用商品化的精准畜牧活动项圈对牧场奶牛活动进行自动记录和分类

Animal - Open Space

Pub Date : 2025-05-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100099

M. Bouchon , H. Chanel , L. Rouchez , B. Martin , M. Coppa

Precision livestock farming technologies are increasingly being implemented on farms to enhance the management of key processes such as reproduction and feeding. Accelerometer technologies are the most spread and are able to provide a large quantity of data on animal activity. However, these data need to be validated against gold standards before being used further in research. We aim at validating the output from Axel Medria® device, a three-axis accelerometer sensor that automatically processes the raw data and classifies the main activity by 5−min epoch, for which the manufacturer does not disclose the classification algorithm. Two groups of six cows were observed during 30 h each, grazing on pasture, during two trials. The objective was to compare the agreement between sensor data and visual observations at different time windows. We used a confusion matrix analysis to assess the correspondence between visual observation and the output of the Medria algorithm and linear regressions associated along with a Bland-Altman analysis to compare the time budgets retrieved from the two sources. We focused on three activities (grazing, ruminating and resting) and on the posture of the animal (standing/lying). Sensitivity was >73.5% for all activities except for resting (48.8%). Specificity reached 87.6–91.9% for all activities but posture showed a poorer result (67.0%). Nevertheless, accuracy was above 80% for the three activities and the posture and precision were more variable, the best results being obtained for posture (88.3%) and for grazing (93.6%). Linear regressions showed slopes between 0.73 and 0.99 for all activities and of 0.81 for posture, but differences between observers across the two trials have been observed for resting. R² were more variable, ranging from 0.30 (for resting in second year) to 0.84 for grazing. The Bland-Altman analysis showed good results despite significant bias for grazing, rumination and resting (only the first year). Due to the technology embedded in Axel Medria ® sensors, their performances were slightly lower than that of other devices which technologies are more precise for estimating specific behaviour (e.g. recording jaw movements is more precise to detect rumination). Nevertheless, Axel Medria ® sensors can provide indicators on different activities and over longer periods of time. The tested device, largely applied on commercial farms, showed good agreement with visual observation. Data can thus be used as a proxy to study dairy cow behaviour at pasture, on large cow groups over a long time, in experimental or commercial farms.

养殖场越来越多地采用精密畜牧业技术，以加强对繁殖和饲养等关键过程的管理。加速度计技术是最广泛的，能够提供大量的动物活动数据。然而，在进一步用于研究之前，这些数据需要根据金标准进行验证。我们的目标是验证Axel mediia®设备的输出，该设备是一种三轴加速度计传感器，可自动处理原始数据并按5 - min epoch对主要活动进行分类，制造商未透露分类算法。在两次试验中，观察两组奶牛，每组6头，在牧场上放牧30 h。目的是比较不同时间窗下传感器数据和视觉观测之间的一致性。我们使用混淆矩阵分析来评估视觉观察与media算法输出之间的对应关系，并使用线性回归与Bland-Altman分析来比较从两种来源检索到的时间预算。我们专注于三种活动（放牧，反刍和休息）和动物的姿势（站立/躺着）。除休息（48.8%）外，所有活动的敏感性为73.5%。所有活动的特异性达到87.6-91.9%，但姿势的特异性较差（67.0%）。3种活动的精度均在80%以上，姿态和精度变化较大，姿态和放牧的精度分别为88.3%和93.6%。线性回归显示，所有活动的斜率在0.73和0.99之间，姿势的斜率为0.81，但在两项试验中观察到休息时观察者之间的差异。R2变化较大，从0.30（第二年休息）到0.84（放牧）。Bland-Altman的分析显示了良好的结果，尽管放牧、反刍和休息（只有第一年）有明显的偏差。由于Axel mediia®传感器中嵌入的技术，它们的性能略低于其他技术更精确地估计特定行为的设备（例如，记录下巴运动更精确地检测反刍）。尽管如此，Axel mediia®传感器可以提供不同活动和更长时间的指标。该试验装置已广泛应用于商业农场，与目测结果吻合良好。因此，数据可以作为一个代理来研究牧场上奶牛的行为，在实验或商业农场的大型奶牛群体中，在很长一段时间。

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引用次数: 0

The effects of a product of the solid-state fermentation of Aspergillus niger on the in vitro rumen fermentation kinetics of rations fed to dairy cattle 黑曲霉固态发酵产物对奶牛饲粮体外瘤胃发酵动力学的影响

Animal - Open Space

Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100098

S.E. Yerby , J. Huntington , H. Warren , N.N. Jonsson

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of incubating different doses of Synergen® (0, 0.5, 2, 5 mg/g substrate), a product of the solid-state fermentation of Aspergillus niger (ANP) containing residual enzyme activities, with two total mixed rations (TMR) formulated for dairy cattle, on the kinetics and end products of in vitro rumen fermentation. The inclusion of fungal fermentation products in cattle rations has improved digestibility measures and production performance and, may offer an avenue to improve the sustainability of ruminant production. In this study, a dose-responsive effect was observed for gas production from a high starch TMR over a 72-h incubation; doses of 2 and 5 mg ANP/g substrate significantly increased gas production by 33 ml (P = 0.024) and 32.9 ml (P = 0.025), respectively, compared to controls. However, no effect of treatment was observed on volatile fatty acid composition at the end of incubations. ANP treatment had no effect on the fermentation kinetics of a low starch TMR, suggesting that the dominant effect of treatment was amylolytic. Further research into the effects of ANP in cattle models is required to explore the utility of the product on farm.

本研究的目的是确定不同剂量的含有残余酶活性的黑曲霉（ANP）固态发酵产物Synergen®（0、0.5、2、5 mg/g底物）与两种奶牛全混合日粮（TMR）共同培养对体外瘤胃发酵动力学和最终产物的影响。在牛口粮中添加真菌发酵产物改善了消化率指标和生产性能，并可能为提高反刍动物生产的可持续性提供一条途径。在这项研究中，在72小时的孵育过程中，观察到高淀粉TMR对产气的剂量响应效应；与对照组相比，2和5 mg ANP/g底物的剂量分别显著增加了33 ml （P = 0.024）和32.9 ml （P = 0.025）的产气量。然而，在孵育结束时，未观察到处理对挥发性脂肪酸组成的影响。ANP处理对低淀粉TMR发酵动力学没有影响，表明处理的主要作用是淀粉水解。需要进一步研究ANP对牛模型的影响，以探索该产品在农场上的效用。

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引用次数: 0

Energy, protein, dry matter, and water gap analysis in dairy cows kept under cut and carry fodder-based feeding systems 在以割和携带饲料为基础的饲养系统中奶牛的能量、蛋白质、干物质和水分缺口分析

Animal - Open Space

Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100097

O. Umunezero , C.K. Gachuiri , M. Mutimura

A study was conducted to determine the DM, water, protein, and energy intake of lactating dairy cows and compared with their requirements for potential milk production under a cut-and-carry fodder-based feeding system in Rwanda’s lowland and highland regions. Ninety-six dairy cows from 96 smallholder farms were purposively included in the data collection process. Data on feed characterisation were computed using the Farm DESIGN models while data on cows’ production requirements were calculated using LIGAPS dairy models. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and a GLM with univariate analysis in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results on feed characteristics showed that the mean nutritive value of the served fodder was 25% DM, 58.5% NDF, 9.8% CP, and 6 MJ of metabolisable energy (ME) per kg DM. Results showed the mean daily DM intake was 9 kg, daily water intake 35 L, 898 g of CP, and 55 MJ of ME, resulting in a mean daily milk production of 8.8L across both regions. However, the calculated average requirement for maintaining a dairy cow with a BW of 430 kg and potential milk production of 16.5 L/day was 15 kg of DM, 57 L of water, 1 907 g of CP, and 137 MJ of ME. This resulted in daily deficits of 6 kg DM, 21.6 L of water, 1 094 g of CP, and 83.7 MJ of ME. Available fodder was low in quantity and quality for the provision of nutrients for maintenance and production to express the genetic potential of lactating cows in smallholder farms.

在卢旺达低地和高地地区进行了一项研究，以确定哺乳奶牛的干物质、水、蛋白质和能量摄入量，并与它们在收割和搬运饲料喂养系统下的潜在产奶量需求进行比较。来自96个小农场的96头奶牛被有意纳入数据收集过程。饲料特性数据使用Farm DESIGN模型计算，奶牛生产需求数据使用LIGAPS乳制品模型计算。使用社会科学统计软件包中的描述性统计和单变量分析GLM对数据进行分析。结果表明，所喂饲料的平均营养价值为：干物质25%、非蛋白质58.5%、粗蛋白质9.8%、代谢能6 MJ / kg干物质。结果表明，平均日干物质采食量为9 kg，日采水量为35 L，粗蛋白质898 g，代谢能55 MJ，两个地区的平均日产奶量为8.8L。然而，维持一头体重为430 kg、潜在产奶量为16.5 L/d的奶牛的平均需水量为：DM 15 kg、水分57 L、CP 1 907 g和ME 137 MJ。这导致了每日6千克DM、21.6升水、1 094克CP和83.7 MJ ME的不足。在小农农场中，可获得的饲料质量和数量都很低，无法提供维持和生产所需的营养，以表达泌乳奶牛的遗传潜力。

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引用次数: 0