Biogeotechnics最新文献

As eco-friendly methods, microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) method was used to reinforce the calcareous sand in the South China Sea in this paper. The durability characteristics and deterioration mechanism of MICP-reinforced calcareous sand under various environment factors were investigated synthetically based on the unconfined compressive strength, mass loss rate and microscopic morphology in laboratory and field experimental study. Results show that, the unconfined compressive strength value of the sample is only 35.19 % of the initial strength, while the mass loss rate is about 6.69 % after 30-days of field marine environment erosion. MICP-reinforced calcareous sand shows the strongest resistance to temperature cycles, followed by dry-wet cycles, coupling effect of temperature and dry-wet cycle and salt spraying with drying cycles. MICP-reinforced calcareous sand exhibits the worst resistance to the field marine conditions, but the integrity of the sample could still be maintained after 30-days of field tests. The deterioration mechanism of MICP-reinforced calcareous sand is consistent under the various environmental cycles. First, the weakly cemented calcium carbonate crystals on the sample surface fall off, and then the hard-shell layer on the sample surface became weaker under various erosion. Finally, the internal cemented structure of the sample was gradually destroyed. The results indicated the utilization value of the MICP method in ocean engineering, but it is necessary to enhance the performance of the MICP-reinforced calcareous sand to ensure its protective effect after a certain environmental impact cycle.

Loess is widely distributed all over the world, covering about 10% of the land surface on earth. China is one of the countries with the most serious loess soil erosion in the world, especially the loess plateau. This is mainly related to the poor water stability and mechanical properties of the loess. A new coupling method of bio-cementation (Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation: MICP) and sand additive to improve the hydro-mechanical behavior of loess was proposed. The feasibility, coupling improvement mechanism and the effects of sand content, bio-cement treatment cycle and cementation solution (CS) concentration were investigated through a series of tests. The results indicated that the proposed method was effective to improve the water stability and structure strength of loess. The coupling improvement performance were positively related to the sand content. When the sand content was 40%, compared to bio-cement treatment, the coupling treatment was 9 times deeper in treatment depth, 3.5 times stronger in peak structure strength, and the sum slaking rate was less than half. The coupling improvement mechanism can be attributed to the form of the double layers including hard crust and cemented layer. With the addition of sand, the thickness, structure strength and water stability of the double layers increased. The main reason is that there were more interfacial voids between sand particles and loess particles, increasing the permeability of loess and treatment depth, forming more amount of calcium carbonates. Based on the experimental condition in this study, 1.0 M of CS concentration was the optimal spaying strategy to improve the hydro-mechanical properties of loess.

Compromised integrity of cementitious materials can lead to potential geo-hazards such as detrimental fluid flow to the wellbore (borehole), potential leakage of underground stored fluids, contamination of water aquifers, and other issues that could impact environmental sustainability during underground construction operations. The mechanical integrity of wellbore cementitious materials is critical to prevent wellbore failure and leakages, and thus, it is imperative to understand and predict the integrity of oilwell cement (OWC) and microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) to maintain wellbore integrity and ensure zonal isolation at depth. Here, we investigated the mechanical integrity of two cementitious materials (MICP and OWC), and assessed their potential for plugging leakages around the wellbore. Further, we applied Machine Learning (ML) models to upscale and predict near-wellbore mechanical integrity at macro-scale by adopting two ML algorithms, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Random Forest (RF), using 100 datasets (containing 100 observations). Fractured portions of rock specimens were treated with MICP and OWC, respectively, and their resultant mechanical integrity (unconfined compressive strength, UCS; fracture toughness, K_s) were evaluated using experimental mechanical tests and ML models. The experimental results showed that although OWC (average UCS = 97 MPa, K_s = 4.3 MPa·√m) has higher mechanical integrity over MICP (average UCS = 86 MPa, K_s = 3.6 MPa·√m), the MICP showed an edge over OWC in sealing microfractures and micro-leakage pathways. Also, the OWC can provide a greater near-wellbore seal than MICP for casing-cement or cement-formation delamination with relatively greater mechanical integrity. The results show that the degree of correlation between the mechanical integrity obtained from lab tests and the ML predictions is high. The best ML algorithm to predict the macro-scale mechanical integrity of a MICP-cemented specimen is the RF model (R² for UCS = 0.9738 and K_s = 0.9988; MAE for UCS = 1.04 MPa and K_s = 0.02 MPa·√m). Similarly, for OWC-cemented specimen, the best ML algorithm to predict their macro-scale mechanical integrity is the RF model (R² for UCS = 0.9984 and K_s = 0.9996; MAE for UCS = 0.5 MPa and K_s = 0.01 MPa·√m). This study provides insights into the potential of MICP and OWC as near-wellbore cementitious materials and the applicability of ML model for evaluating and predicting the mechanical integrity of cementitious materials used in near-wellbore to achieve efficient geo-hazard mitigation and environmental protection in engineering and underground operations.

Microorganisms have been essential in the natural world for millions of years, contributing significantly to environmental interaction. It has been disoverd that some bacteria are potential in geotechnical and environmental engineering due to their outstanding ability of biomineralization. Therefore, how to train bacteria as special and professional “workers” for biomineralization is increasingly a key topic in related research fields. This article briefly introduces the methods that are commonly utilized to improve the environmental adaptability and mineralization efficiency of bacteria, including microbial domestication, microbial mutation breeding, microbial targeted screening, and bio-stimulation, which make great implications to advance the field of biomineralization.

Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a promising technique to enhance the geotechnical properties of geomaterial either by strengthening via biocementation or reducing the hydraulic conductivity via bioclogging. This rate of modification mainly depends on the amount, and nature of biomineral precipitated and it is influenced by various environmental, chemical, and microbial factors. Given this, the present study aims to investigate the effect of biochemical conditions such as concentration of biomass and chemical reagents on the amount and nature of biomineral and its impact on the strength and permeability of biomodified sand. For this, the two microbes i.e., Sporosarcina pasteurii and isolated Proteus species at three different initial concentrations and chemical reagents by varying 0.1–1 molar of urea and calcium were considered. The amount and microstructural behavior of biomineral in different biochemical conditions concluded that the governing mechanism differs for both biocementation and bioclogging under identical MICP treatment. The strength enhancement or biocementation is dependent on the size of the biomineral precipitated whereas the reduction in permeability or bioclogging is mainly dominated by the amount of biomineral. The optimum value of biochemical conditions i.e., 10⁸ cells/ml of biomass and 0.25 M concentration of cementation reagents was chosen to further evaluate the effect of equal MICP treatment on the biocementation and bioclogging of sands having different grain sizes. The study infers that not the absolute size of the biomineral but the relative size of soil grain and biomineral influence the linkage between the soil particles and hence affect the strength of biomodified soil.

This paper reviews and analyzes recent research development on bio-cementation for soil stabilization and wind erosion control. Bio-cement is a type of cementitious materials by adopting natural biological processes for geotechnical and construction applications. Bio-cementation is usually achieved through microbially- or enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP or EICP). The use of soybean urease can be a cost-effective solution for carbonate precipitation and bio-cementation, which is named SICP. The produced calcium carbonate can cement soil particles and bring considerable strength improvement to soils. In this paper, the mechanisms and recent development on the technology optimization are reviewed first. The optimization of bio-cementation involves 1) altering the treatment materials and procedures such as using lysed cells, low pH, the salting-out technique; and 2) using cheap and waste materials for bio-cement treatment and bacterial cultivation. The objectives are to improve treatment uniformity and efficiency, use bio-cement in more scenarios such as fine-grain soils, and reduce costs and environmental impacts, etc. Studies on the mechanical behaviour and wind erosion performances of bio-cemented soil show that the wind erosion resistance can be improved significantly through the bio-cement treatment. In addition, the use of optimized method and additives such as xanthan gum and fibers can further enhance the strength, treatment uniformity or ductility of the bio-cemented soils. Attention should be paid to wind forces with saltating particles which have much stronger destructive effect than pure wind, which should be considered in laboratory tests. Field studies indicate that bio-cement can improve soil surface strength and wind erosion resistances effectively. Besides, local plants can germinate and grow on bio-cemented soil ground with low-concentration treatments.

In this review paper, the applications of biomineralization in environmental geotechnics are analyzed. Three environmental geotechnics scenarios, namely heavy metal contamination immobilization and removal, waste and CO₂ containment, and recycled use of industrial byproducts, are discussed and evaluated regarding current trends and prospects. The biomineralization process, specifically the Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) technology, is an effective solution for immobilizing heavy metals through co-precipitation with calcium carbonate, with successful results in cleaning up contaminated soils. The nature of biomineralization enhances earth material strength and decreases permeability, making it suitable for waste and CO₂ containment. Additionally, using industrial byproducts in MICP technology can improve the physical, mechanical, and hydraulic properties of earth materials, making it a potential solution for efficient waste utilization. In conclusion, the applications of biomineralization in environmental geotechnics hold great promise for solving various environmental problems. However, further research is needed to better understand the control and consistency of biomineralization processes, the durability of biominerals, the scale of applications, and environmental concerns.

Bioinspired materials with excellent properties have attracted intense interests of scientists, and the methodology for rationally design of these materials is crucially important. This review briefly introduces our recent achievements on inorganic ionic polymerization for bioinspired material preparation. The inorganic ionic polymerization realized the assembly of inorganic ions in a way similar to the polymerization in polymer chemistry, overcoming the limitation by classical nucleation pathway. It enabled the moldable construction of inorganic minerals and even the reconstruction of enamel tissue, which commonly only achieved by biomineralization. In the presence of organic molecules, the inorganic ionic polymerization could participate in the organic polymerization, resulting in hybrids with molecular-scaled organic-inorganic homogeneity. And furthermore, under the regulation of bio-inspired molecules, the condensed state of the assembled inorganic ions could show unusual behaviors: such as adding the flexibility to commonly fractal inorganic minerals, and flowability to solid mineral particles. It enabled the production of flexible mineral materials as plastic substitute, and the extrusion forming of moldable minerals under room temperature. The inorganic ionic polymerization demonstrated a promising way to synthesize inorganics in a more rational way, which may shed light on more advanced bio-inspired and biomimetic material.

Drilling plays a significant role in the history of human civilization. The exploration of greater depths, extreme environments, or hazardous areas calls for more energy-efficient and high levels of autonomous drilling technologies with reduced cost and improved safety. Meanwhile, nature presents numerous biological boring examples that can be a source of inspiration to renovate our current drilling technologies. This paper reviews both man-made and biological drilling strategies and quantifies their performance by the dimensionless specific drilling energy and the rate of penetration. The results highlight that rotary drilling (including tunnel boring machines) remains the most popular method for subsurface drilling due to its advanced technical status and fewer environmental concerns. For harder rocks, the specific energy of rotary drilling increases dramatically, while percussion drilling requires nearly the same if not lower specific energy but with compromised bit durability that can significantly slow down the drilling operation. Innovative drilling technologies developed and tested in the laboratory still demand improved energy efficiency and penetration rate to be competitive. Bio-boring by natural organisms mostly outperforms man-made drilling technologies in terms of energy efficiency, penetration rate, or both. Studying the underlying mechanisms of bio-boring and translating such knowledge into developing innovative drilling technologies are of significance to subsurface construction and exploration.

Microbial-Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) is a naturally occurring process whereby bacteria produce enzymes that accelerate the precipitation of calcium carbonate. This process is facilitated through various bacterial activities, including ureolysis, sulfate reduction, iron reduction, and denitrification. The application of MICP has been widespread in a range of engineering fields, such as geotechnical, concrete, environmental, and oil and gas engineering for soil stabilization, concrete remediation, heavy metal solidification, and permeability control. Numerous review papers have been published that summarize the mechanisms and properties associated with different MICP applications. The purpose of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive summary of the various engineering applications of MICP, along with the mechanisms, materials, and engineering properties associated with each application. By comparing the similarities and differences in MICP research progress across different engineering fields, this review aims to increase understanding of MICP, stimulate new research ideas, and accelerate the development of MICP techniques.