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Cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of various diseases, such as cancers, genetic disorders, and autoimmune diseases. Currently, most cell therapy products rely on ex vivo cell engineering, which requires sophisticated manufacturing processes and poses safety concerns. The implementation of in situ cell therapy holds the potential to overcome the current limitations of cell therapy and provides a broad range of applications and clinical feasibility in the future. A variety of biomaterials have been developed to improve the function and target delivery to specific cell types due to their excellent biocompatibility, tunable properties, and other functionalities, which provide a reliable method to achieve in vivo modulation of cell reprogramming. In this article, we summarize recent advances in biomaterials for in situ cell therapy including T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and stem cells reprogramming leveraging lipid nanoparticles, polymers, inorganic materials, and other biomaterials. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives of biomaterials for in situ cell therapy.

Electrical stimulation (ES), as one of the physical therapy modalities for tumors, has attracted extensive attention of researchers due to its promising efficacy. With the continuous development of material science, nanotechnology, and micro/nano processing techniques, novel electroactive nanomaterials and delicately designed devices have emerged to realize innovative ES therapies, which provide more possibilities and approaches for tumor treatment. Meanwhile, exploring the molecular biological mechanisms underlying different ES modalities affecting tumor cells and their immune microenvironment is also an unresolved hotspot emerging from the current biomedical engineering research. Focusing on the above research interests, in this review, we systematically summarized the effects of different ES parameters on the subcellular structure of tumor cells and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in conjunction with the involved signaling pathways. In addition, we also reviewed the latest progress in novel self-powered devices and electroactive nanomaterials for tumor therapy. Finally, the prospects for the development of electrostimulation tumor therapy are also discussed, bringing inspiration for the development of new physical therapy strategies in the future.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are a common and often debilitating complication of diabetes that can result in lower limb amputations if left untreated. Hydrogel dressings are three-dimensional networks of hydrophilic polymers that can absorb and retain large amounts of water, and have been shown to possess excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity, and excellent fluid handling properties. In addition, hydrogels create a moist wound environment that promotes wound healing by supporting cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Hydrogels, therefore, have emerged as promising wound dressings for promoting DFU healing. In this review, we attempt to chart the landscape of the emerging field of hydrogel as wound dressing for DFU treatment. We will explicitly review the assorted preparation methods for DFU hydrogels as well as a detailed discussion of various types of hydrogels deployed for DFU study. We also crystallize key findings, identify remaining challenges, and present an outlook on the future development of this enticing field.

In article number 10.1002/bmm2.12018, Zakia Belhadj, Yunkai Qie, and their co-workers present a detailed comparison between liposomes (LSs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the field of gene therapy. They summarize the advantages and limitations of these systems with particular emphasis on their in vivo fate and their advanced biomedical applications in nanomedicine. Additionally, they discuss the challenges facing the preclinical and clinical translation of these lipid-based nanocarriers, as well as their prospective use in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

In this article number 10.1002/bmm2.12033, Meijun Pang, Xin Song and their co-workers systematically studied the molecular mechanism of neurotoxicity of zebrafish larvae caused by Aconitum carmichaelii (Chuanwu). They first assessed neuronal activity in the whole brain and found that the telencephalon was most sensitive to Chuanwu toxicity. Additionally, they found t-hat Chuanwu upregulated the nox5 gene and downregulated the dj1 gene, leading to excessive ROS production and mitochondrial mediated cell apoptosis, which resulted in neurotoxic effects and Parkinson-like behaviors in zebrafish larvae. This has extensive theoretical significance in the field of toxicity prevention and detoxification of Aconitum.

In article number 10.1002/bmm2.12020, Changyong Wang, Xu Li, Jin Zhou and their co-workers have systematically summarized the recent advances on cardiac electronic devices (CEDs) based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs). They have described the type and function of TENGs and PENGs for preventing and treating heart diseases. In addition, they have also discussed remaining challenges, and future development trends of NG-based CEDs.

Organoids are biomimetic tissue analogs that are generated via the self-organization of stem cells or adult cells relying on developmental biology principles. They present tissue-specific structures and functional complexity, bridging the gap between planar cell culture and animal models to accelerate the applications of drug testing, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, the current organoids are still limited in long-term culture, maturation, complexities and functionalities due largely to the lack of vascularization in the analogs. Herein, we give an overview of the latest development of vascularization in the organoid field. We first provide two typical strategies of self-assembly and engineering to perform and realize the vascularization in engineering organoids, as well as the crucial factors affecting vasculogenesis. Then, we describe the representative applications using vascularized organoids in biomedical fields. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future perspectives in the development of advanced biomaterials and modified approaches toward building vascularized organoids with higher fidelity and functionality.

The optical nanoprobes with emissions in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm) show low tissue autofluorescence and photon scattering; therefore, they provide high spatial resolution and acceptable tissue penetration depth. These advantages make them appropriate for in vivo applications, including bioimaging, NIR-II triggered disease therapy, and even on-site efficacy monitoring. Among the various developed NIR-II fluorescence probes, lanthanide-doped nanoparticles (LDNPs) exhibit high photo stability and narrow emission bandwidths with long photoluminescence lifetimes and low cytotoxicity; therefore, they have been widely studied in the biomedical field. This review summarizes the typical compositions and optical properties of recently developed NIR-II emitting LDNPs. Their applications in in vivo NIR-II bioimaging and cancer therapy are reviewed. The perspectives and challenges of NIR-II LDNPs are also discussed.

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has seriously threatened human life and security in recent years and has had a serious impact on economic development. A range of strategies, including antibodies, small-molecule agents and vaccines, have been developed and widely used to combat SARS-CoV-2. However, the uncertain development and susceptibility to mutation of SARS-CoV-2 pose challenges to these approaches, making it necessary to develop a broader range of strategies to complement and expand the diversity of attacks against SARS-CoV-2. As promising tools against SARS-CoV-2, aptamers have attracted wide attention due to their unique molecular properties. In this review, we survey SARS-CoV-2 aptamers and aptamer-based detection tools as well as aptamer-based therapeutics. In addition, we analyze the potential value of aptamers in the investigation of SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanism and vaccine design. Finally, we look forward to the future development direction of aptamers against SARS-CoV-2 or other viruses.

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-related protein 9 (Cas9) genome editing system has attracted much attention due to its powerful genome editing capacity. However, CRISPR-Cas9 components are easily degraded by acids, enzymes, and other substances in the body fluids after entering the organism, thus efficiently delivering the CRISPR-Cas9 system into targeted organs or cells has been a central theme for promoting the application of CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Although several physical methods and viral vectors have been developed for CRISPR-Cas9 delivery, their clinical application still suffers from disadvantages, such as the risks of mutagenesis, cell damage, and poor specificity. As an alternative, non-viral nanocarriers hold great promise for circumventing these challenges. Furthermore, with aim to realize more efficient and precise genome editing and reduce the undesirable side effects, stimuli-responsive nanocarriers are designed for the spatiotemporal CRISPR-Cas9 delivery in responsive to various stimuli. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress in delivery strategies for CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. The mechanisms and advantages of these strategies were reviewed, providing a comprehensive review of the rational design of materials and techniques for efficient and precise genome editing. At last, the potential challenges of current CRISPR-Cas9 delivery are discussed.