Cleaner Materials最新文献_第3页

3D-printable mortars incorporating municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash: Linking hydration to extrudability and mechanical performance 结合城市固体垃圾焚烧底灰的3d打印砂浆：将水化与挤压性和机械性能联系起来

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100358

Jiao-Long Zhang , Yong Yuan , Imoleayo Oluwatoyin Fatoyinbo , Lujie Zhou , Qing Liu

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash, when added as a mineral additive in printed concrete, promotes sustainable construction. In this study, the impact of using this ash on the rheological behavior, mechanical strength, and hydration of printable mortar was examined. MSWI bottom ash replaces cement in corresponding specimens labelled M−10, M−20, and M−30. The hydration behavior was analyzed using isothermal calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Rheological properties were assessed using a rheometer, penetration tests, and flow table tests. Additionally, the mechanical response of MSWI bottom ash-based printed mortar under compressive and flexural loading was evaluated. The results showed a reduction in calcium hydroxide content and formation of additional calcium silicate hydrate phases, enhancing hydration. Structuration rates were 11, 8.8, 12.3, and 7.5 kPa/min for M−0, M−10, M−20, and M−30, with M−20 achieving a 4 % increase over the reference mix. This increment is nontrivial because it results in an absolute increase of 8 layers and a 57 % relative improvement in buildability. The initial yield stress of M−20 was 0.55 kPa, classified as moderately stiff for extrusion and layer support. At 28 days, the anisotropy coefficient for flexural strength decreased from 0.159 in M−0 to 0.110 in M−20. The findings demonstrate that incorporating 20 % MSWI bottom ash enhances rheological performance and reduces the anisotropy coefficient. These improvements are due to the physical filler effect of fine ash particles and the pozzolanic reaction, which contribute to particle cohesion and the formation of C–S–H. Therefore, 20 % MSWI bottom ash is the optimal replacement level for 3D printable mortar.

城市固体垃圾焚烧（MSWI）底灰作为矿物添加剂添加到印刷混凝土中，促进可持续建筑。在这项研究中，研究了使用这种灰对可打印砂浆的流变行为、机械强度和水化的影响。MSWI底灰在相应的M−10、M−20和M−30样品中替代水泥。采用等温量热法、x射线衍射法、热重法和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析了水化行为。通过流变仪、渗透测试和流动表测试来评估流变性能。此外，还对MSWI底灰基印刷砂浆在压缩和弯曲载荷下的力学响应进行了评价。结果表明，氢氧化钙含量降低，形成额外的水合硅酸钙相，增强水化作用。M - 0、M - 10、M - 20和M - 30的结构速率分别为11,8.8,12.3和7.5 kPa/min，其中M - 20比参考混合物的结构速率提高了4%。这个增量是非常重要的，因为它导致了8层的绝对增加和57%的可构建性的相对改进。M−20的初始屈服应力为0.55 kPa，属于中等刚性，适合挤压和层状支撑。28 d时，抗弯强度各向异性系数从M−0时的0.159降至M−20时的0.110。结果表明，掺加20%的MSWI底灰可以提高流变性能，降低各向异性系数。这些改进是由于细灰颗粒的物理填充作用和火山灰反应，有助于颗粒内聚和C-S-H的形成。因此，20%的MSWI底灰是3D打印砂浆的最佳替代水平。

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引用次数: 0

Performance and environmental impacts of waste plastic-modified asphalt pavement: a comprehensive review 废塑料改性沥青路面性能及环境影响综述

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100357

Xingchi Wu , Euniza Jusli , Vivi Anggraini , Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya , Xinqiang Zhang

Plastic waste has become a major global concern due to its adverse environmental and human health impacts. Incorporating waste plastic into asphalt pavements provides a sustainable solution that reduces pollution while enhancing pavement performance. This review synthesises recent advances (2021–2025) in plastic-modified bitumen and asphalt by integrating engineering performance, environmental risk, and life cycle assessment (LCA) perspectives. It develops a clear framework that links material performance with environmental emissions and overall sustainability, and highlights key research gaps related to materials utilisation, microplastic release, recyclability and LCA. Findings indicate that plastic modification improves rutting resistance, fatigue life, and moisture durability, and reduces emissions of harmful substances during production and service, which aligns with SDG 12, 13, and 14. In addition, the integration of waste plastics into asphalt enables cleaner material pathways by minimising the reliance on virgin polymers and mitigating emissions during production and application stages. However, challenges such as poor plastic-bitumen compatibility and limited low-temperature flexibility persist. The review further highlights the need for standardised datasets, region-specific LCAs, and long-term field monitoring to ensure reliable environmental assessments. Overall, this study provides an updated synthesis and research roadmap for materials scientists, pavement engineers, and policymakers to advance the sustainable design, evaluation, and large-scale implementation of waste plastic-modified asphalt pavements within a circular-economy framework.

塑料废物因其对环境和人类健康的不利影响而成为全球关注的主要问题。将废塑料掺入沥青路面提供了一种可持续的解决方案，既能减少污染，又能提高路面性能。本文通过综合工程性能、环境风险和生命周期评估（LCA）的观点，综合了塑料改性沥青和沥青的最新进展（2021-2025）。它制定了一个清晰的框架，将材料性能与环境排放和整体可持续性联系起来，并强调了与材料利用、微塑料释放、可回收性和生命周期分析相关的关键研究差距。研究结果表明，塑料改性提高了车辙耐受性、疲劳寿命和防潮性，并减少了生产和服务过程中有害物质的排放，符合可持续发展目标12、13和14。此外，将废塑料整合到沥青中，通过最大限度地减少对原生聚合物的依赖，减少生产和应用阶段的排放，实现了更清洁的材料途径。然而，塑料-沥青相容性差和低温灵活性有限等挑战仍然存在。该审查进一步强调需要标准化数据集、特定区域的lca和长期实地监测，以确保可靠的环境评估。总体而言，本研究为材料科学家、路面工程师和政策制定者提供了一个最新的综合和研究路线图，以推进循环经济框架下废塑料改性沥青路面的可持续设计、评估和大规模实施。

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引用次数: 0

Macro- and meso-scale experimental study of encapsulated rejuvenators for self-healing asphalt system 自愈沥青体系包封回复剂宏、中观尺度试验研究

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100356

Yujia Lu, Jacob W. Doehring, Nishant Garg, Ramez Hajj

Self-healing asphalt concrete (AC) presents an opportunity to increase the sustainability of pavements by increasing their life cycle. The last decade of research has led to significant breakthroughs in the development and application of self-healing capsules for asphalt concrete. However, optimally tuning the use of these materials still has not been achieved, in part due to the multitude of mechanisms at play. Unlike prior single-scale studies, this study establishes a multiscale laboratory framework to evaluate nine rejuvenator capsule types at four levels, including capsule, binder, fine aggregate matrix (FAM), and asphalt concrete (AC), to systematically link capsule rupture and chemical diffusion behavior with mixture-level fatigue and rutting responses. This cross-scale validation clarifies inconsistencies in earlier studies and provides a transferable pathway for capsule design from laboratory to future pavement application. With nine capsule designs, the study examines key capsule design factors, including shell thickness, healing agent type, healing agent concentration, and capsule content in the mix. The findings suggest that capsule properties are strongly influenced by the chemical composition of the healing agent, alginate shell concentration, and the capsule shell. Capsules containing bio-oil contributed to a softer mixture and facilitated a higher diffusion rate. To optimize healing efficiency, capsules with varying shell thicknesses and rejuvenator types could be deployed to prevent premature release and maximize the use of healing agents. Additionally, capsules with a higher rejuvenator content proved more effective in addressing severe damage, while a higher overall capsule content was better suited for mitigating widely distributed minor damage. The findings underscore that excessive capsule dosage or high oil to water (ow) ratios may lead to permanent deformation, but optimized formulations with moderate capsule contents (

\leq

3%) and low ow ratios (

\leq

1) can minimize rutting potential. Finally, encapsulated healing agent technology demonstrated the benefits of recurrent use over many loading repetitions and healing cycles, compared to solely adding rejuvenators to mixtures. Although the findings are limited to controlled laboratory conditions, the developed framework provides mechanistic insights and design guidance that can inform future field studies and pavement applications.

自愈沥青混凝土（AC）提供了一个机会，通过增加其生命周期来增加路面的可持续性。在过去十年的研究中，沥青混凝土自愈胶囊的开发和应用取得了重大突破。然而，优化这些材料的使用仍然没有实现，部分原因是由于多种机制在起作用。与以往的单尺度研究不同，本研究建立了一个多尺度实验室框架，在四个水平上评估九种返老还老胶囊类型，包括胶囊、粘合剂、细骨料基质（FAM）和沥青混凝土（AC），以系统地将胶囊破裂和化学扩散行为与混合水平的疲劳和车闸响应联系起来。这种跨尺度验证澄清了早期研究中的不一致性，并为胶囊设计从实验室到未来的路面应用提供了可转移的途径。通过九种胶囊设计，该研究考察了胶囊设计的关键因素，包括外壳厚度、愈合剂类型、愈合剂浓度和混合物中的胶囊含量。研究结果表明，愈合剂的化学成分、藻酸盐壳浓度和胶囊壳对胶囊的性能有很大的影响。含有生物油的胶囊有助于形成更柔软的混合物，并促进更高的扩散速率。为了优化愈合效率，可以使用不同外壳厚度和修复剂类型的胶囊来防止过早释放并最大限度地使用愈合剂。此外，具有较高回青剂含量的胶囊被证明在解决严重损害方面更有效，而较高的总体胶囊含量更适合于减轻广泛分布的轻微损害。研究结果表明，过量的胶囊用量或高油水比（低）可能导致永久变形，但适度的胶囊含量（≤3%）和低油水比（≤1）的优化配方可以最大限度地减少车辙的可能性。最后，与在混合物中单独添加恢复剂相比，封装愈合剂技术证明了在多次加载重复和愈合周期中反复使用的好处。虽然研究结果仅限于受控的实验室条件，但开发的框架提供了机理见解和设计指导，可以为未来的现场研究和路面应用提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

Utilization of industrial and demolition Waste: preparation and characterization of a novel carbonate paste 工业和爆破废弃物的利用：一种新型碳酸盐浆料的制备和表征

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100355

Huan He , Zhexun Liu , Kostas Senetakis , Wei Fu , Dingwen Zhang , Guojun Cai , Shuwen Zheng

Landfilling industrial and demolition waste is an unstainable practice consuming land and posing environmental risks. To mitigate these challenges while promoting carbon reduction and resource efficiency, this study explores the CO₂ activation of industrial and demolition waste to produce a novel carbonated paste suitable for geotechnical and road applications. Magnesium slag (MS), fly ash (FA), and MgO were blended to form a reactive matrix, with recycled aggregate fines (RAF) as the structural skeleton to enhance carbon sequestration. Physical and mechanical properties were examined under carbonation curing, with standard curing as a reference. A 3-day carbonation process significantly activated MS, yielding a strength increase of up to 12.3 times compared to standard curing. Comprehensive chemical and physical properties and the reaction products were detected via pH measurements, conductivity assessments, quantitative X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy to shed light on the reaction mechanisms. The primary strength contributors in the paste were Nesquehonite, Dypingite, Magnesite, and Calcite, which formed through the carbonation reactions of MgO, MS, and RAF. The porous structure was found to be a key to the CO₂ diffusion and carbonation reaction; Water-to-cement ratio, calcium-to-magnesium ratio (MS:MgO) and the porous FA particles played critical roles in controlling the internal pore volume thus affecting the strength. These findings provide insights into the synergistic utilization of CO₂ and solid waste for future grean and low-carbon construction materials, offering a sustainable solution for carbon capture and waste valorization.

堆填工业及拆建废物是一种不可持续的做法，会消耗土地和造成环境风险。为了缓解这些挑战，同时促进碳减排和资源效率，本研究探索了工业和拆迁废物的二氧化碳活化，以生产一种适用于岩土和道路应用的新型碳化膏体。镁渣（MS）、粉煤灰（FA）和氧化镁（MgO）混合形成反应基质，以再生细骨料（RAF）为结构骨架，增强固碳能力。以标准固化为参照，研究了碳化固化条件下的物理力学性能。3天的碳化过程显著激活了MS，与标准固化相比，强度增加了12.3倍。通过pH测量、电导率评估、定量x射线衍射、热重分析和扫描电镜等方法检测反应产物的综合化学和物理性质，以阐明反应机理。膏体中的主要强度贡献者是Nesquehonite、Dypingite、菱镁矿和方解石，它们是由MgO、MS和RAF的碳化反应形成的。多孔结构是CO2扩散和碳酸化反应的关键；水灰比、钙镁比（MS:MgO）和多孔FA颗粒在控制内部孔隙体积从而影响强度方面起关键作用。这些发现为未来绿色低碳建筑材料中二氧化碳和固体废物的协同利用提供了见解，为碳捕获和废物增值提供了可持续的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of composite microencapsulated phase change material on the rheological property and applicability of asphalt 复合微囊化相变材料对沥青流变性能及适用性的影响

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-10-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100354

Xueting Wang , Dongliang Kuang , Anhua Xu , Huaxin Chen

Asphalt pavement cooling technology utilizing phase change materials offers significant long-term potential for mitigating the urban heat island effect, positioning it as a critical technology for advancing urban environmental protection and sustainable development. This study introduces a novel composite microencapsulated phase change material (CMPCM) synthesized from the organic monomer methyl methacrylate and SiO₂ through dehydration polycondensation, to prepare phase change modified asphalt (CMA). The stability of CMPCM in hot asphalt was verified through chemical and thermal tests. The impact of CMPCM on the rheological behavior of asphalt was thoroughly analyzed using dynamic shear rheometer, multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR), and low-temperature bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests, aiming to evaluate the feasibility of its application in cooling asphalt pavements. The results demonstrate that CMPCM remains stable in asphalt and exhibits excellent chemical compatibility with it. The melting enthalpy of CMPCM-containing asphalt reaches 21.88 J·g⁻¹, indicating strong temperature regulation potential. Dynamic viscoelastic analysis of CMA, using the Black diagram and 2S2P1D model, reveals that CMPCM increases the complex modulus of asphalt in the low-frequency region, maintaining a relatively stable viscoelastic state. MSCR test results show that, at lower stress levels, CMA exhibits excellent elastic recovery and low non-recoverable creep compliance between 40 and 50 °C, highlighting CMPCM’s substantial enhancement of high-temperature deformation resistance. However, BBR results, based on the Burgers model, suggest that higher CMPCM content reduces the low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt. When the CMPCM content is maintained between 10–15 %, CMA not only satisfies the low-temperature performance requirements for asphalt pavements but also improves high-temperature deformation resistance.

利用相变材料的沥青路面冷却技术为缓解城市热岛效应提供了巨大的长期潜力，将其定位为促进城市环境保护和可持续发展的关键技术。以有机单体甲基丙烯酸甲酯和SiO2为原料，通过脱水缩聚合成一种新型复合微囊化相变材料（CMPCM），用于制备相变改性沥青（CMA）。通过化学和热试验验证了CMPCM在热沥青中的稳定性。通过动态剪切流变仪、多重应力蠕变恢复试验（MSCR）和低温弯梁流变仪（BBR）试验，深入分析了CMPCM对沥青流变行为的影响，以评价其在冷却沥青路面应用的可行性。结果表明，CMPCM在沥青中保持稳定，具有良好的化学相容性。含cmpcm沥青的熔融焓达到21.88 J·g−1，具有较强的温度调节潜力。采用黑图和2S2P1D模型对CMA进行动态粘弹性分析，发现CMPCM在低频区增加了沥青的复合模量，保持了相对稳定的粘弹性状态。MSCR试验结果表明，在较低的应力水平下，CMA在40 ~ 50℃范围内表现出良好的弹性恢复和较低的不可恢复蠕变柔度，表明CMPCM的高温变形抗力得到了显著增强。然而，基于Burgers模型的BBR结果表明，较高的CMPCM含量会降低沥青的低温抗裂性。当CMPCM含量保持在10 ~ 15%之间时，CMA既能满足沥青路面低温性能要求，又能提高抗高温变形能力。

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引用次数: 0

Challenges and opportunities of vitrimers for aerospace applications: a roadmap for industrial adoption 航空航天应用的玻璃体的挑战和机遇：工业采用的路线图

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100353

Bernard Mahoney , Kingsley Yeboah Gyabaah , Patrick Mensah , Anthony Kwasi Martey , Guoqiang Li

Vitrimer, a class of dynamically crosslinked polymers, exhibits a unique combination of processability and mechanical robustness, positioning them as a compelling alternative to conventional thermosets. By facilitating network rearrangement through exchangeable covalent bonds, these materials maintain their structural integrity while enabling reshaping, reprocessing, recycling, and damage self-healing. This capability addresses key limitations in aerospace composites, where heal-ability, recyclability, and thermal stability are critical design requirements. Despite these advantages, several challenges must be overcome before vitrimer can be fully integrated into aerospace applications. Mechanical strength, stiffness, and toughness, long-term durability under extreme operating conditions, and compatibility with automated composite manufacturing processes such as Automated Fiber Placement remain areas of active research. Recent studies indicate that vitrimer-based carbon fiber composites demonstrate improved performance metrics, particularly in impact resistance and damage tolerance, suggesting their viability for structural applications. However, further investigations are required to optimize resin formulations, refine processing parameters, incorporate multifunctionalities, and establish industry-standard testing protocols. Addressing these factors could enable the broader adoption of vitrimer, advancing the development of sustainable, high-performance aerospace materials. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) could be a powerful tool to help design and discover new multifunctional vitrimer for aerospace applications. The use of vitrimer in aerospace applications offers significant potential for reducing material waste, enhancing recyclability, and lowering lifecycle energy consumption, which aligns with the principles of cleaner materials and cleaner production and sustainable material engineering. This work bridges the knowledge gap between cleaner material design and system-level sustainability.

Vitrimer是一类动态交联聚合物，具有独特的可加工性和机械坚固性，使其成为传统热固性聚合物的有力替代品。通过可交换共价键促进网络重排，这些材料保持其结构完整性，同时实现重塑、再加工、回收和损伤自愈。这种能力解决了航空复合材料的关键限制，在航空复合材料中，可修复性、可回收性和热稳定性是关键的设计要求。尽管有这些优势，但在将vitrimer完全集成到航空航天应用之前，还必须克服几个挑战。机械强度、刚度和韧性、极端操作条件下的长期耐久性以及与自动化复合材料制造工艺（如自动纤维放置）的兼容性仍然是积极研究的领域。最近的研究表明，玻璃体基碳纤维复合材料的性能指标有所提高，特别是在抗冲击性和损伤容忍度方面，这表明它们在结构应用方面是可行的。然而，需要进一步的研究来优化树脂配方，完善加工参数，整合多功能，并建立行业标准测试协议。解决这些因素可以使玻璃体得到更广泛的采用，推动可持续、高性能航空航天材料的发展。人工智能（AI）和机器学习（ML）可以成为帮助设计和发现用于航空航天应用的新型多功能聚合物的强大工具。在航空航天应用中使用玻璃体为减少材料浪费、提高可回收性和降低生命周期能耗提供了巨大的潜力，这符合更清洁材料、更清洁生产和可持续材料工程的原则。这项工作弥合了清洁材料设计和系统级可持续性之间的知识差距。

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引用次数: 0

Ceramic waste as a sustainable cementitious resource: pathways to cleaner and high-performance concrete 陶瓷废料作为一种可持续的胶凝资源：通往更清洁和高性能混凝土的途径

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100352

G. Murali , Najmeh Hassas , Hakim S. Abdelgader

The growing demand for sustainable construction and the need to reduce the carbon footprint of cement production have led to the exploration of alternative cementitious materials, such as Ceramic Waste Powder (CWP). Derived from tile manufacturing, polishing, and demolition, CWP exhibits pozzolanic properties. However, existing research remains fragmented, with inconsistencies in optimal replacement ratios, early-age strength, and long-term durability, owing to variations in mineral composition, thermal processing, and particle fineness. This highlights the need for a comprehensive review to synthesize the current findings, identify performance trends, and clarify the physicochemical mechanisms influencing CWP’s behavior in concrete. This review article is organized into seven sections. The introduction outlines the rationale, objectives, and significance of using CWP in cementitious systems. The second section covers the physical, chemical, and microstructural properties of CWP. The third examines the fresh and mechanical performance of CWP-incorporated mortar and concrete, while the fourth evaluates durability aspects, such as permeability and fire resistance. The fifth section explores the microstructural changes in concrete with CWP, and the sixth discusses the economic and environmental benefits, highlighting sustainability and cost-effectiveness. From the detailed review, CWP shows significant pozzolanic activity at 5–10% replacement, enhancing calcium hydroxide consumption, calcium silicate hydrate formation, and improving strength, densification, and durability. However, replacements above 20–30% lead to increased inert silica, reduced reactivity, higher porosity, and decreased mechanical performance. Moderate CWP levels improved the mechanical strength and lowered the thermal conductivity, whereas higher levels caused strength loss, delayed setting, increased water absorption, and reduced thermal stability. Microstructural analyses confirmed active pozzolanic reactions at moderate levels and a shift to inert filler behavior at higher contents, negatively impacting hydration and durability.

对可持续建筑不断增长的需求和减少水泥生产碳足迹的需要导致了对替代胶凝材料的探索，如陶瓷废粉（CWP）。源自瓷砖制造、抛光和拆卸，CWP具有火山灰特性。然而，现有的研究仍然零散，由于矿物成分、热处理和颗粒细度的变化，在最佳替代比、早期强度和长期耐久性方面存在不一致。这突出表明需要进行全面的审查，以综合当前的研究结果，确定性能趋势，并澄清影响CWP在混凝土中的行为的物理化学机制。这篇综述文章分为七个部分。引言概述了在胶凝系统中使用CWP的基本原理、目标和意义。第二部分介绍了CWP的物理、化学和微观结构特性。第三项研究考察了cwp砂浆和混凝土的新鲜和机械性能，而第四项研究评估了耐久性方面，如渗透性和耐火性。第五部分探讨了CWP在混凝土中的微观结构变化，第六部分讨论了经济和环境效益，强调了可持续性和成本效益。从详细的回顾来看，CWP在5-10%的替代率下显示出显著的火山灰活性，增加了氢氧化钙的消耗，水化硅酸钙的形成，并提高了强度、致密性和耐久性。然而，超过20-30%的替换会导致惰性二氧化硅增加，反应性降低，孔隙率升高，机械性能下降。中等水平的CWP提高了机械强度，降低了导热系数，而较高水平的CWP会导致强度损失，延迟坐封，增加吸水率，降低热稳定性。微观结构分析证实了中度活性火山灰反应和高含量惰性填料行为的转变，对水化和耐久性产生负面影响。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of degree of devulcanization on the compatibility and rheological properties of ground tire rubber-modified asphalt 脱硫化程度对地面轮胎橡胶改性沥青相容性及流变性能的影响

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100351

Danni Li , Hongru Yao , Jason Moore , Kai Huang , Qiang He , Baoshan Huang

Recycling waste rubber to produce rubber-modified asphalt is a promising way for sustainable material reuse while enhancing pavement performance. However, poor storage stability caused by the separation of rubber and asphalt remains a significant challenge. The devulcanization process, which partially changes the chemical structure of rubber, presents a solution to these compatibility issues. This study employed a thermal–mechanical process (using a twin-screw extruder with controlled shear strain and temperature) to partially devulcanize ground tire rubber (GTR) at different temperatures (240 °C, 260 °C, 280 °C), characterized the microstructural properties of the devulcanized GTR, and evaluated the performance of the rubber-modified asphalt. The objective is to quantify the relationship between rubber devulcanization and the production of high-performance rubber-modified asphalt. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical changes occurring during devulcanization. After preparing GTR modified asphalt samples under controlled temperature and shearing rate, the storage stability and basic properties of the modified asphalt were assessed using separation tests, rotational viscosity (RV) measurements, dynamic shear rheology (DSR), and bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests. The results indicated that storage stability improved, with Separation Index dropping from over 40 % (untreated) to below 10 % at 260–280 °C for 12 % and 18 % GTR. Viscosity at 165 °C decreased by up to 50 %, enhancing workability. However, rutting factor |G*|/sin δ at 64 °C decreased from 25.7 kPa (untreated, 24 % GTR) to 3.7 kPa (280 °C devulcanized), reducing high-temperature resistance. While devulcanization reduces the elasticity of rubber—simplifying the mixing and application process—it can compromise high-temperature performance due to increased deformation under high temperatures. Optimizing the control of devulcanization temperature and rubber content can help balance the asphalt binder’s performance and stability. These findings provide valuable insights into the GTR devulcanization process and support the development of more efficient and cleaner production techniques for rubber-modified asphalt, thereby broadening its potential applications in pavement engineering.

回收废橡胶生产橡胶改性沥青是一种很有前景的材料可持续再利用和提高路面性能的方法。然而，橡胶与沥青分离导致的储存稳定性差仍然是一个重大挑战。硫化过程部分改变了橡胶的化学结构，为这些相容性问题提供了解决方案。本研究采用热机械工艺（采用双螺杆挤出机，控制剪切应变和温度）在不同温度（240°C、260°C、280°C）下对地面轮胎橡胶（GTR）进行部分脱硫，表征了硫化后GTR的微观结构性能，并对橡胶改性沥青的性能进行了评价。目的是量化橡胶脱硫与生产高性能橡胶改性沥青之间的关系。傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）分析了脱硫过程中发生的化学变化。在控制温度和剪切速率的条件下制备GTR改性沥青样品，通过分离试验、旋转粘度（RV）测试、动态剪切流变学（DSR）测试和弯曲梁流变仪（BBR）测试来评估改性沥青的储存稳定性和基本性能。结果表明，当GTR为12%和18%时，在260 ~ 280℃条件下，分离指数从未处理时的40%以上下降到10%以下。165℃时粘度降低50%，可加工性增强。然而，64°C时的车辙因子|G*|/sin δ从25.7 kPa（未处理，24% GTR）降低到3.7 kPa（280°C脱硫），降低了耐高温性能。虽然脱硫降低了橡胶的弹性，简化了混合和应用过程，但由于高温下变形增加，可能会损害高温性能。优化控制脱硫温度和橡胶含量有助于平衡沥青粘结剂的性能和稳定性。这些发现为GTR脱硫化过程提供了有价值的见解，并支持开发更有效和更清洁的橡胶改性沥青生产技术，从而扩大其在路面工程中的潜在应用。

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引用次数: 0

New insights into value-added application of phosphogypsum in asphalt mixture through chemical stabilization of polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate 聚合亚甲基二苯基二异氰酸酯的化学稳定对磷石膏在沥青混合料中增值应用的新见解

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100349

Xiaomei Huang , Xiong Xu , Guohao Xu , Xiong Tao , Anand Sreeram , Zhifei Tan

Phosphogypsum (PhG), a high-volume industrial byproduct, has considerable potential for use in asphalt mixtures. Its utilization is of great significance for mitigating the excessive consumption of natural mineral fillers. However, the high water absorption and wet expansion of PhG significantly compromise the moisture-induced resistance and durability of asphalt mixtures, thereby limiting its broader engineering application. In this study, PhG was used as a full replacement for conventional mineral filler, and polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (PMDI) was introduced as an asphalt binder modifier to prepare PhG asphalt mixtures (PhGAM). The fatigue and freeze-thaw (F-T) resistance of PhGAM were evaluated using semicircular bending (SCB) fatigue and F-T cycle tests, respectively. After simulating thermo-oxidative aging, the long-term service performance of PhGAM was systematically assessed through wheel tracking, low-temperature indirect tensile, Marshall immersion, and F-T cycling tests. The SCB test results demonstrated that 4% PMDI, by weight of asphalt binder, can markedly improve the fatigue life of PhGAM, whereas further increasing PMDI content provides limited additional benefit. F-T cycle test results indicated that the incorporation of PMDI can notably enhance the indirect tensile strength and water damage resistance of PhGAM, enabling it to withstand at least four cycles, whereas the unmodified PhGAM/PMDI0 fails after only one. After long-term aging, aged PhGAM/PMDI mixtures exhibit significantly higher resistances to permanent deformation at elevated temperature compared to unaged ones. The dynamic stability of aged PhGAM/PMDI4 reaches 5736 passes/mm, compared to 2921 passes/mm for aged PhGAM/PMDI0. Furthermore, aged PhGAM/PMDI4 still exhibits better resistance to low-temperature cracking and moisture-induced damage, especially compared to aged PhGAM/PMDI0. Overall, a 4 % PMDI content is optimally recommended for blending with the asphalt binder for enhancing the engineering performance of PhGAM and facilitating the high-value utilization of PhG in the construction of more durable asphalt pavement.

磷石膏（PhG）是一种大量的工业副产品，在沥青混合物中具有相当大的应用潜力。它的利用对减轻天然矿物填料的过度消耗具有重要意义。然而，PhG的高吸水率和湿膨胀严重影响了沥青混合料的抗湿性和耐久性，从而限制了其更广泛的工程应用。本研究以PhG作为常规矿物填料的全面替代品，并引入聚亚甲基二苯基二异氰酸酯（PMDI）作为沥青粘结剂改性剂，制备PhG沥青混合料（PhGAM）。通过半圆弯曲（SCB）疲劳和F-T循环试验，分别对PhGAM的疲劳和抗冻融（F-T）性能进行了评价。在模拟热氧化老化的基础上，通过车轮跟踪、低温间接拉伸、马歇尔浸渍和F-T循环试验，系统评估了PhGAM的长期使用性能。SCB试验结果表明，4% PMDI（按沥青粘结剂重量计）可以显著提高PhGAM的疲劳寿命，而进一步增加PMDI含量的额外效益有限。F-T循环试验结果表明，加入PMDI可显著提高PhGAM的间接拉伸强度和抗水损伤能力，使其能够承受至少4次循环，而未经改性的PhGAM/PMDI0仅在1次循环后失效。经过长期时效后，老化的PhGAM/PMDI混合物在高温下的永久变形抗力明显高于未老化的PhGAM/PMDI混合物。老化PhGAM/PMDI4的动态稳定性达到5736次/mm，而老化PhGAM/PMDI0的动态稳定性为2921次/mm。此外，老化后的PhGAM/PMDI4仍然表现出更好的耐低温开裂和水分损伤性能，特别是与老化后的PhGAM/PMDI0相比。总的来说，PMDI含量为4%的沥青粘合剂被推荐用于提高PhGAM的工程性能，并促进PhG在建设更耐用的沥青路面中的高价值利用。

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引用次数: 0

Predicting the hydraulic conductivity of fly ash-clay landfill liners with interpretable ensemble learning 用可解释集合学习预测粉煤灰-粘土填埋衬垫的水力导电性

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100350

Manikanta Devarangadi , Syed Sadath Ali , Praveen Ashok Madalageri , Akash Biradar , Divesh Ranjan Kumar , Warit Wipulanusat

The hydraulic conductivity (HC) is critical for assessing the long-term performance of landfill liners. The HC of compacted fly ash‒clay mixes was modeled using six tree-based ensembles, including RF, GBR, XGB, BR, HGBR, and ABR. The laboratory datasets consisted of 146 mixes with 10 standard inputs. The models are tuned by Bayesian optimization (Optuna-TPE) with 5 × 3 cross-validation for 50 trials per model. XGB performs best, with Test R² = 0.8937, CV R² = 0.8073 and Training R² = 0.9997. The errors remained low (RMSE ≈ 0.625; MAPE ≈ 0.055), whereas the other models also exhibited strong fits (training R²: 0.92–0.9996) and confirmed model reliability. The innovation is a unified, reproducible workflow: leakage-free Z score scaling, Optuna-tuned ensembles, SHAP explanation, leave-one-feature-out tests and uncertainty via split conformal prediction. SHAP ranks fly ash (%) and fines (%) as dominant. The liquid limit and MDD/OMC have secondary yet meaningful effects. A clear trend appears for high fly ash; mixes above ∼ 60 % FA drive HC down rapidly. External-style validation (grouped holdouts) confirms good performance in well-represented regimes. For practice, designs are accepted when the 95 % upper prediction interval of log₁₀(HC) stays below the project limit. The approach provides accurate, explainable, and risk-aware HC prediction for fly ash‒clay liners.

水导率（HC）是评价填埋场衬垫长期性能的关键。采用RF、GBR、XGB、BR、HGBR和ABR等6种基于树木的组合模型对粉煤灰-粘土混合料的HC进行了建模。实验室数据集由146个混合和10个标准输入组成。采用贝叶斯优化（Optuna-TPE）对模型进行调整，每个模型50次试验进行5 × 3交叉验证。XGB表现最好，Test R2 = 0.8937, CV R2 = 0.8073, Training R2 = 0.9997。误差仍然很低（RMSE≈0.625;MAPE≈0.055），而其他模型也表现出较强的拟合（训练R2: 0.92-0.9996），并证实了模型的可靠性。创新之处在于一个统一的、可重复的工作流程：无泄漏的Z分数缩放、optuna调谐的集成、SHAP解释、遗漏一个特征的测试和通过拆分保形预测的不确定性。SHAP将粉煤灰（%）和细粉（%）列为主要成分。液限和MDD/OMC具有次要但有意义的影响。高飞灰有明显的趋势；超过60% FA的混合物可迅速降低HC。外部风格的验证（分组坚持）证实了在代表性良好的制度下的良好表现。在实践中，当95%的上预测区间log10（HC）低于项目限制时，设计被接受。该方法为粉煤灰-粘土衬里提供了准确、可解释且具有风险意识的HC预测。

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引用次数: 0