Cleaner Materials最新文献_第4页

Sustainability of Asphalt Pavements: The role of life cycle assessment (LCA) and emerging technologies 沥青路面的可持续性：生命周期评估（LCA）和新兴技术的作用

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100346

Abolfazl Afshin, Ali Behnood

Asphalt pavements contribute significantly to the construction sector’s environmental footprint, particularly through greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, energy use, and material extraction. This review critically evaluates the role of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) in quantifying and mitigating these impacts, with attention to how system boundaries, Product Category Rules (PCRs), and background datasets influence reported outcomes. Drawing on over 500 peer-reviewed studies, the manuscript synthesizes evidence on material and process-level strategies, such as warm-mix asphalt (WMA), high-reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content, cold in-place recycling, bio-based binders, and waste derived additives, that demonstrate measurable reductions in life cycle indicators across different scope boundaries.

This study highlights the emerging potential of digital technologies. Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensors can generate project specific inventory data, while Artificial Intelligence (AI) enables automated data cleaning, quality control, and predictive scenario modeling. Together, these tools support the development of dynamic, high-resolution environmental profiles that improve transparency and comparability. Policy developments across the United States, European Union, and other regions illustrate how EPDs are becoming embedded in public procurement practices, with growing alignment around EN and ISO standards enhancing consistency and cross-border comparability. Despite recent advancements, several key challenges still remain unresolved, including fragmented PCR frameworks, limited high quality datasets for emerging materials, and uncertainty in modeling long-term pavement performance. To address these, this review proposes a roadmap focused on standardized impact reporting, direct measurement of material and energy flows, and verifiable digital workflows. Overall, the findings support a shift from static environmental documentation to actionable, performance-based tools that promote cleaner asphalt materials and sustainable infrastructure development.

沥青路面对建筑行业的环境足迹贡献巨大，特别是通过温室气体（GHG）排放、能源使用和材料提取。这篇综述批判性地评估了生命周期评估（LCA）和环境产品声明（epd）在量化和减轻这些影响方面的作用，并关注了系统边界、产品类别规则（pcr）和背景数据集如何影响报告的结果。根据500多项同行评议的研究，该手稿综合了材料和工艺层面策略的证据，如温拌沥青（WMA）、高再生沥青路面（RAP）含量、就地冷回收、生物基粘合剂和废物衍生添加剂，这些策略显示了不同范围范围内生命周期指标的可测量减少。这项研究强调了数字技术的新兴潜力。物联网（IoT）传感器可以生成项目特定的库存数据，而人工智能（AI）可以实现自动数据清理、质量控制和预测场景建模。这些工具共同支持开发动态、高分辨率的环境概况，从而提高透明度和可比性。美国、欧盟和其他地区的政策发展表明，epd如何融入公共采购实践，围绕EN和ISO标准的一致性越来越高，从而增强了一致性和跨境可比性。尽管近年来取得了一些进展，但仍有几个关键挑战尚未解决，包括PCR框架的碎片化、新兴材料的高质量数据集有限，以及长期路面性能建模的不确定性。为了解决这些问题，本综述提出了一个路线图，重点是标准化影响报告、直接测量材料和能量流以及可验证的数字工作流程。总体而言，研究结果支持从静态环境文件转向可操作的、基于性能的工具，以促进更清洁的沥青材料和可持续的基础设施发展。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of degree of devulcanization on the compatibility and rheological properties of ground tire rubber-modified asphalt 脱硫化程度对地面轮胎橡胶改性沥青相容性及流变性能的影响

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100351

Danni Li , Hongru Yao , Jason Moore , Kai Huang , Qiang He , Baoshan Huang

Recycling waste rubber to produce rubber-modified asphalt is a promising way for sustainable material reuse while enhancing pavement performance. However, poor storage stability caused by the separation of rubber and asphalt remains a significant challenge. The devulcanization process, which partially changes the chemical structure of rubber, presents a solution to these compatibility issues. This study employed a thermal–mechanical process (using a twin-screw extruder with controlled shear strain and temperature) to partially devulcanize ground tire rubber (GTR) at different temperatures (240 °C, 260 °C, 280 °C), characterized the microstructural properties of the devulcanized GTR, and evaluated the performance of the rubber-modified asphalt. The objective is to quantify the relationship between rubber devulcanization and the production of high-performance rubber-modified asphalt. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical changes occurring during devulcanization. After preparing GTR modified asphalt samples under controlled temperature and shearing rate, the storage stability and basic properties of the modified asphalt were assessed using separation tests, rotational viscosity (RV) measurements, dynamic shear rheology (DSR), and bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests. The results indicated that storage stability improved, with Separation Index dropping from over 40 % (untreated) to below 10 % at 260–280 °C for 12 % and 18 % GTR. Viscosity at 165 °C decreased by up to 50 %, enhancing workability. However, rutting factor |G*|/sin δ at 64 °C decreased from 25.7 kPa (untreated, 24 % GTR) to 3.7 kPa (280 °C devulcanized), reducing high-temperature resistance. While devulcanization reduces the elasticity of rubber—simplifying the mixing and application process—it can compromise high-temperature performance due to increased deformation under high temperatures. Optimizing the control of devulcanization temperature and rubber content can help balance the asphalt binder’s performance and stability. These findings provide valuable insights into the GTR devulcanization process and support the development of more efficient and cleaner production techniques for rubber-modified asphalt, thereby broadening its potential applications in pavement engineering.

回收废橡胶生产橡胶改性沥青是一种很有前景的材料可持续再利用和提高路面性能的方法。然而，橡胶与沥青分离导致的储存稳定性差仍然是一个重大挑战。硫化过程部分改变了橡胶的化学结构，为这些相容性问题提供了解决方案。本研究采用热机械工艺（采用双螺杆挤出机，控制剪切应变和温度）在不同温度（240°C、260°C、280°C）下对地面轮胎橡胶（GTR）进行部分脱硫，表征了硫化后GTR的微观结构性能，并对橡胶改性沥青的性能进行了评价。目的是量化橡胶脱硫与生产高性能橡胶改性沥青之间的关系。傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）分析了脱硫过程中发生的化学变化。在控制温度和剪切速率的条件下制备GTR改性沥青样品，通过分离试验、旋转粘度（RV）测试、动态剪切流变学（DSR）测试和弯曲梁流变仪（BBR）测试来评估改性沥青的储存稳定性和基本性能。结果表明，当GTR为12%和18%时，在260 ~ 280℃条件下，分离指数从未处理时的40%以上下降到10%以下。165℃时粘度降低50%，可加工性增强。然而，64°C时的车辙因子|G*|/sin δ从25.7 kPa（未处理，24% GTR）降低到3.7 kPa（280°C脱硫），降低了耐高温性能。虽然脱硫降低了橡胶的弹性，简化了混合和应用过程，但由于高温下变形增加，可能会损害高温性能。优化控制脱硫温度和橡胶含量有助于平衡沥青粘结剂的性能和稳定性。这些发现为GTR脱硫化过程提供了有价值的见解，并支持开发更有效和更清洁的橡胶改性沥青生产技术，从而扩大其在路面工程中的潜在应用。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of composite microencapsulated phase change material on the rheological property and applicability of asphalt 复合微囊化相变材料对沥青流变性能及适用性的影响

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100354

Xueting Wang , Dongliang Kuang , Anhua Xu , Huaxin Chen

Asphalt pavement cooling technology utilizing phase change materials offers significant long-term potential for mitigating the urban heat island effect, positioning it as a critical technology for advancing urban environmental protection and sustainable development. This study introduces a novel composite microencapsulated phase change material (CMPCM) synthesized from the organic monomer methyl methacrylate and SiO₂ through dehydration polycondensation, to prepare phase change modified asphalt (CMA). The stability of CMPCM in hot asphalt was verified through chemical and thermal tests. The impact of CMPCM on the rheological behavior of asphalt was thoroughly analyzed using dynamic shear rheometer, multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR), and low-temperature bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests, aiming to evaluate the feasibility of its application in cooling asphalt pavements. The results demonstrate that CMPCM remains stable in asphalt and exhibits excellent chemical compatibility with it. The melting enthalpy of CMPCM-containing asphalt reaches 21.88 J·g⁻¹, indicating strong temperature regulation potential. Dynamic viscoelastic analysis of CMA, using the Black diagram and 2S2P1D model, reveals that CMPCM increases the complex modulus of asphalt in the low-frequency region, maintaining a relatively stable viscoelastic state. MSCR test results show that, at lower stress levels, CMA exhibits excellent elastic recovery and low non-recoverable creep compliance between 40 and 50 °C, highlighting CMPCM’s substantial enhancement of high-temperature deformation resistance. However, BBR results, based on the Burgers model, suggest that higher CMPCM content reduces the low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt. When the CMPCM content is maintained between 10–15 %, CMA not only satisfies the low-temperature performance requirements for asphalt pavements but also improves high-temperature deformation resistance.

利用相变材料的沥青路面冷却技术为缓解城市热岛效应提供了巨大的长期潜力，将其定位为促进城市环境保护和可持续发展的关键技术。以有机单体甲基丙烯酸甲酯和SiO2为原料，通过脱水缩聚合成一种新型复合微囊化相变材料（CMPCM），用于制备相变改性沥青（CMA）。通过化学和热试验验证了CMPCM在热沥青中的稳定性。通过动态剪切流变仪、多重应力蠕变恢复试验（MSCR）和低温弯梁流变仪（BBR）试验，深入分析了CMPCM对沥青流变行为的影响，以评价其在冷却沥青路面应用的可行性。结果表明，CMPCM在沥青中保持稳定，具有良好的化学相容性。含cmpcm沥青的熔融焓达到21.88 J·g−1，具有较强的温度调节潜力。采用黑图和2S2P1D模型对CMA进行动态粘弹性分析，发现CMPCM在低频区增加了沥青的复合模量，保持了相对稳定的粘弹性状态。MSCR试验结果表明，在较低的应力水平下，CMA在40 ~ 50℃范围内表现出良好的弹性恢复和较低的不可恢复蠕变柔度，表明CMPCM的高温变形抗力得到了显著增强。然而，基于Burgers模型的BBR结果表明，较高的CMPCM含量会降低沥青的低温抗裂性。当CMPCM含量保持在10 ~ 15%之间时，CMA既能满足沥青路面低温性能要求，又能提高抗高温变形能力。

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引用次数: 0

Calcined sand-washing slurry-based LC3: hydration, performance, and environmental impact 基于煅烧洗砂浆的LC3：水化，性能和环境影响

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100360

Yue Wang , Mengxin Bu , Jingshan Peng , Weijie Chen , Yazan Alrefaei , Yanshuai Wang

This study investigates the feasibility of using calcined sand washing slurry (SWS) as a sustainable alternative to traditional metakaolin in limestone-calcined clay cement (LC3). Using isothermal calorimetry, XRD, SEM-EDS, and TG-FTIR, the effects of SWS and polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) on hydration, microstructure, and strength development were systematically analyzed. Results show that SWS contains reactive amorphous aluminosilicates that promote AFt formation and enhance early strength. The 750 °C − calcined SWS sample (S750) achieved a 28-day compressive strength of 46.6 MPa − only 3.5 % lower than traditional LC3. PCE significantly improved flowability (175 mm for S750-1) without compromising early strength, and enhanced matrix densification via accelerated AFt generation. Notably, S700 (i.e., 700 °C − calcined SWS sample) exhibited comparable strength and hydration behavior to S750, suggesting that low-temperature calcination is both feasible and energy-efficient. Besides, life cycle analysis shows that compared with CG, the CO₂ emissions of S700 are reduced by approximately 34.6 %. These findings highlight the application potential of SWS in the production of high-performance and low-carbon LC3.

本研究探讨了在石灰石-煅烧粘土水泥（LC3）中使用煅烧洗砂浆（SWS）替代传统偏高岭土的可行性。采用等温量热法、XRD、SEM-EDS、TG-FTIR等方法，系统分析了SWS和聚羧酸型高效减水剂（PCE）对水化、微观结构和强度发展的影响。结果表明，SWS中含有活性无定形硅铝酸盐，能促进AFt的形成，提高早期强度。750°C煅烧的SWS样品（S750）的28天抗压强度为46.6 MPa -仅比传统LC3低3.5%。PCE在不影响早期强度的情况下显著提高了流动性（S750-1为175 mm），并通过加速AFt生成增强了基体致密化。值得注意的是，S700（即700°C -煅烧的SWS样品）表现出与S750相当的强度和水化行为，这表明低温煅烧既可行又节能。此外，生命周期分析表明，与CG相比，S700的CO2排放量减少了约34.6%。这些发现凸显了SWS在高性能低碳LC3生产中的应用潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Development of prefab shelter using bamboo culms and bamboo bio-concrete for emergency scenarios 利用竹竿和竹制生物混凝土开发用于紧急情况的预制庇护所

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100340

Carla Magalhães Lima , Marco Felipe Fialho Santos , Vanessa Maria Andreola , M'hamed Yassin Rajiv da Gloria , Romildo Dias Toledo Filho

The rise in forcibly displaced individuals has prompted the need for the construction of emergency support units. However, as the need for shelters grows, so does the demand for conventional materials, which are potential emitters of carbon dioxide. To interrupt this cycle, building with alternative materials needs to be further examined. This study aims to present a prefabricated modular constructive system for a shelter composed of prefabricated pieces with a moso bamboo culms structure and bamboo bio-concrete panels. Studies were conducted on form, environmental comfort, and how to provide adaptability of the shelter’s space. The bio-concrete, the bamboo culms with three different configurations and the connection of the shelter were experimentally analyzed. The bio-concrete studied was produced with 45% of bamboo waste in volume and mechanically characterized. The compressive tests of the bamboo structural system pointed out that the beam diaphragm positioned on the center of the fish mouth was the best configuration for this type of orthogonal fitting. This setup presented a maximum stress of 9.12 MPa, being 1.33 times greater than the alternative with internode in the center of the fish mouth. The tensile tests with anchored joints indicated an average maximum load of 3.66 kN. The modular architecture with the constructive system proposed was analyzed applying the direct stiffness method, obtaining satisfactory results for its use in different locations in Brazil, due to the material availability and mechanical performance.

被迫流离失所者人数的增加促使需要建立紧急支助单位。然而，随着对庇护所需求的增长，对传统材料的需求也在增长，这些材料是潜在的二氧化碳排放者。为了打破这种循环，需要进一步研究替代材料的建筑。本研究旨在展示一个预制模块化建筑系统，该系统由预制构件与毛竹茎结构和竹生物混凝土板组成。对形式、环境舒适度以及如何提供庇护所空间的适应性进行了研究。实验分析了生物混凝土、三种不同形态的竹竿以及遮蔽物的连接方式。所研究的生物混凝土以45%的竹材废料为原料制备，并进行了力学表征。竹材结构体系的抗压试验表明，位于鱼口中心的梁隔膜是这种正交拟合的最佳配置。该设置的最大应力为9.12 MPa，是节间位于鱼嘴中心的设置的1.33倍。锚固节点拉伸试验结果表明，节点平均最大荷载为3.66 kN。采用直接刚度法对所提出的模块化结构进行了分析，由于材料的可用性和力学性能的考虑，在巴西的不同地点得到了满意的结果。

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引用次数: 0

The effects, mechanisms, and environmental impacts of SBS polymer in mitigating organic emissions from base asphalt SBS聚合物在减少基础沥青有机排放中的作用、机理和环境影响

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100361

Rui Zhang , Xinping Pei , Hongzhou Zhu , Jia Liu , Song Yang , Xingyu Chen , Ruiming Li , Yuhong Wang

Asphalt mixtures could emit substantial organic compounds during production and construction, posing potential health risks and potentially degrading asphalt binder performance. However, it remains unclear whether polymer modification can alter these emissions. This study systematically assesses how styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) modification influences the effects, mechanisms, and environmental impacts of organic emissions from base asphalt, using an integrated approach spanning environmental science, toxicology, chemistry, surface science, and rheology. The results show that SBS polymer effectively reduces emissions of multiple organic compounds and suppresses the formation of secondary air pollutants, odor nuisance, and human health risks. Among the tested dosages, a dosage of 4.5 % SBS leads to the greatest mitigation effect. Based on compound identification and prior literature, secondary pollutant formation and odor nuisance are driven mainly by certain n‑alkanes, whereas health risks are predominantly associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Beyond mitigating environmental and health risks, SBS polymer improves asphalt binder performance, including surface free energy characteristics, rheological behavior, and structural phase transitions. These benefits are likely attributed to the unique network structure and physical cross‑linking between SBS and asphalt binder. Overall, the findings elucidate the effects, mechanisms, and environmental implications of SBS modification that reduces organic emissions from base asphalt, thereby advancing the development of cleaner, high‑performance, sustainable, and health‑protective paving materials and technologies.

沥青混合料在生产和施工过程中会释放出大量有机化合物，对健康构成潜在风险，并可能降低沥青粘结剂的性能。然而，目前尚不清楚聚合物改性是否能改变这些排放物。本研究采用环境科学、毒理学、化学、表面科学和流变学的综合方法，系统地评估了苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯（SBS）改性如何影响基础沥青有机排放物的效果、机制和环境影响。结果表明，SBS聚合物可有效减少多种有机化合物的排放，抑制二次空气污染物的形成，减少气味危害，降低人体健康风险。在试验剂量中，4.5% SBS的缓解效果最大。基于化合物鉴定和先前的文献，二次污染物的形成和气味危害主要由某些正构烷烃驱动，而健康风险主要与多环芳烃（PAHs）相关。除了降低环境和健康风险外，SBS聚合物还改善了沥青粘结剂的性能，包括表面自由能特性、流变行为和结构相变。这些好处可能归因于SBS和沥青粘合剂之间独特的网络结构和物理交联。总的来说，研究结果阐明了SBS改性的效果、机制和环境影响，减少了基础沥青的有机排放，从而促进了更清洁、高性能、可持续和健康保护的铺路材料和技术的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Performance and environmental impacts of waste plastic-modified asphalt pavement: a comprehensive review 废塑料改性沥青路面性能及环境影响综述

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100357

Xingchi Wu , Euniza Jusli , Vivi Anggraini , Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya , Xinqiang Zhang

Plastic waste has become a major global concern due to its adverse environmental and human health impacts. Incorporating waste plastic into asphalt pavements provides a sustainable solution that reduces pollution while enhancing pavement performance. This review synthesises recent advances (2021–2025) in plastic-modified bitumen and asphalt by integrating engineering performance, environmental risk, and life cycle assessment (LCA) perspectives. It develops a clear framework that links material performance with environmental emissions and overall sustainability, and highlights key research gaps related to materials utilisation, microplastic release, recyclability and LCA. Findings indicate that plastic modification improves rutting resistance, fatigue life, and moisture durability, and reduces emissions of harmful substances during production and service, which aligns with SDG 12, 13, and 14. In addition, the integration of waste plastics into asphalt enables cleaner material pathways by minimising the reliance on virgin polymers and mitigating emissions during production and application stages. However, challenges such as poor plastic-bitumen compatibility and limited low-temperature flexibility persist. The review further highlights the need for standardised datasets, region-specific LCAs, and long-term field monitoring to ensure reliable environmental assessments. Overall, this study provides an updated synthesis and research roadmap for materials scientists, pavement engineers, and policymakers to advance the sustainable design, evaluation, and large-scale implementation of waste plastic-modified asphalt pavements within a circular-economy framework.

塑料废物因其对环境和人类健康的不利影响而成为全球关注的主要问题。将废塑料掺入沥青路面提供了一种可持续的解决方案，既能减少污染，又能提高路面性能。本文通过综合工程性能、环境风险和生命周期评估（LCA）的观点，综合了塑料改性沥青和沥青的最新进展（2021-2025）。它制定了一个清晰的框架，将材料性能与环境排放和整体可持续性联系起来，并强调了与材料利用、微塑料释放、可回收性和生命周期分析相关的关键研究差距。研究结果表明，塑料改性提高了车辙耐受性、疲劳寿命和防潮性，并减少了生产和服务过程中有害物质的排放，符合可持续发展目标12、13和14。此外，将废塑料整合到沥青中，通过最大限度地减少对原生聚合物的依赖，减少生产和应用阶段的排放，实现了更清洁的材料途径。然而，塑料-沥青相容性差和低温灵活性有限等挑战仍然存在。该审查进一步强调需要标准化数据集、特定区域的lca和长期实地监测，以确保可靠的环境评估。总体而言，本研究为材料科学家、路面工程师和政策制定者提供了一个最新的综合和研究路线图，以推进循环经济框架下废塑料改性沥青路面的可持续设计、评估和大规模实施。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of waste glass on the flexural response of reinforced concrete beams containing recycled brick aggregate 废玻璃对含再生砖骨料钢筋混凝土梁受弯响应的影响

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100348

Khondaker Sakil Ahmed , Lutfar Rahman Rana , Abdullah Al-Moneim , Syed Ishtiaq Ahmad

The rapid increase in waste glass and demolished concrete is a concern because both pollute the environment while also wasting precious land. Their robust application in concrete, particularly in structural elements, has the potential to minimise those wastes drastically and convert them into resources. Considering this situation, this study investigates the flexural response of reinforced concrete (RC) beams containing waste glass (WG) and recycled brick aggregate (RBA). The WG was used as a partial or full replacement of fine aggregate with RBA concrete to produce RC beams. Primarily, the basic concrete tests for measuring physical, fresh, and hardened properties, such as density, gradation, air content, slump, and flexural strength of RBA-based concrete with glass (RCG), are evaluated followingASTM standards. Then, a total of twelve RC beam specimens with different proportions of WG and RBA were prepared, cured, and tested under a four-point bending test in a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Test results showed that the load-carrying capacity of RCG beams was decreased by 8.5–9.9% only when the glass content was increased up to 25% replacement. Flexural strength of the beams was affected by the relatively weaker strength properties of recycled concrete with glass (RCG). The majority of cracks initiate at the flexural zones, though the final failures occurred in the concrete with a general combination of shear and flexure in many cases. Finally, the flexural strength of the beams is compared to predictions from CSA 2004, EC2, and ACI-318, and it is observed that the ratio of experimental to theoretical moment capacity ranges from 0.8 to 1.3. These disparities in moment capacity (particularly for ratios below 1.0) demonstrate the need for revisions to the existing code provisions to accurately predict the flexural capacity of RCG beams.

废弃玻璃和混凝土的迅速增加是一个令人担忧的问题，因为它们污染了环境，也浪费了宝贵的土地。它们在混凝土中的强大应用，特别是在结构构件中，有可能极大地减少这些浪费，并将其转化为资源。考虑到这种情况，本研究对含废玻璃（WG）和再生砖骨料（RBA）的钢筋混凝土梁的受弯响应进行了研究。WG被用作部分或全部替代细骨料与RBA混凝土生产RC梁。首先，测量rba基玻璃混凝土（RCG）的物理、新鲜和硬化性能（如密度、级配、空气含量、坍落度和抗弯强度）的基本混凝土测试是按照astm标准进行评估的。然后，在通用试验机（UTM）上制备了12根不同比例的WG和RBA的RC梁试件，并进行了四点弯曲试验。试验结果表明，当玻璃含量增加到25%时，RCG梁的承载能力下降8.5-9.9%。再生玻璃混凝土（RCG）相对较弱的强度特性影响了梁的抗弯强度。大多数裂缝开始于受弯区，尽管最终的破坏发生在混凝土中，在许多情况下，剪切和弯曲的一般组合。最后，将梁的抗弯强度与CSA 2004、EC2和ACI-318的预测结果进行了比较，发现试验弯矩承载力与理论弯矩承载力的比值在0.8到1.3之间。这些弯矩承载力的差异（特别是对于低于1.0的弯矩比）表明需要修订现有的规范条款，以准确地预测RCG梁的抗弯承载力。

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引用次数: 0

3D-printable mortars incorporating municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash: Linking hydration to extrudability and mechanical performance 结合城市固体垃圾焚烧底灰的3d打印砂浆：将水化与挤压性和机械性能联系起来

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100358

Jiao-Long Zhang , Yong Yuan , Imoleayo Oluwatoyin Fatoyinbo , Lujie Zhou , Qing Liu

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash, when added as a mineral additive in printed concrete, promotes sustainable construction. In this study, the impact of using this ash on the rheological behavior, mechanical strength, and hydration of printable mortar was examined. MSWI bottom ash replaces cement in corresponding specimens labelled M−10, M−20, and M−30. The hydration behavior was analyzed using isothermal calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Rheological properties were assessed using a rheometer, penetration tests, and flow table tests. Additionally, the mechanical response of MSWI bottom ash-based printed mortar under compressive and flexural loading was evaluated. The results showed a reduction in calcium hydroxide content and formation of additional calcium silicate hydrate phases, enhancing hydration. Structuration rates were 11, 8.8, 12.3, and 7.5 kPa/min for M−0, M−10, M−20, and M−30, with M−20 achieving a 4 % increase over the reference mix. This increment is nontrivial because it results in an absolute increase of 8 layers and a 57 % relative improvement in buildability. The initial yield stress of M−20 was 0.55 kPa, classified as moderately stiff for extrusion and layer support. At 28 days, the anisotropy coefficient for flexural strength decreased from 0.159 in M−0 to 0.110 in M−20. The findings demonstrate that incorporating 20 % MSWI bottom ash enhances rheological performance and reduces the anisotropy coefficient. These improvements are due to the physical filler effect of fine ash particles and the pozzolanic reaction, which contribute to particle cohesion and the formation of C–S–H. Therefore, 20 % MSWI bottom ash is the optimal replacement level for 3D printable mortar.

城市固体垃圾焚烧（MSWI）底灰作为矿物添加剂添加到印刷混凝土中，促进可持续建筑。在这项研究中，研究了使用这种灰对可打印砂浆的流变行为、机械强度和水化的影响。MSWI底灰在相应的M−10、M−20和M−30样品中替代水泥。采用等温量热法、x射线衍射法、热重法和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析了水化行为。通过流变仪、渗透测试和流动表测试来评估流变性能。此外，还对MSWI底灰基印刷砂浆在压缩和弯曲载荷下的力学响应进行了评价。结果表明，氢氧化钙含量降低，形成额外的水合硅酸钙相，增强水化作用。M - 0、M - 10、M - 20和M - 30的结构速率分别为11,8.8,12.3和7.5 kPa/min，其中M - 20比参考混合物的结构速率提高了4%。这个增量是非常重要的，因为它导致了8层的绝对增加和57%的可构建性的相对改进。M−20的初始屈服应力为0.55 kPa，属于中等刚性，适合挤压和层状支撑。28 d时，抗弯强度各向异性系数从M−0时的0.159降至M−20时的0.110。结果表明，掺加20%的MSWI底灰可以提高流变性能，降低各向异性系数。这些改进是由于细灰颗粒的物理填充作用和火山灰反应，有助于颗粒内聚和C-S-H的形成。因此，20%的MSWI底灰是3D打印砂浆的最佳替代水平。

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引用次数: 0

Spontaneous grain refinement induced by thiourea derivatives enables energy-efficient manganese production 硫脲衍生物诱导的自发晶粒细化使高效节能的锰生产成为可能

IF 9

Cleaner Materials

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2025.100362

Haidong Zhong, Yang Song, Tingting Hu, Jun Du, Changyuan Tao, Qian Zhang

Efficient and energy-saving electrodeposition of manganese remains challenging due to inhomogeneous deposition and competing hydrogen evolution at cathodic interfaces. Here, we report a dynamic molecular adsorption strategy using trace thiourea derivatives to regulate interfacial ion transport and nucleation behavior, achieving spontaneous grain refinement within the electrodeposited layer. Combined computational and experimental analyses reveal that thiourea derivatives construct a dynamic adsorption layer at the electrode/electrolyte interface, increasing the nucleation overpotential. Meanwhile, the electron-donating coordination of thiourea derivatives regulates the solvation structure of Mn²⁺ and reduces interfacial water activity. This approach achieves spatially uniform Mn nucleation and spontaneous phase transition from metastable γ-Mn to stable α-Mn with refined grains, accompanied by a reduction in average grain size to 1.129 μm. With the methylthiourea (MTU) additive, we achieve 86.87 % current efficiency (a 4.61 % improvement) at reduced energy consumption of 4328.47 kWh t⁻¹ (a 6.28 % reduction). Application in aqueous all-manganese batteries demonstrates an average Coulombic efficiency of 80.85 % over 30 cycles. This work proposes a molecular-level interfacial engineering strategy that enables cleaner metal electrodeposition and sustainable aqueous energy-storage applications, offering a new design paradigm for Mn metal as a clean and sustainable material.

由于阴极界面的不均匀沉积和析氢竞争，高效节能的锰电沉积仍然具有挑战性。在这里，我们报道了一种动态分子吸附策略，使用微量硫脲衍生物来调节界面离子传输和成核行为，在电沉积层内实现自发晶粒细化。结合计算和实验分析表明，硫脲衍生物在电极/电解质界面处形成了动态吸附层，增加了成核过电位。同时，硫脲衍生物的给电子配位调节了Mn2+的溶剂化结构，降低了界面水活度。该方法实现了空间均匀的Mn成核和从亚稳的γ-Mn到稳定的α-Mn的自发相变，晶粒细化，平均晶粒尺寸减小到1.129 μm。使用甲基硫脲（MTU）添加剂，我们实现了86.87%的电流效率（提高了4.61%），能耗降低了4328.47 kWh t - 1（降低了6.28%）。在全锰水电池中的应用表明，30次循环平均库仑效率为80.85%。这项工作提出了一种分子水平的界面工程策略，使更清洁的金属电沉积和可持续的水储能应用成为可能，为金属锰作为清洁和可持续的材料提供了一种新的设计范式。

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引用次数: 0