Cleaner Materials最新文献

{"title":"Challenges and opportunities of vitrimers for aerospace applications: a roadmap for industrial adoption","authors":"Bernard Mahoney ,&nbsp;Kingsley Yeboah Gyabaah ,&nbsp;Patrick Mensah ,&nbsp;Anthony Kwasi Martey ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vitrimer, a class of dynamically crosslinked polymers, exhibits a unique combination of processability and mechanical robustness, positioning them as a compelling alternative to conventional thermosets. By facilitating network rearrangement through exchangeable covalent bonds, these materials maintain their structural integrity while enabling reshaping, reprocessing, recycling, and damage self-healing. This capability addresses key limitations in aerospace composites, where heal-ability, recyclability, and thermal stability are critical design requirements. Despite these advantages, several challenges must be overcome before vitrimer can be fully integrated into aerospace applications. Mechanical strength, stiffness, and toughness, long-term durability under extreme operating conditions, and compatibility with automated composite manufacturing processes such as Automated Fiber Placement remain areas of active research. Recent studies indicate that vitrimer-based carbon fiber composites demonstrate improved performance metrics, particularly in impact resistance and damage tolerance, suggesting their viability for structural applications. However, further investigations are required to optimize resin formulations, refine processing parameters, incorporate multifunctionalities, and establish industry-standard testing protocols. Addressing these factors could enable the broader adoption of vitrimer, advancing the development of sustainable, high-performance aerospace materials. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) could be a powerful tool to help design and discover new multifunctional vitrimer for aerospace applications. The use of vitrimer in aerospace applications offers significant potential for reducing material waste, enhancing recyclability, and lowering lifecycle energy consumption, which aligns with the principles of cleaner materials and cleaner production and sustainable material engineering. This work bridges the knowledge gap between cleaner material design and system-level sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100353"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ceramic waste as a sustainable cementitious resource: pathways to cleaner and high-performance concrete","authors":"G. Murali ,&nbsp;Najmeh Hassas ,&nbsp;Hakim S. Abdelgader","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for sustainable construction and the need to reduce the carbon footprint of cement production have led to the exploration of alternative cementitious materials, such as Ceramic Waste Powder (CWP). Derived from tile manufacturing, polishing, and demolition, CWP exhibits pozzolanic properties. However, existing research remains fragmented, with inconsistencies in optimal replacement ratios, early-age strength, and long-term durability, owing to variations in mineral composition, thermal processing, and particle fineness. This highlights the need for a comprehensive review to synthesize the current findings, identify performance trends, and clarify the physicochemical mechanisms influencing CWP’s behavior in concrete. This review article is organized into seven sections. The introduction outlines the rationale, objectives, and significance of using CWP in cementitious systems. The second section covers the physical, chemical, and microstructural properties of CWP. The third examines the fresh and mechanical performance of CWP-incorporated mortar and concrete, while the fourth evaluates durability aspects, such as permeability and fire resistance. The fifth section explores the microstructural changes in concrete with CWP, and the sixth discusses the economic and environmental benefits, highlighting sustainability and cost-effectiveness. From the detailed review, CWP shows significant pozzolanic activity at 5–10% replacement, enhancing calcium hydroxide consumption, calcium silicate hydrate formation, and improving strength, densification, and durability. However, replacements above 20–30% lead to increased inert silica, reduced reactivity, higher porosity, and decreased mechanical performance. Moderate CWP levels improved the mechanical strength and lowered the thermal conductivity, whereas higher levels caused strength loss, delayed setting, increased water absorption, and reduced thermal stability. Microstructural analyses confirmed active pozzolanic reactions at moderate levels and a shift to inert filler behavior at higher contents, negatively impacting hydration and durability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100352"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of degree of devulcanization on the compatibility and rheological properties of ground tire rubber-modified asphalt","authors":"Danni Li ,&nbsp;Hongru Yao ,&nbsp;Jason Moore ,&nbsp;Kai Huang ,&nbsp;Qiang He ,&nbsp;Baoshan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recycling waste rubber to produce rubber-modified asphalt is a promising way for sustainable material reuse while enhancing pavement performance. However, poor storage stability caused by the separation of rubber and asphalt remains a significant challenge. The devulcanization process, which partially changes the chemical structure of rubber, presents a solution to these compatibility issues. This study employed a thermal–mechanical process (using a twin-screw extruder with controlled shear strain and temperature) to partially devulcanize ground tire rubber (GTR) at different temperatures (240 °C, 260 °C, 280 °C), characterized the microstructural properties of the devulcanized GTR, and evaluated the performance of the rubber-modified asphalt. The objective is to quantify the relationship between rubber devulcanization and the production of high-performance rubber-modified asphalt. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical changes occurring during devulcanization. After preparing GTR modified asphalt samples under controlled temperature and shearing rate, the storage stability and basic properties of the modified asphalt were assessed using separation tests, rotational viscosity (RV) measurements, dynamic shear rheology (DSR), and bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests. The results indicated that storage stability improved, with Separation Index dropping from over 40 % (untreated) to below 10 % at 260–280 °C for 12 % and 18 % GTR. Viscosity at 165 °C decreased by up to 50 %, enhancing workability. However, rutting factor |<em>G</em>*|/sin <em>δ</em> at 64 °C decreased from 25.7 kPa (untreated, 24 % GTR) to 3.7 kPa (280 °C devulcanized), reducing high-temperature resistance. While devulcanization reduces the elasticity of rubber—simplifying the mixing and application process—it can compromise high-temperature performance due to increased deformation under high temperatures. Optimizing the control of devulcanization temperature and rubber content can help balance the asphalt binder’s performance and stability. These findings provide valuable insights into the GTR devulcanization process and support the development of more efficient and cleaner production techniques for rubber-modified asphalt, thereby broadening its potential applications in pavement engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100351"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New insights into value-added application of phosphogypsum in asphalt mixture through chemical stabilization of polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate","authors":"Xiaomei Huang ,&nbsp;Xiong Xu ,&nbsp;Guohao Xu ,&nbsp;Xiong Tao ,&nbsp;Anand Sreeram ,&nbsp;Zhifei Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphogypsum (PhG), a high-volume industrial byproduct, has considerable potential for use in asphalt mixtures. Its utilization is of great significance for mitigating the excessive consumption of natural mineral fillers. However, the high water absorption and wet expansion of PhG significantly compromise the moisture-induced resistance and durability of asphalt mixtures, thereby limiting its broader engineering application. In this study, PhG was used as a full replacement for conventional mineral filler, and polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (PMDI) was introduced as an asphalt binder modifier to prepare PhG asphalt mixtures (PhGAM). The fatigue and freeze-thaw (F-T) resistance of PhGAM were evaluated using semicircular bending (SCB) fatigue and F-T cycle tests, respectively. After simulating thermo-oxidative aging, the long-term service performance of PhGAM was systematically assessed through wheel tracking, low-temperature indirect tensile, Marshall immersion, and F-T cycling tests. The SCB test results demonstrated that 4% PMDI, by weight of asphalt binder, can markedly improve the fatigue life of PhGAM, whereas further increasing PMDI content provides limited additional benefit. F-T cycle test results indicated that the incorporation of PMDI can notably enhance the indirect tensile strength and water damage resistance of PhGAM, enabling it to withstand at least four cycles, whereas the unmodified PhGAM/PMDI0 fails after only one. After long-term aging, aged PhGAM/PMDI mixtures exhibit significantly higher resistances to permanent deformation at elevated temperature compared to unaged ones. The dynamic stability of aged PhGAM/PMDI4 reaches 5736 passes/mm, compared to 2921 passes/mm for aged PhGAM/PMDI0. Furthermore, aged PhGAM/PMDI4 still exhibits better resistance to low-temperature cracking and moisture-induced damage, especially compared to aged PhGAM/PMDI0. Overall, a 4 % PMDI content is optimally recommended for blending with the asphalt binder for enhancing the engineering performance of PhGAM and facilitating the high-value utilization of PhG in the construction of more durable asphalt pavement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100349"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the hydraulic conductivity of fly ash-clay landfill liners with interpretable ensemble learning","authors":"Manikanta Devarangadi ,&nbsp;Syed Sadath Ali ,&nbsp;Praveen Ashok Madalageri ,&nbsp;Akash Biradar ,&nbsp;Divesh Ranjan Kumar ,&nbsp;Warit Wipulanusat","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydraulic conductivity (HC) is critical for assessing the long-term performance of landfill liners. The HC of compacted fly ash‒clay mixes was modeled using six tree-based ensembles, including RF, GBR, XGB, BR, HGBR, and ABR. The laboratory datasets consisted of 146 mixes with 10 standard inputs. The models are tuned by Bayesian optimization (Optuna-TPE) with 5 × 3 cross-validation for 50 trials per model. XGB performs best, with Test R² = 0.8937, CV R² = 0.8073 and Training R² = 0.9997. The errors remained low (RMSE ≈ 0.625; MAPE ≈ 0.055), whereas the other models also exhibited strong fits (training R²: 0.92–0.9996) and confirmed model reliability. The innovation is a unified, reproducible workflow: leakage-free Z score scaling, Optuna-tuned ensembles, SHAP explanation, leave-one-feature-out tests and uncertainty via split conformal prediction. SHAP ranks fly ash (%) and fines (%) as dominant. The liquid limit and MDD/OMC have secondary yet meaningful effects. A clear trend appears for high fly ash; mixes above ∼ 60 % FA drive HC down rapidly. External-style validation (grouped holdouts) confirms good performance in well-represented regimes. For practice, designs are accepted when the 95 % upper prediction interval of log₁₀(HC) stays below the project limit. The approach provides accurate, explainable, and risk-aware HC prediction for fly ash‒clay liners.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100350"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gallium incorporation for enhanced cement hydration: a pilot study in chemical and environmental engineering","authors":"Natt Makul ,&nbsp;Gritsada Sua-iam","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of cement-based materials depends critically on hydration kinetics, thermal stability, and microstructural characteristics. This study investigates the effect of gallium (Ga) as a novel additive on these properties of cement pastes. Experimental studies were conducted with varying water-to-cement ratios (w/c), types of Portland cement, and pozzolanic and inert materials to evaluate to evaluate the impact of Ga incorporation on these properties. Comprehensive characterization techniques, including isothermal calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), optical microscopy (OM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), were employed to assess the effects of Ga incorporation. Observations indicate that Ga-modified pastes significantly slowed hydration kinetics, reducing both initial and cumulative heat evolution by approximately 20 %–30 % compared to non-Ga pastes, particularly in reactive mixes with low w/c ratios (0.25 and 0.38) and in mixes containing pozzolans such as silica fume and rice husk ash. TGA reveals that Ga enhances the thermal stability of hydration products, as evidenced by reduced dehydration loss (<em>Ldh</em>), improved residue retention, and increased decomposition peak temperatures (e.g., from 145.28 °C to 163.58 °C for the w/c-0.45 Ga mix). Microstructural analyses using OM and FE-SEM confirmed that Ga significantly reduces porosity, densifies the hydration matrix, and improves connectivity among hydration phases. These findings demonstrate the capacity of Ga to enhance the microstructure and thermal properties of cementitious systems, particularly in highly reactive and low w/c mixtures. The study highlights the potential of Ga as a novel additive for high-performance, durable, and sustainable concrete mixtures while underscoring the need for further optimization for specific mix designs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100347"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of waste glass on the flexural response of reinforced concrete beams containing recycled brick aggregate","authors":"Khondaker Sakil Ahmed ,&nbsp;Lutfar Rahman Rana ,&nbsp;Abdullah Al-Moneim ,&nbsp;Syed Ishtiaq Ahmad","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid increase in waste glass and demolished concrete is a concern because both pollute the environment while also wasting precious land. Their robust application in concrete, particularly in structural elements, has the potential to minimise those wastes drastically and convert them into resources. Considering this situation, this study investigates the flexural response of reinforced concrete (RC) beams containing waste glass (WG) and recycled brick aggregate (RBA). The WG was used as a partial or full replacement of fine aggregate with RBA concrete to produce RC beams. Primarily, the basic concrete tests for measuring physical, fresh, and hardened properties, such as density, gradation, air content, slump, and flexural strength of RBA-based concrete with glass (RCG), are evaluated followingASTM standards. Then, a total of twelve RC beam specimens with different proportions of WG and RBA were prepared, cured, and tested under a four-point bending test in a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Test results showed that the load-carrying capacity of RCG beams was decreased by 8.5–9.9% only when the glass content was increased up to 25% replacement. Flexural strength of the beams was affected by the relatively weaker strength properties of recycled concrete with glass (RCG). The majority of cracks initiate at the flexural zones, though the final failures occurred in the concrete with a general combination of shear and flexure in many cases. Finally, the flexural strength of the beams is compared to predictions from CSA 2004, EC2, and ACI-318, and it is observed that the ratio of experimental to theoretical moment capacity ranges from 0.8 to 1.3. These disparities in moment capacity (particularly for ratios below 1.0) demonstrate the need for revisions to the existing code provisions to accurately predict the flexural capacity of RCG beams.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100348"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145321626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainability of Asphalt Pavements: The role of life cycle assessment (LCA) and emerging technologies","authors":"Abolfazl Afshin,&nbsp;Ali Behnood","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Asphalt pavements contribute significantly to the construction sector’s environmental footprint, particularly through greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, energy use, and material extraction. This review critically evaluates the role of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) in quantifying and mitigating these impacts, with attention to how system boundaries, Product Category Rules (PCRs), and background datasets influence reported outcomes. Drawing on over 500 peer-reviewed studies, the manuscript synthesizes evidence on material and process-level strategies, such as warm-mix asphalt (WMA), high-reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content, cold in-place recycling, bio-based binders, and waste derived additives, that demonstrate measurable reductions in life cycle indicators across different scope boundaries.</div><div>This study highlights the emerging potential of digital technologies. Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensors can generate project specific inventory data, while Artificial Intelligence (AI) enables automated data cleaning, quality control, and predictive scenario modeling. Together, these tools support the development of dynamic, high-resolution environmental profiles that improve transparency and comparability. Policy developments across the United States, European Union, and other regions illustrate how EPDs are becoming embedded in public procurement practices, with growing alignment around EN and ISO standards enhancing consistency and cross-border comparability. Despite recent advancements, several key challenges still remain unresolved, including fragmented PCR frameworks, limited high quality datasets for emerging materials, and uncertainty in modeling long-term pavement performance. To address these, this review proposes a roadmap focused on standardized impact reporting, direct measurement of material and energy flows, and verifiable digital workflows. Overall, the findings support a shift from static environmental documentation to actionable, performance-based tools that promote cleaner asphalt materials and sustainable infrastructure development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100346"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of biochar on the shrinkage and mechanical properties of sustainable engineered geopolymer composites: A comparative study between biochar sources, pyrolysis temperatures, and particle sizes","authors":"Yuekai Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of biochar prepared from different sources, pyrolysis temperatures, and particle sizes on the engineered geopolymer composites have not been well investigated. This paper presented the laboratory investigation of the autogenous shrinkage, compressive and flexural strengths, and tensile performance of sustainable and low-carbon engineered geopolymer composites modified with biochar produced from wood, bamboo, and coconut shell under high (650 °C) and low pyrolysis temperatures (450 °C). The prepared biochar was screened by 300 (coarse) and 75 μm (fine) sieves to obtain different particle sizes. The results indicate that the incorporation of 4 % biochar inhibits the development of the autogenous shrinkage of the engineered geopolymer composites by up to 12.1 %. The autogenous shrinkage decreases with the increased pyrolysis temperature or decreased particle size. The coconut shell biochar is more effective in the shrinkage mitigation than the bamboo or wood biochar. The addition of an appropriate quantity of biochar enhances the compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths of the engineered geopolymer composites, which are increased to 101.7, 14.8 MPa, and 6.62 MPa, with corresponding improvements of 24.2 %, 16.4 %, and 15.0 %, respectively. The tensile strain is improved from 8.83 % to 9.54 %. The cost-benefit analysis indicates that the output of the compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths from the unit cost is increased by up to 24.0 %, 16.2 %, and 14.8 %, respectively. The carbon footprint of the materials used in each mix proportion suggests the compressive, flexural, and tensile strength gain from unit carbon emission is improved by 32.4 %, 27.4 %, and 24.9 %, respectively. The source, pyrolysis temperature, particle size, and dosage to achieve the highest mechanical properties of EGC in this study are coconut shell, 650 °C, smaller than 75 μm, and 2 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100345"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A state-of-the-art review on cold binders for sustainable paving materials","authors":"Rui Li ,&nbsp;Xinyue Ma ,&nbsp;Junheng Chen ,&nbsp;Zhongchen Pan ,&nbsp;Zhen Leng ,&nbsp;Haopeng Wang ,&nbsp;Manfred N. Partl ,&nbsp;Xiong Xu ,&nbsp;Naipeng Tang ,&nbsp;Chunxiang Huang ,&nbsp;Hongzhou Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hot mix asphalt (HMA) has been widely used as a pavement material for decades because of its quick construction process and good engineering performance. However, its construction has to be performed at elevated temperature, causing significant energy consumption and hazardous emissions. Cold mix, which demands no heating in the construction process, is a cleaner and more environment-friendly paving technique. The cold mix binder, which bonds aggregates at ambient temperature, plays a key role in the environment-friendly cold mix pavement. However, in-depth understanding of the working mechanism and applications of cold mix binders is still lacking. To fill this gap, three different kinds of cold binders commonly used in pavement industry are extensively discussed, namely, the conventional bitumen emulsions, and the newly emerging epoxy resin and polyurethane.</div><div>Bitumen emulsions are by far the most widely used cold binder in pavement construction for surface dressing, tack coat and cold mix. However, bitumen emulsions are inferior to HMA in terms of early strength and mechanical properties, which limited them from been used in structural layers. To improve the performance of bitumen emulsion, polymer latexes, such as SBR latex and waterborne epoxy resin, are commonly used as modifiers to prepare polymer modified bitumen emulsions. The incorporation of polymer latexes can significantly improve the performance of bitumen emulsion, including high- and low-temperature performance, adhesion with aggregate, and fatigue performance.</div><div>Recently, polymer binders like epoxy resin and polyurethane have been introduced into the pavement industry. Epoxy resin and polyurethane are characterized as fast curing, remarkable mechanical strength, and strong adhesion with aggregate and substrates. However, there are still some shortcomings need to be addressed for the resin binders before they can be applied in large quantities, such as limited workability, insufficient resistance to weathering and high initial cost.</div><div>This paper set out to provide a state-of-the-art review on the constitutions, properties, applications, and pros and cons of three cold binders, i.e., bitumen emulsion, epoxy resin and polyurethane, paving the way for future research and applications of these cleaner construction materials in pavement engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100342"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}