Cleaner Materials最新文献

{"title":"From Portland cement to alkali-activated system: advances in wood-cement composites for sustainable building applications","authors":"Firesenay Zerabruk Gigar ,&nbsp;Amar Khennane ,&nbsp;Jong-Leng Liow ,&nbsp;Biruk Hailu Tekle ,&nbsp;Zongjun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a detailed review of wood-cement composites, focusing on their material characteristics, mechanical performance, and evolution as a class of sustainable and cleaner construction material. Formed by combining wood particles with cementitious binders, these composites offer a unique alternative to conventional building materials by utilising renewable resources, supporting cleaner production practices, and reducing embodied carbon. The review is based on an extensive compilation of experimental data drawn from the literature, covering a wide range of studies that examine the effects of wood species, binder types, fabrication methods, and testing protocols on composite performance. Particular attention is given to the influence of binder composition, wood particle size, and mix ratios on key mechanical properties, including compressive strength, flexural strength, density, and toughness. These parameters are critically assessed to establish their role in governing the structural reliability and functional suitability of the composites. The review also addresses production techniques and standardised testing methods, identifying common challenges such as the chemical incompatibility between lignocellulosic materials and cement hydrates, and summarising approaches developed to mitigate these issues. Recent developments, including the use of alkali-activated binders, are examined for their potential to enhance material performance and support cleaner material development. By consolidating existing research and identifying gaps in current knowledge, this paper aims to support further technical advancement and inform the practical implementation of wood-cement composites in environmentally responsible construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100365"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A state-of-the-art review on carbon-based nanomaterials for engineering applications","authors":"Zijun Xu ,&nbsp;Zhe Wu ,&nbsp;Philippe Poulin ,&nbsp;Yilin Wang ,&nbsp;Zhengbo Liu ,&nbsp;S. Thomas Ng ,&nbsp;Guoyang Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Without a comprehensive examination of the available literature on carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs) across various engineering contexts and dimensions, the field is left vulnerable to a disproportionate focus on specific application requirements or conditions, curtailing the ability to leverage the multifunctionality and interdisciplinary advantages of CBNs. Carbon-based nanocomposites serve as a pivotal conduit for the extensive utilization of CBNs. Their functional performance is commonly tailored through approaches such as functional modification, doping, interface engineering, and multiscale structural design. A systematic discussion is presented on the current design strategies of nanocomposites incorporating carbon dots (CDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs). Representative cases illustrate their significant engineering application potential in five rapidly evolving and highly active fields: electronic devices, energy storage, civil engineering, water treatment, and biomedical engineering. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in CBNs, emphasizing key applications, ongoing challenges, and emerging research opportunities across diverse domains. Interdisciplinary collaboration is poised to further drive innovation, particularly in areas such as energy storage, structural health monitoring, and biosensing. Future advancements are expected to focus on advanced material design, sustainable and scalable fabrication, intelligent optimization using artificial intelligence, interdisciplinary collaboration, and systematic validation to overcome challenges in synthesis, performance, commercialization, and integration. These insights collectively underscore the pivotal role of CBNs in shaping multifunctional, cross-cutting solutions for next-generation engineering systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100363"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145698043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-based meta model for predicting the performance of low-carbon concrete, considering the effects of multiple waste materials","authors":"Mehran Aziminezhad ,&nbsp;Mahdi Shadabfar ,&nbsp;Ahmed Bediwy ,&nbsp;Eltayeb Mohamedelhassan","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-carbon concrete incorporating waste materials offers significant environmental benefits while maintaining structural performance. However, designing an optimal mix of these waste materials is challenging due to their potential impact on the concrete properties. To address this challenge, this paper presents a novel meta model that introduces a non-deterministic mix design framework and simultaneously optimizes four performance metrics: environmental (global warming potential), durability (rapid chloride permeability and bulk electrical resistivity), mechanical (compressive strength and splitting tensile strength), and workability (air content and slump). The model is trained using a hybrid dataset combining literature data with response surface methodology (RSM) generated samples. To this end, a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network is trained to capture the effects of waste materials, including shredded rubber (SR), glass powder (GP), and biomass fly ash (BFA), on concrete performance and is further combined with Monte Carlo simulation to identify optimal mix designs based on specific performance targets. The results demonstrate the AI model’s accuracy in predicting concrete performance, as evidenced by statistical measures such as root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and the coefficient of determination (R²). This accuracy is further validated by comparing the AI predictions with laboratory concrete mix results. The results indicated that a 23.1% increase in compressive strength and an 83% decrease in chloride ion permeability were achieved by partially substituting 30% GP for cement. The incorporation of 15% BFA consistently reduced slump by 65% and increased air content by 49%. Moreover, the control mix had the highest GWP at 325 kg CO₂-eq/m³. Using 30% GP, 15% BFA, and 15% SR reduced it to 135 kg CO₂-eq/m³, a 41% decrease. Additionally, the back analysis provides optimized mix designs tailored to specific performance constraints. According to the specified target for designing low-carbon, chloride-resistant, and normal strength (45–55 MPa) concrete, a mixture of waste materials with SR = 3.2%, GP = 25.8%, and BFA = 7.4% is proposed by the developed meta model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100364"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145739038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calcined sand-washing slurry-based LC3: hydration, performance, and environmental impact","authors":"Yue Wang ,&nbsp;Mengxin Bu ,&nbsp;Jingshan Peng ,&nbsp;Weijie Chen ,&nbsp;Yazan Alrefaei ,&nbsp;Yanshuai Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the feasibility of using calcined sand washing slurry (SWS) as a sustainable alternative to traditional metakaolin in limestone-calcined clay cement (LC3). Using isothermal calorimetry, XRD, SEM-EDS, and TG-FTIR, the effects of SWS and polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) on hydration, microstructure, and strength development were systematically analyzed. Results show that SWS contains reactive amorphous aluminosilicates that promote AFt formation and enhance early strength. The 750 °C − calcined SWS sample (S750) achieved a 28-day compressive strength of 46.6  MPa − only 3.5 % lower than traditional LC3. PCE significantly improved flowability (175  mm for S750-1) without compromising early strength, and enhanced matrix densification via accelerated AFt generation. Notably, S700 (i.e., 700 °C − calcined SWS sample) exhibited comparable strength and hydration behavior to S750, suggesting that low-temperature calcination is both feasible and energy-efficient. Besides, life cycle analysis shows that compared with CG, the CO₂ emissions of S700 are reduced by approximately 34.6 %. These findings highlight the application potential of SWS in the production of high-performance and low-carbon LC3.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100360"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects, mechanisms, and environmental impacts of SBS polymer in mitigating organic emissions from base asphalt","authors":"Rui Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinping Pei ,&nbsp;Hongzhou Zhu ,&nbsp;Jia Liu ,&nbsp;Song Yang ,&nbsp;Xingyu Chen ,&nbsp;Ruiming Li ,&nbsp;Yuhong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Asphalt mixtures could emit substantial organic compounds during production and construction, posing potential health risks and potentially degrading asphalt binder performance. However, it remains unclear whether polymer modification can alter these emissions. This study systematically assesses how styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) modification influences the effects, mechanisms, and environmental impacts of organic emissions from base asphalt, using an integrated approach spanning environmental science, toxicology, chemistry, surface science, and rheology. The results show that SBS polymer effectively reduces emissions of multiple organic compounds and suppresses the formation of secondary air pollutants, odor nuisance, and human health risks. Among the tested dosages, a dosage of 4.5 % SBS leads to the greatest mitigation effect. Based on compound identification and prior literature, secondary pollutant formation and odor nuisance are driven mainly by certain n‑alkanes, whereas health risks are predominantly associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Beyond mitigating environmental and health risks, SBS polymer improves asphalt binder performance, including surface free energy characteristics, rheological behavior, and structural phase transitions. These benefits are likely attributed to the unique network structure and physical cross‑linking between SBS and asphalt binder. Overall, the findings elucidate the effects, mechanisms, and environmental implications of SBS modification that reduces organic emissions from base asphalt, thereby advancing the development of cleaner, high‑performance, sustainable, and health‑protective paving materials and technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100361"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A reactive-phase-driven predictive model for compressive strength of solid waste-based alkali-activated materials","authors":"Guanqi Wei,&nbsp;Biqin Dong,&nbsp;Rongxin Peng,&nbsp;Penghui Wang,&nbsp;Yanshuai Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100359","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The inherent variability in reactivity among industrial solid wastes hinders the standardized mix design of alkali-activated materials (AAMs). To address this, a novel reactive-phase-driven predictive model based on optimized clustering of amorphous aluminosilicate phases is proposed. Using backscattered electron and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis, amorphous aluminosilicates in solid wastes, e.g., fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and circulating fluidized bed ash, were classified into 42 groups via atomic ratios (Si + Al)/Ca (1, 1.5, 2.3, 4, 9, ∞) and Si/Al (0.3, 0.7, 1, 1.5, 2.3, 4, ∞). Furthermore, these groups were grounded into nine grades (H20, H30, H40, H50, H60, H70, H80, H90, H130) based on microhardness of alkali-activated synthesized phases. Results revealed that medium-hardness grade phases (H40–H70) exhibited the highest reaction degrees (70.1–95 %) and strong positive correlation with compressive strength (σc) (R = 0.62–0.81), while low/high-hardness phases negatively impacted performance. A grey wolf optimizer-enhanced backpropagation neural network model, utilizing phase content as input, achieved exceptional prediction accuracy, significantly outperforming conventional solid-waste-dosage-driven models in terms of scientific rigor and cross-waste applicability. This study establishes a more universal amorphous aluminosilicates classification framework and ultimately enabling intelligent design of multi-source solid waste-based AAMs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100359"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spontaneous grain refinement induced by thiourea derivatives enables energy-efficient manganese production","authors":"Haidong Zhong,&nbsp;Yang Song,&nbsp;Tingting Hu,&nbsp;Jun Du,&nbsp;Changyuan Tao,&nbsp;Qian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient and energy-saving electrodeposition of manganese remains challenging due to inhomogeneous deposition and competing hydrogen evolution at cathodic interfaces. Here, we report a dynamic molecular adsorption strategy using trace thiourea derivatives to regulate interfacial ion transport and nucleation behavior, achieving spontaneous grain refinement within the electrodeposited layer. Combined computational and experimental analyses reveal that thiourea derivatives construct a dynamic adsorption layer at the electrode/electrolyte interface, increasing the nucleation overpotential. Meanwhile, the electron-donating coordination of thiourea derivatives regulates the solvation structure of Mn²⁺ and reduces interfacial water activity. This approach achieves spatially uniform Mn nucleation and spontaneous phase transition from metastable γ-Mn to stable α-Mn with refined grains, accompanied by a reduction in average grain size to 1.129 μm. With the methylthiourea (MTU) additive, we achieve 86.87 % current efficiency (a 4.61 % improvement) at reduced energy consumption of 4328.47 kWh t⁻¹ (a 6.28 % reduction). Application in aqueous all-manganese batteries demonstrates an average Coulombic efficiency of 80.85 % over 30 cycles. This work proposes a molecular-level interfacial engineering strategy that enables cleaner metal electrodeposition and sustainable aqueous energy-storage applications, offering a new design paradigm for Mn metal as a clean and sustainable material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100362"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D-printable mortars incorporating municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash: Linking hydration to extrudability and mechanical performance","authors":"Jiao-Long Zhang ,&nbsp;Yong Yuan ,&nbsp;Imoleayo Oluwatoyin Fatoyinbo ,&nbsp;Lujie Zhou ,&nbsp;Qing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash, when added as a mineral additive in printed concrete, promotes sustainable construction. In this study, the impact of using this ash on the rheological behavior, mechanical strength, and hydration of printable mortar was examined. MSWI bottom ash replaces cement in corresponding specimens labelled M−10, M−20, and M−30. The hydration behavior was analyzed using isothermal calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Rheological properties were assessed using a rheometer, penetration tests, and flow table tests. Additionally, the mechanical response of MSWI bottom ash-based printed mortar under compressive and flexural loading was evaluated. The results showed a reduction in calcium hydroxide content and formation of additional calcium silicate hydrate phases, enhancing hydration. Structuration rates were 11, 8.8, 12.3, and 7.5 kPa/min for M−0, M−10, M−20, and M−30, with M−20 achieving a 4 % increase over the reference mix. This increment is nontrivial because it results in an absolute increase of 8 layers and a 57 % relative improvement in buildability. The initial yield stress of M−20 was 0.55 kPa, classified as moderately stiff for extrusion and layer support. At 28 days, the anisotropy coefficient for flexural strength decreased from 0.159 in M−0 to 0.110 in M−20. The findings demonstrate that incorporating 20 % MSWI bottom ash enhances rheological performance and reduces the anisotropy coefficient. These improvements are due to the physical filler effect of fine ash particles and the pozzolanic reaction, which contribute to particle cohesion and the formation of C–S–H. Therefore, 20 % MSWI bottom ash is the optimal replacement level for 3D printable mortar.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100358"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145578640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance and environmental impacts of waste plastic-modified asphalt pavement: a comprehensive review","authors":"Xingchi Wu ,&nbsp;Euniza Jusli ,&nbsp;Vivi Anggraini ,&nbsp;Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya ,&nbsp;Xinqiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plastic waste has become a major global concern due to its adverse environmental and human health impacts. Incorporating waste plastic into asphalt pavements provides a sustainable solution that reduces pollution while enhancing pavement performance. This review synthesises recent advances (2021–2025) in plastic-modified bitumen and asphalt by integrating engineering performance, environmental risk, and life cycle assessment (LCA) perspectives. It develops a clear framework that links material performance with environmental emissions and overall sustainability, and highlights key research gaps related to materials utilisation, microplastic release, recyclability and LCA. Findings indicate that plastic modification improves rutting resistance, fatigue life, and moisture durability, and reduces emissions of harmful substances during production and service, which aligns with SDG 12, 13, and 14. In addition, the integration of waste plastics into asphalt enables cleaner material pathways by minimising the reliance on virgin polymers and mitigating emissions during production and application stages. However, challenges such as poor plastic-bitumen compatibility and limited low-temperature flexibility persist. The review further highlights the need for standardised datasets, region-specific LCAs, and long-term field monitoring to ensure reliable environmental assessments. Overall, this study provides an updated synthesis and research roadmap for materials scientists, pavement engineers, and policymakers to advance the sustainable design, evaluation, and large-scale implementation of waste plastic-modified asphalt pavements within a circular-economy framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100357"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macro- and meso-scale experimental study of encapsulated rejuvenators for self-healing asphalt system","authors":"Yujia Lu,&nbsp;Jacob W. Doehring,&nbsp;Nishant Garg,&nbsp;Ramez Hajj","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Self-healing asphalt concrete (AC) presents an opportunity to increase the sustainability of pavements by increasing their life cycle. The last decade of research has led to significant breakthroughs in the development and application of self-healing capsules for asphalt concrete. However, optimally tuning the use of these materials still has not been achieved, in part due to the multitude of mechanisms at play. Unlike prior single-scale studies, this study establishes a multiscale laboratory framework to evaluate nine rejuvenator capsule types at four levels, including capsule, binder, fine aggregate matrix (FAM), and asphalt concrete (AC), to systematically link capsule rupture and chemical diffusion behavior with mixture-level fatigue and rutting responses. This cross-scale validation clarifies inconsistencies in earlier studies and provides a transferable pathway for capsule design from laboratory to future pavement application. With nine capsule designs, the study examines key capsule design factors, including shell thickness, healing agent type, healing agent concentration, and capsule content in the mix. The findings suggest that capsule properties are strongly influenced by the chemical composition of the healing agent, alginate shell concentration, and the capsule shell. Capsules containing bio-oil contributed to a softer mixture and facilitated a higher diffusion rate. To optimize healing efficiency, capsules with varying shell thicknesses and rejuvenator types could be deployed to prevent premature release and maximize the use of healing agents. Additionally, capsules with a higher rejuvenator content proved more effective in addressing severe damage, while a higher overall capsule content was better suited for mitigating widely distributed minor damage. The findings underscore that excessive capsule dosage or high oil to water (ow) ratios may lead to permanent deformation, but optimized formulations with moderate capsule contents (<span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span>3%) and low ow ratios (<span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span>1) can minimize rutting potential. Finally, encapsulated healing agent technology demonstrated the benefits of recurrent use over many loading repetitions and healing cycles, compared to solely adding rejuvenators to mixtures. Although the findings are limited to controlled laboratory conditions, the developed framework provides mechanistic insights and design guidance that can inform future field studies and pavement applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100356"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145520326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}