Cleaner Water最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of groundwater scenario in drought-prone semi-arid regions of the Indian subcontinent using time series decomposition and the machine learning models","authors":"Arijit Ghosh ,&nbsp;Iqra Rahman Siddiqui ,&nbsp;Azizur Rahman Siddiqui","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater is most vital resources to survive people around the globe in terms of drinking, domestic, and irrigation purposes. About two billion people are heavily reliant on this resource for drinking. In recent days, both the quality and quantity of groundwater have deteriorated in the semi-arid region, particularly in the plateau fringe of the Bundelkhand in India. In this connection, it is very much essential to evaluate and assess the variations of groundwater storage and groundwater status over the Bundelkhand plateau in the heart of India. Therefore, the principal objectives of this study are i) to estimate the terrestrial water storage (TWS), Soil moisture (SM) and Groundwater storage (GWS) using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and TerraClimate monthly datasets and ii) to assess the groundwater fluctuations and regional groundwater depletion trends using analytical methods using local in situ well data for water resource management. However, this study also emphasized predicting future conditions using both the time series decomposition model (Prophet) and the machine learning model (Random Forest) over the Bundelkhand plateau of India. The result indicates that the estimated water thickness value ranges from 23.23 cm to −22.07 cm (2002–2017). Average soil moisture changes vary from 1.58 cm (2016) to 17.41 cm (2003). In addition, maximum groundwater storage was 10.52 (2003), and minimum negative water storage occurred in −23.99 cm (2012). However, the average groundwater storage was −7.59 cm in the study period (2002–2017). Predicted results demonstrate that in the future (up to 2032) this region will face in shortage of groundwater (−28.65 cm). In terms of R² value, RF performs slightly better (0.99) than Prophet (0.98). Each forecasting model indicates that a continuous decline trend up to 2032 in the Bundelkhand Plateau region. In this connection, the application of Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Python Notebook has a decent result on hydrological research using observed and satellite datasets, particularly in terms of a huge region with inadequate borehole datasets. Still, the weakness of this study is highly associated with the data shortage. In addition, this study incorporated simplified subtraction approaches without explicitly accounting for surface water and other hydrological components. However, this study will be helpful for future researchers and administrators to formulate short-term measures and long-term strategies in a semi-arid dry environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145473936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the impact of urbanization and pollution on drinking water quality in Southern Gujarat: A study of physical, chemical, and microbial contaminants","authors":"Pinal S. Bhavsar,&nbsp;Shivkumar S. Mishal,&nbsp;Pooja V. Devre,&nbsp;Viraj K. Lad,&nbsp;Aniket H. Sawat,&nbsp;Suraj R. Yadav,&nbsp;Anil H. Gore","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study focuses on analyzing the physical and chemical parameter of drinking water in Surat, Navsari, and Tapi district, India. A comprehensive water sampling, monitoring, and analysis were carried out, involving the collection of 100 samples. The quality of these samples was evaluated based on physiochemical and biological parameters such as color, odor, pH, total dissolved solids/salts (TDS), and bacterial analysis. The TDS range of sample varied from 10 to 750, pH levels across all samples ranged from 6.1 to 7.9, with some samples showing slight acidic. However, certain samples exceeded the limits set by both the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Moreover, 34 % of the samples displayed low TDS, indicating a lack of essential minerals, potentially leading to health issues in the future. Furthermore, bacterial contamination was observed in 10 out of 100 samples, particularly in groundwater sources such as borewell water. This contamination may be attributed to factors like waste disposal, urbanization, and water pollution. Additionally, at these contamination points, TDS levels were found to exceed the prescribed limits by BIS and WHO. The study also highlights the awareness levels regarding drinking water quality, revealing a lack of awareness among the population. Therefore, there is an urgent need to initiate campaigns or seminars in rural areas to educate the community about the significance of drinking water quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145473910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study of field performance and sustainability of Fluoride Nilogon in defluoridation in Yemen","authors":"Tushmita Das ,&nbsp;Saranga Baishya ,&nbsp;Priya Devi ,&nbsp;Anwesha Chaliha ,&nbsp;Amal Hasan ,&nbsp;Sara Bazarah ,&nbsp;Wasim Al Shehab ,&nbsp;Radwan Mohammed Saleh ,&nbsp;Hammam Mukred ,&nbsp;Mohammed Riyadh ,&nbsp;Akram Al-Melhani ,&nbsp;Gerrianne Pennings ,&nbsp;Bereket Godifay Kahsay ,&nbsp;Matthijs T. Wessels ,&nbsp;Harm Bouta ,&nbsp;Robin K. Dutta","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Yemen faces a severe drinking water crisis due to rapidly declining groundwater and elevated fluoride concentrations exceeding WHO guidelines. In areas with fluoride contamination, such as Lahj and Al Dhale’a governorates, where groundwater is the only drinking water source available, the risks to public health are high. To address this, ZOA, an international relief and recovery organisation, in collaboration with Tezpur University, piloted the low-cost Fluoride Nilogon filter, developed by a Tezpur University group, across 300 households in Lahj governorate as Phase I in 2021. Based on its demonstrated effectiveness, the intervention was expanded in Phase II to 400 additional households in Al Dhale’a and a communal scale unit (18,000 L size) treating ∼7000 L per batch, benefitting approximately 700 residents in Al Dhale’a governorate in 2024. This paper describes a study of the field performance of the filters in both phases, offering a scalable solution for decentralised fluoride alleviation in low-resource environments. The paper also includes a study of suitability of the crushed limestone for Fluoride Nilogon reactors for both phases of the intervention and the performance of the filters. The suitability of limestone for field use was analysed by obtaining four samples of limestone, <em>viz</em>., A and B in Phase I; and C and D in Phase II, obtained from various localities of Yemen, to choose the better one for field use. The results of the fluoride removal abilities of the limestone samples were correlated with major physicochemical characteristics of limestone, such as porosity, density, and chemical impurities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145416099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on ZnO, Ag2O and Ag2O-ZnO composites for water remediation, anti-oxidant and anti-enzymatic applications","authors":"G. Revathi,&nbsp;N. Uma Sangari","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Functional materials, characterized by their unique physical, chemical, biological, and mechanical properties, play a pivotal role in advancing modern technologies. Among the plethora of functional materials, zinc oxide (ZnO) and its composites have emerged as promising candidates due to their versatile applications and exceptional properties. In particular, the composite of ZnO with silver oxide (Ag₂O) holds significant potential, attributed to the synergistic interplay between their well-matched band structures. This alignment facilitates efficient separation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs, a critical factor in enhancing the material's functional performance. The morphology of these materials further influences their characteristic properties, enabling diverse functionalities. Consequently, understanding the relationship between structural attributes and performance is pivotal for optimizing their applications. The synthesis methods used to prepare these functional materials also play a crucial role in determining their morphology, efficiency, and sustainability. Among various techniques, the chemical co-precipitation method, especially when augmented with ultrasonication or microwave assistance, stands out as a high-yielding, safe, environmentally sustainable, and cost-effective approach. The functionalities of ZnO, Ag₂O, and their composites extend across numerous domains. However, this study focuses on their photocatalytic, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-enzymatic activities, all of which fundamentally rely on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The intrinsic and extrinsic properties of these materials significantly influence their ROS generation and subsequent activity. This comprehensive exploration aims to unravel the intricate interplay of synthesis, morphology, and functionality, emphasizing how ZnO, Ag₂O, and their composites are shaping advancements in technology and science.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145473918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wastewater and urban waterways as hotspots for multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in Yaoundé, Cameroon","authors":"Antoine Tamsa Arfao ,&nbsp;Awawou Njoya Manouore ,&nbsp;Siméon Tchakonté ,&nbsp;Fils Mamert Onana ,&nbsp;Annette Ngo Hei ,&nbsp;Yves Yogne Poutoum ,&nbsp;Paul Alain Nana ,&nbsp;Moise Nola","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antibiotic resistance in <em>Staphylococcus</em> is a major public health issue. Wastewater treatment plants and waterways added to urban, hospital and even agricultural discharges are potential reservoirs of resistant bacteria, enabling them to spread into the environment. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in <em>Staphylococcus</em> species (<em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em>) isolated from a number of wastewater treatment plants and waterways in the city of Yaoundé, as well as the impact of abiotic factors. Water samples were taken at the discharge points of the Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) and in the waterways receiving the WWTP discharges. <em>Staphylococcus</em> strains were isolated on Chapman-mannitol medium and then identified using standard biochemical techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of Staphylococcal isolates was done using the antibiotic disc diffusion method on Müller-Hinton agar. Physicochemical parameters were analysed using appropriate techniques. The results showed that the water was slightly alkaline (pH &gt; 7.5), contained organic matter (nitrates &gt; 8 mg/L, orthophosphates &gt; 4 mg/L) and inorganic salts (electrical conductivity &gt; 380 µS/cm and TDS &gt; 200 mg/L), and harboured species of <em>S. aureus</em> and <em>S. epidermidis</em> that ranged respectively from 1.42 to 1.96 Log₁₀ CFU/100 µL, and from 1.24 to 2.87 Log₁₀ CFU/100 µL. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance varied from species to species in the different sampling points and was higher in <em>Staphylococcus</em> strains isolated upstream of waterways receiving wastewater treatment plant discharges. Overall, the <em>Staphylococcus</em> strains were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics (methicillin), glycopeptides (vancomycin) and quinolones (ofloxacin), thus demonstrating the multi-resistant nature of these strains, particularly <em>S. aureus</em>, for which the prevalence rate was 100 % with methicillin and ofloxacin, and 99.1 % with vancomycin. Significant positive and negative correlations (P &lt; 0.05) were noted between the physicochemical parameters and the inhibition diameters of the various antibiotics. WWTPs and waterways could be hotspots for the dissemination of resistant Staphylococci, requiring optimisation of purification processes and increased monitoring to limit environmental contamination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145416177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater resources of the Ishan Plateau, southern Nigeria","authors":"Edore Festus Omozeje ,&nbsp;Okpeseyi. Isaac Imasuen ,&nbsp;Sikiru Adeoye Salami","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A total of thirty-four (34) water samples were collected randomly from thirty-four (34) boreholes within the Ishan Plateau for groundwater quality evaluation. Physio-chemical parameters such as pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) and other constituents of the sampled borehole water were measured in-situ. The samples were analyzed for their major cations, anions and heavy metals concentrations using the AAS and Titration method. Result of cations showed that Ca range from 0.8 to 16.03 mg/L, Mg ranged from 0.48 to 4.86 mg/L, Fe ranged from 0.01 to 1.39 mg/L, Mn ranged from 0.01 to 0.21 mg/L, while the result of the anions showed; NO₃ ranged from 0.01 to 7.11 mg/L, Cl ranged from 7.06 to 23.2 mg/L, SO₄ ranged from 0.17 to 29 mg/L, and P ranged from 0.09 to 3.1 mg/L. Heavy metal such as Pb and Cd were not detected in the water samples but Zn recorded 0.01 – 0.51 mg/L. Comparing the results with WHO and NSDWQ standard revealed that all the anions analysed in the groundwater were within the permissible limit. pH of groundwater samples in the study area is slightly acidic with and only representing 8.8 % of the water samples falls within WHO standard of 6.5 – 8.5 for potable water. Total solids, bicarbonate, phosphate, calcium and potassium have values less than 100 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 3.5 mg/L, 16 mg/L and 7 mg/L respectively. Turbidity range from Low – high and have strong correlation with colour. The groundwater is soft and fresh and values of high iron recorded in the norther section of the area and deeper wells exceeded the standard limit of 0.3 mg/L. Schoeller, Piper trilinear diagram show dominant dissolved ions and mixed water type, while the Gibb’s plots showed clearly precipitation / rock dominance water type. Water samples are slightly acidic, other parameters fall within the WHO standard and the groundwater is excellent for irrigation</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145474050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning for microplastic quantification: Techniques, challenges, and future directions","authors":"Aravin Prince Periyasamy ,&nbsp;Ramya Perumalsamy","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review explores the complexities of microplastic contamination, particularly microfibers derived from synthetic textiles, and evaluates methodologies for their detection, quantification, and analysis. Microplastics pose significant ecological and biological risks due to their ability to accumulate toxins and persist across ecosystems. Conventional identification techniques, including visual assessment, FTIR, microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, are effective but limited by labor-intensive processes, operator biases, and inefficiencies. The paper advocates for the integration of machine learning and computer vision technologies to address these challenges by enabling automated monitoring and precise identification of microplastics. These advanced techniques enhance scalability, accuracy, and objectivity in analyzing micro-plastic morphology and chemistry. Furthermore, the research underscores the importance of standardized data-sharing systems, such as the digital product passport (DPP), to ensure transparency and traceability within the textile industry. By leveraging digital innovations, this study proposes practical solutions to mitigate microplastic pollution, aiming to advance sustainable practices and collaborative efforts across industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145416175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic openness, institutional quality, and sectoral dynamics as determinants of water stress: Evidence from Pakistan's freshwater withdrawal (1999–2023)","authors":"Saqib Munir","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamics of water stress within Pakistan appears to be poorly understood hindering progress toward the Sustainable Development Goal 6. This study evaluates how the degree of trade openness, foreign direct investment, agricultural output, manufacturing output, population density, the stringency of environmental policy and GDP per capita directly impacted levels of water stress, through the lenses of Endogenous Growth Theory, Institutional Theory and the Environmental Kuznets Curve. The dynamics of water stress were evaluated through an Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ADL) model, complemented by Fully Modified OLS, Granger causality tests, impulse response analysis and variance decomposition strategy applied to World Bank data covering the period 1999–2023. The research results suggest both agricultural output (β = 15.719, p &lt; 0.01) and population density (β = 1.596, p &lt; 0.01) have a significant positive effect in increasing water stress levels but the stringency of environmental policy (β = 24.448, p &lt; 0.05) has an unexpectedly positive effect in increasing levels of water stress. The lagged effect of foreign investment (β = 31.010, p &lt; 0.01) increases water stress levels but supporting hypotheses regarding sectarian and demographic causes of this effect but trade openness (β = -1.190, p &gt; 0.10) does not positively influence levels of water stress. One possible explanation is that agricultural demands and urban agglomeration outweigh the deficiencies in effective regulatory control or implementation of policy, with weak enforcement mechanisms being further positive observations intensifying the adverse outcome of these regulatory measures. The research findings contribute to Institutional Theory through reinforcing how policy implementation deficiencies can reduce policy desirable outcomes leading to adverse outcomes. Recommendations or hope for policy reforms in irrigation efficiency, structures and urban planning are provided for policy makers. Methodologically, the construction of the ARDL-FMOLS framework represents a real advancement in empirically evaluating dynamic type relationships, while theoretically it is adjusted to represent existing models and weaknesses in institutional enforcement in legislative power. For input by policy makers the research highlights areas of leverage in altering governance and practices in water use. Limitations with regards to the provincial data bases used for the research restrict its usefulness beyond the provincial level. Future studies could assess, or explore, sub-national mode of policy variations. In a different vein, without collected granularity of regionalism as presented above, providentially based, national level policy strategies will be mis-aligned due to imprecise interpretation of local micro based regional water stress coordinating dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145416100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arsenic concentration in the unique Rift Valley Lake-Beseka: Sources, impact, and suggested technological interventions: A systematic review","authors":"Yosef Abebe ,&nbsp;Behailu Birhanu ,&nbsp;Tena Alamirew ,&nbsp;Andualem Mekonnen ,&nbsp;Esayas Alemayehu","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Both natural and human activities have contributed to the depletion of water resources. As a result, large levels of contaminants like heavy metals and arsenic have been found in both surface and groundwater. This comprehensive study cautiously analyzed both public and unpublished sources to get detailed information on the sources, levels, impacts, and removal of arsenic in Lake Beseka. High levels of arsenic have been found in water sources in the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley, such as Lake Beseka (96.3 µg/L), boreholes (278 µg/L), and surface water (405 µg/L). After blending with the Awash River, downstream users are exposed to and are using the water for washing, irrigation, and livestock watering, and also sometimes people living downstream, particularly pastoralists, use it for drinking purposes directly without treating it. The findings also demonstrate that human activity, such as industrialization and the use of agrochemicals, as well as geogenic processes, such as rock weathering, volcanic ash, groundwater-surface water interactions, and maybe the presence of hot springs, are the cause of the increased levels of arsenic in Lake Beseka and in the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley. Due to its toxic nature, arsenic has detrimental effects on ecosystems and human well-being. If this problem is not resolved, it may have detrimental consequences for the local ecosystems as well as downstream implications for soils, water bodies, and human health. The main aim of this systematic review was to investigate the sources, extent, and impact of arsenic (As) in Lake Beseka, a unique lake in the Rift Valley, and effective technologies to remove arsenic from drinking water, such as ion exchange, coagulation/flocculation, and membrane technologies like ultrafiltration and electrodialysis, helping to deal with the adverse effects caused by arsenic exposure. Electrocoagulation, adsorption, and phytoremediation are the most efficient and cost-effective technologies. In fact, recent research has predominantly focused on arsenic removal technologies from aqueous solutions (groundwater, surface water, and wastewater) through coagulation-flocculation-microfiltration, adsorption, and phytoremediation in individual ways or in combined forms with phytoremediation and constructive wetlands. Notably, the paper also reviews how locally available adsorbents have become a promising material for arsenic removal from water bodies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145416176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The quality of groundwater in shallow aquifers impacted by inadequately managed sanitation facilities in coastal Bangladesh","authors":"Farha Bente Rahim ,&nbsp;Sadhon Chandra Swarnokar ,&nbsp;Sajib Roy ,&nbsp;Mohammad Mahfuzur Rahman ,&nbsp;Tusar Kumar Das","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ensuring access to safe and affordable drinking water remains a core target of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), yet this remains a critical challenge in many developing regions due to inadequate sanitation infrastructure. In Bangladesh, where over 90 % of the population relies on groundwater, shallow aquifers are increasingly at risk of contamination from on-site sanitation systems. This study investigates the impacts of pit latrines and septic tank latrines on groundwater quality in Khulna, a coastal city in southwestern Bangladesh. A total of 40 groundwater samples were collected from 20 tube wells located within 0–6 m from pit latrines and septic tank latrines, during monsoon and dry seasons. Fifteen physicochemical and microbiological parameters were assessed, including pH, EC, TDS, major ions, total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The results indicate widespread contamination across both sanitation types, with more severe impacts observed near pit latrines. Approximately 50–70 % of samples exceeded WHO limits for EC, TDS, Na⁺, Cl⁻, and HCO₃⁻, with elevated concentrations more pronounced during the monsoon season. Microbial contamination was found in 80 % of tubewells located near pit latrines and in 50 % of those near septic tank latrines. The temporal analysis revealed that TC, FC, and E. coli contamination were more prevalent during the monsoon season compared to the dry season. The spatial and temporal analysis revealed that chemical parameters dominate during the dry season, whereas microbial contaminants are more prevalent in the monsoon. The correlation matrix and PCA suggest that microbial contamination likely originates from a common source, with its occurrence in shallow aquifers largely influenced by stormwater infiltration and tubewell depth. Water Quality Index (WQI) assessments classified over 50 % of the samples as very poor or unsuitable for drinking, with pit latrine-adjacent wells consistently exhibiting higher health risks. The study concludes that shallow aquifer groundwater in Khulna is unsafe for consumption without treatment and recommends urgent measures, including improved sanitation design, regular water quality monitoring, and the development of alternative safe water sources. These findings offer critical baseline data for policymakers aiming to reduce waterborne health risks in coastal Bangladesh.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145332842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}