Cleaner Water最新文献

{"title":"Design, implementation, and challenges of floating treatment wetlands for wastewater treatment: A review","authors":"Jayanta Kumar Gogoi ,&nbsp;Vrinda K. Kumar ,&nbsp;K. Nirmal Das ,&nbsp;M. Devasena ,&nbsp;Praveena Gangadharan","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid population growth has significantly increased the demand for water and land and has contributed to surface water pollution and global warming. These issues can be addressed collectively through floating treatment wetlands (FTWs), which treat water bodies such as lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and stormwater systems without occupying land space. Constructed floating wetlands are a type of surface-flow wetland that generally consists of a floating platform supporting plants, with roots extending into the water. They are designed to treat various wastewaters like stormwater, sewage effluent, eutrophic lakes, streams, industrial wastewater, and tertiary wastewater from agri-food sources. The long fibrous roots either treat wastewater directly or indirectly by promoting microbial biofilm growth in the rhizosphere. With design improvements, FTWs have the potential to enhance water treatment, increase resilience to climate change, provide community benefits, and support biodiversity. Various software and analytical approaches can be used to design and predict the system's optimal treatment efficiency. The integration of technologies such as biofilm carriers, microbial fuel cells, and microbial consortia into FTWs is an emerging area of research. While FTW can reduce pollutant levels, it faces several challenges, including longer setup times, limited or uneven treatment, limited adaptability to seasonal shifts, and scalability and maintenance issues that must be addressed for large-scale use. This review examines FTW's design criteria, modelling tools, treatment mechanisms, obstacles to practical application, emerging innovations, and future innovations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced pollutant removal from real petrochemical wastewater by the combination of solar-powered electrocoagulation and plant-based coagulants: Optimization and mechanistic study","authors":"Reyidan Abuduaini ,&nbsp;Zhuo Chen ,&nbsp;Ying-Lin He ,&nbsp;Ghizlane Achagri ,&nbsp;Jincheng Wu ,&nbsp;Ümüt Halik ,&nbsp;Rimeh Ismail ,&nbsp;Peng-Cheng Ma ,&nbsp;Abudukeremu Kadier","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Petrochemical and petroleum extraction industries are discharging increasing amounts of oily wastewater, posing a serious threat to the ecological environment, water supplies, and human health. Therefore, developing efficient, green technologies for oily wastewater treatment is particularly urgent. Traditional wastewater treatment technologies have limitations in terms of efficiency and cost-effectiveness for treating oily wastewater with low chemical oxygen demand (COD). This study reports a novel hybrid system, combining solar-powered electrocoagulation (SPEC) with natural plant-based coagulants (PBCs), derived from Hami melon seeds, to treat petrochemical wastewater. Using the removal rates of COD, turbidity, color, and suspended solids as evaluation indicators, the effects of factors, including coagulant dosage, pH value, stirring speed, and stirring time, on the treatment efficiency were deeply explored through single-factor experiments. The experimental results show that under the optimized conditions of a coagulant dosage of 5 mg/L, a pH value of 2, a stirring speed of 150 rpm, and a stirring time of 30 min, the coagulation treatment achieves the highest efficiency. Furthermore, the efficiency of the combined SPEC-PBCs was investigated, and the response surface methodology was adopted to optimize the key operating parameters of the coupled system. With the help of the Box-Behnken experimental design and taking the COD removal rate as the response value, the effect of pH, dosage, and stirring speed on the treatment efficiency were systematically studied. The results show that under the optimal conditions of pH= 5, dosage= 3.2 mg/L, and stirring speed= 246 rpm, the COD removal rate is as high as 62.18 %. Moreover, the application of solar energy significantly reduced the dominant operational costs, thereby, enhancing the economic feasibility of the overall process. In conclusion, the obtained results proved that combining both technologies is a feasible approach that paves the way for green growth and ecological balance in treating oily wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecogenomic profiling of spatial variations in sediment microbial communities of a freshwater lake","authors":"Surya Balakrishnan ,&nbsp;Bharathkumar Rajagopal ,&nbsp;Abiraj Velusamy ,&nbsp;Lathika Shanmugam ,&nbsp;Boobal Rangaswamy","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freshwater lake sediments integrate physicochemical conditions and provide sensitive indicators of spatial variation in microbial community structure. This study investigated sediment bacterial communities from four sites in Singanallur Lake, Coimbatore, using 16S rRNA V3–V4 amplicon sequencing to characterize spatial heterogeneity in sediment microbial communities under uniform seasonal conditions. Across all samples, a total of 44 phyla, 114 classes, 257 orders, 466 families, and 1107 genera were detected, reflecting high taxonomic richness and spatial variability within the lake sediments. The community was dominated by Pseudomonadota, which ranged from 80.9 % in S1–51.8 % in S4, followed by Bacillota, Bacteroidota, and Cyanobacteriota. At the genus level, Caulobacter decreased from 30.6 % in S1–12.5 % in S4, along with notable genera such as <em>Bosea</em> and <em>Phreatobacter</em>. Alpha diversity increased steadily from S1 to S4, with observed OTUs ranging from 1722 to 13,796 and Shannon index values increasing from 5.14 to 8.44. Sequencing coverage ranged from 0.34 to 0.74, indicating incomplete sampling depth and representing a methodological limitation, while Gini coefficients (0.64–0.83) reflected uneven community structures, particularly in S1. Several low-abundance and site-enriched genera, including <em>Akkermansia</em>, <em>Helicobacter</em>, and <em>Candidatus Saccharimonas</em>, showed localized enrichment, indicating site-specific environmental conditions within the lake. Venn diagram analysis showed a core of five shared genera representing 31.3 % of total abundance, while rare and unique taxa exhibited minimal overlap (4.0 % and 3.8 %), highlighting strong spatial differentiation among sampling sites. Heatmap-based multivariate analysis integrating microbial OTU abundance with measured physicochemical water quality parameters and sediment heavy metal concentrations revealed clear associations between microbial assemblages and localized environmental gradients. These patterns indicate that sediment microbial communities respond sensitively to present-day physicochemical heterogeneity within the lake. This study provides a baseline spatial ecogenomic framework for Singanallur Lake and highlights the value of integrating microbial community profiling with water quality and metal measurements for future monitoring and comparative assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From wells to well-being","authors":"Haojie Xu ,&nbsp;Qiman Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Access to safe drinking water remains a persistent global challenge. This short communication presents a historical analysis of safe water well practices in China, spanning from the Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD) to the modern era. By examining visual documentation, including the painting Along the River During the Qingming Festival and records from the 1930s ‘Dingxian Model’ public health intervention, we identify a recurring, effective feature: the construction of raised well edges to prevent surface contamination. This case study demonstrates that historical practices can offer valuable, low-cost insights for sustainable water management and safety, highlighting the importance of learning from past socio-technical adaptations to address contemporary water security issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Fe3O4/TiO2-based biopolymer nanocomposite for heavy metal removal from aqueous solution using artificial neural network modelling and response surface methodology","authors":"Koffi Sossou ,&nbsp;Alfred O. Mayabi ,&nbsp;Negusse Zeraebruk Kahsay ,&nbsp;Charles K. Cheruiyot","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study applied Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling to optimize and predict the removal efficiencies of chromium (VI), cadmium (II), and lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions using a Fe₃O_4/TiO₂ banana peel biopolymer nanocomposite. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted using a fixed solution volume of 100 mL and designed according to a Box–Behnken experimental design to investigate the effects of pH, initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The RSM quadratic model for Cr(VI) (F = 5.91, p = 0.0010; R² = 0.86) and the linear models for Cd(II) (F = 6.70, p = 0.0005; R² = 0.87) and Pb(II) (F = 2.95, p = 0.0406; R² = 0.33) were statistically significant, identifying the dominant factors influencing adsorption efficiency. Optimization using the desirability function predicted maximum removal efficiencies of 95.95 % for Cr(VI) at pH 8.4, initial concentration 47.30 mg/L, adsorbent dosage 16.7 g/L, and contact time 56.77 min; and complete removal (100 %) for Cd(II) and Pb(II) at pH 6.5, initial concentration 30 mg/L, adsorbent dosage 15 g/L, and contact time 65 min. The ANN models demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to RSM, with high coefficients of determination (R² = 0.97, 0.98, and 0.95 for Cr(VI), Cd(II), and Pb(II), respectively) and low prediction errors (RMSE = 0.464–8.88; MAE = 0.375–5.45), effectively capturing nonlinear interactions among process variables. The Fe₃O_4/TiO₂/banana peel nanocomposite exhibited high adsorption efficiency, magnetic recoverability, and strong potential for simultaneous multi-metal removal, while a hybrid RSM–ANN modeling framework provided robust process optimization and accurate predictive capability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial detoxification of heavy metals in wastewater: Mechanisms, current perspectives and emerging bioremediation strategies","authors":"Varsha Bisht ,&nbsp;Shruti Singh ,&nbsp;Veeranna Channashettar ,&nbsp;Nanthakumar Kuppanan ,&nbsp;Banwari Lal","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid expansion of industrial activities and their consequent discharge into the environment is causing severe threats to ecosystems and public health. Toxic heavy metals such as cadmium, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, cobalt, and others are of particular concern. It has become a long-term challenge to treat such wastes polluted with these persisting contaminants. They bioaccumulate in food chains and therefore possess harmful effects. Microorganisms serve as effective biological tools for heavy metal removal and detoxification from water and wastewater. The role of microbes in biotransformation of heavy metals into lesser toxic forms has been explored in this review. Bacterial-mediated mechanisms such as biosorption, bioleaching, bioaccumulation, bioprecipitation, and biotransformation involved in the detoxification of heavy metals have been discussed. Biotechnological implication of metal-contaminated waste has been highlighted with reference to use of bioreactor technology, nanobiotechnology, genomics, heavy metal-accumulating plants, and mechanism of metal removal and tolerance in microbes. Understanding these processes further contributes to the development of approaches which are effective yet sustainable in remediating wastewaters contaminated with heavy metals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanotechnological solutions for endocrine disrupting compounds in water: From advanced detection to sustainable remediation – A review","authors":"N.A.P.M. Nishshanka ,&nbsp;Thilini Jayasinghe ,&nbsp;U.S. Liyanarachchi ,&nbsp;W.A.M. Weerasinghe ,&nbsp;Harshi Jayasingha ,&nbsp;Gayan Amarasooriya","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) pose a significant threat to global water security due to their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and potent biological activity at low concentrations. Conventional water treatment is often ineffective, necessitating advanced remediation strategies. This comprehensive review examines the transformative potential of nanotechnology for EDC mitigation, highlighting its application in detection, adsorption, and degradation. Nano-enabled approaches demonstrate remarkable efficiencies, including &gt; 99.9 % rejection by graphene oxide membranes, &gt; 95 % photocatalytic degradation within 60 min using N-doped TiO₂, and adsorption capacities exceeding 480 mg/g for functionalized metal-organic frameworks. However, challenges regarding nanomaterial environmental fate, economic viability, and scalability remain. The review underscores the need for green synthesis and thorough toxicity assessments. Future directions point to the integration of multi-functional nanocomposites and AI-guided material design as a promising path toward sustainable and intelligent water treatment solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nature-based wastewater treatment technologies: A comprehensive review of constructed wetlands and vermifiltration","authors":"Amanpreet Kaur ,&nbsp;Sudipti Arora ,&nbsp;Ajendra Kumar ,&nbsp;Arun Karnwal ,&nbsp;Rattandeep Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water scarcity and inefficient wastewater management are critical global challenges. Nature-based solutions (NBS) such as Constructed Wetlands (CWs) and Vermifiltration (VF) have emerged as sustainable, decentralized approaches for wastewater treatment. This systematic review (PRISMA-guided) synthesizes recent evidence on CW and VF performance across multiple wastewater types (domestic, greywater, hospital, dairy, agricultural, and textile). Findings reveal that CWs consistently outperform in nutrient (TP, NH4 +-N) and chemical pollutant removal, while VFs excel in TSS removal, rapid stabilization, and pathogen reduction. Importantly, this review highlights knowledge gaps in large-scale implementation and head-to-head trials. The innovative contribution of this work lies in proposing an integrated hybrid CW-VF framework, wherein VF units provide initial solid and organic load reduction, followed by CWs for nutrient polishing and advanced contaminant removal. This hybrid pathway can optimize land use, enhance efficiency, and improve resilience under varying wastewater profiles. Positioned within the global push for SDG 6 (Clean Water &amp; Sanitation), this review provides both a synthesis of current research and a forward-looking strategy for advancing decentralized, eco-friendly wastewater management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A critical review of low-cost biosorbents derived from animal dung for effective adsorption of dye pollutants","authors":"Stephen Sunday Emmanuel ,&nbsp;Odunayo T. Ore ,&nbsp;Ajibola A. Bayode ,&nbsp;Hamza Badamasi ,&nbsp;Saheed O. Sanni ,&nbsp;Obianuju Patience Ilo ,&nbsp;Ademidun Adeola Adesibikan ,&nbsp;Mustapha Omenesa Idris","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Valorization of biomass waste into adsorbents that can remove pollutants remains one of the key synergetic strategies to promote environmental sustainability. This study aimed to review the adsorptive removal of dyes from aqueous media using animal dung-based biosorbents (ADBBs) as a low-cost material. Notably, findings from this study showed that modified animal dung-based biochar and activated carbon were the most effective ADBB classes for dye removal. Specifically, the highest adsorption capacity (q_m = 1241 mg/g) was recorded for rhodamine B using activated cow-dung biochar. Also, findings revealed that H-bonding, electrostatic interactions, and π–π interactions are the main mechanisms of dye uptake by the ADBBs. Furthermore, in most studies, dye adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics, indicating monolayer adsorption governed by pore availability on the ADBBs surface. This study also established that ADBBs have good reusability potential, with over 70 % of the original efficiency maintained after 3–10 cycles. The implications of these findings highlight that ADBBs provide a sustainable and cost-effective route for wastewater treatment while simultaneously promoting the waste-to-wealth initiative. Additionally, the demonstrated efficiency and reusability suggest ADBBs' suitability for industrial-scale applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative analysis of defatted pumpkin seed extract and conventional coagulants for sustainable turbidity reduction in water and wastewater treatment","authors":"Amal Al-Hanaktah ,&nbsp;Rahma Adel Al-Rafayia ,&nbsp;Ala' Haitham AL-Ghbabsheh ,&nbsp;Aiman Eid Al-Rawajfeh ,&nbsp;Bandita Mainali ,&nbsp;Muhammad Kashif Shahid","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Utilizing novel coagulants as a pretreatment is essential before purification processes like RO membranes, as it helps reduce turbidity from clogging particles. There is an increasing demand for effective plant-based coagulants, and defatted pumpkin seed extract offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional synthetic coagulants. Coagulation experiments were conducted to assess the effectiveness of defatted pumpkin seed extract and identify optimal treatment conditions. Results from synthetic turbid water samples indicated optimal performance at a dosage of 5.5 v/v%, pH 7.38, and a slow mixing time of 10 min, achieving an impressive turbidity removal efficiency of 96.87 %. Conversely, the highest turbidity removal efficiency for industrial wastewater was observed at a dose of 1.5 v/v% and pH 6.05, achieving a removal efficiency of 79.4 %. All statistical estimators indicate that the developed models are statistically validated for simulating the coagulation process. Furthermore, a comparative analysis with Alum, PVA, and chitin was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of pumpkin seeds in reducing turbidity. The outcomes demonstrated that Alum achieved a removal percentage of 98.76 % at 4 v/v%, while combining it with pumpkin seed extract resulted in 98.68 % removal at 3 v/v%. Similarly, PVA showed 94.18 % removal at 1 v/v%, increasing to 97.44 % with pumpkin seeds at 6 v/v%. Additionally, Chitin removed 97.35 % of turbidity at 4 v/v%, with a slight increase to 97.66 % when combined with pumpkin seeds at the same dose. This study characterized the pumpkin seed, highlighting the active content responsible for coagulation. In addition, the estimated treatment cost suggests that pumpkin seed is cost-effective. These findings highlight the effectiveness of defatted pumpkin seed extract as a potential substitute for traditional coagulants in water treatment processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}