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Efficacy of multicomponent adsorption of fluoroquinolone based antibiotics onto the wasted municipal sewage sludge: Experiments and modeling 多组分氟喹诺酮类抗生素在城市污水污泥上的吸附效果：实验与模拟

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100101

Rajib Kumar Das, Ujjaini Sarkar, Rohit Bhagat Kalwar

Ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin are two important fluoroquinolone-based antibiotics that are heavily prescribed and consumed in Asian continent. Useful microbial consortium meant for biodegradation of sewage sludge get depleted in presence of these antibiotics. Additionally, the treated sewage wastewater, used in agricultural fields, municipal parks for gardening etc. still contain a large quantity of antibiotics. The specific objective of this piece of research work is to assess a specific scheme of in-situ batch equilibrium adsorption of these antibiotics using activated sludge at the specific sewage treatment works. Two models namely Modified competitive Langmuir-like model and LeVan-Vermeulen model are used for modelling the adsorption of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin using activated sludge. Parameters from each of these models are evaluated using MATLAB and the fsolve MATLAB Library. The sludge and the post treated sludge after adsorption are characterized physically and chemically. A satisfactory fit for the Langmuir adsorption isotherm for both components in single component study implies the applicability of the multicomponent adsorption isotherm models in this study. Kinetics study, pore, and film diffusion models are also utilized. The goodness of the fits helps to conclude that film diffusion is the rate-controlling step for the adsorption of both ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Results demonstrate specific chemical interaction between ciprofloxacin with the negatively charged surface of the sewage sludge and surface complexation of ofloxacin with surface functional groups of the sewage sludge. Electrostatic interaction and surface coordination also show a vital role in the mechanism of adsorption of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin onto the sludge.

环丙沙星和氧氟沙星是两种重要的氟喹诺酮类抗生素，在亚洲大陆被大量开具和使用。在这些抗生素的存在下，用于污水污泥生物降解的有益微生物群被耗尽。此外，用于农田、市政公园园艺等的污水处理废水中仍含有大量抗生素。本研究工作的具体目的是评估在特定污水处理厂使用活性污泥原位批量平衡吸附这些抗生素的具体方案。采用改进的竞争性langmuir -类模型和LeVan-Vermeulen模型对活性污泥吸附环丙沙星和氧氟沙星进行了模拟。使用MATLAB和fsolve MATLAB库对每个模型的参数进行评估。对吸附后的污泥和后处理污泥进行物理和化学表征。单组分吸附等温线与Langmuir吸附等温线的拟合结果令人满意，说明多组分吸附等温线模型在本研究中的适用性。动力学研究，孔隙和膜扩散模型也被使用。良好的拟合有助于得出膜扩散是环丙沙星和氧氟沙星吸附的速率控制步骤的结论。结果表明，环丙沙星与污泥带负电荷的表面存在特殊的化学相互作用，氧氟沙星与污泥表面官能团存在表面络合作用。静电相互作用和表面配位在污泥吸附环丙沙星和氧氟沙星的机理中也起着重要作用。

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引用次数: 0

A study on harvesting rainwater by applying green roof 应用绿色屋顶收集雨水的研究

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100137

Aysha Akter , Ramisa Tanjum Rain

Rapid urban growth, poor drainage, and climate-induced heavy rainfall have led to frequent urban flooding. Green roofs, as a form of Low Impact Development (LID), provide a sustainable option to mitigate surface runoff and enhance urban resilience. This study evaluates the potential of green roofs in Chattogram City using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) with ten years of rainfall data (2013–2022) and geospatial inputs processed through Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Geographic Information System (GIS). Rooftop areas of 6584 buildings were classified following Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) 2020 to simulate four types of green roof configurations, supported by 2D and 3D visualization for spatial planning. Model calibration and validation ensured reliability, with runoff coefficients aligned with earlier studies. Results indicate that green roofs can significantly reduce surface runoff, with an annual reduction of 752,800 m³ , while also delaying peak flows. A sensitivity analysis further confirmed that storage-related parameters, particularly soil thickness and field capacity, exert the greatest influence on runoff reduction outcomes. In addition to flood mitigation, green roofs demonstrate co-benefits including urban cooling, biodiversity enhancement, and water reuse potential. The findings highlight the scope of integrating green infrastructure into urban planning and emphasize the importance of enabling policies, particularly the incorporation of green roofs into the BNBC, to promote climate-resilient development in rapidly urbanizing cities.

城市快速发展、排水不畅以及气候引起的强降雨导致城市洪水频发。绿色屋顶作为低影响开发（LID）的一种形式，提供了一种可持续的选择，可以减少地表径流，增强城市韧性。本研究利用暴雨水管理模型（SWMM），结合十年降雨数据（2013-2022）和谷歌地球引擎（GEE）和地理信息系统（GIS）处理的地理空间输入，评估了Chattogram City绿色屋顶的潜力。6584栋建筑的屋顶区域按照孟加拉国国家建筑规范（BNBC） 2020进行分类，以模拟四种类型的绿色屋顶配置，并通过2D和3D可视化来进行空间规划。模型校准和验证确保了可靠性，径流系数与早期研究一致。结果表明，绿化屋顶可以显著减少地表径流，年减少752,800 m³ ，同时也延迟了峰值流量。敏感性分析进一步证实，库存量相关参数，特别是土壤厚度和田间容量，对径流减少结果的影响最大。除了缓解洪水，绿色屋顶还展示了城市降温、生物多样性增强和水再利用潜力等共同效益。研究结果强调了将绿色基础设施纳入城市规划的范围，并强调了扶持政策的重要性，特别是将绿色屋顶纳入BNBC，以促进快速城市化城市的气候适应型发展。

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引用次数: 0

Geophysical assessment of groundwater resources in Ikpere – Ekiti, South Western Nigeria 尼日利亚西南部Ikpere - Ekiti地下水资源的地球物理评价

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100135

E. Festus Omozeje , F. Oluwatoyin Ijasan , O. Marvellous Omorogieva

The study employed the Natural Audio Frequency Telluric Method (NAFTM) to investigate subsurface geophysical properties in Ikpere-Ekiti, southwestern Nigeria. Profile maps and resistivity curves revealed predominantly H, KH, HK, and A-type curves, indicating variations in lithology, fluid content, and boundary interfaces. Results show topsoil thicknesses of 0.3–0.6 m, overburden depths of 3.36–31.88 m, and weathered layers extending up to 56.65 m, with higher weathering observed at Igbede, Ilesemon, and GRA. These conditions favor groundwater accumulation, supported by static water levels of 2.9–9.2 m and evidence of a phreatic unconfined aquifer at approximately 120 m depth. The data demonstrate strong correlation with existing borehole logs, indicating groundwater occurrence at depths up to 120 m, with some boreholes reaching 100 m. The findings suggest significant potential for sustainable groundwater exploitation to support socio-economic development in the area.

该研究采用自然音频大地电磁法（NAFTM）研究了尼日利亚西南部Ikpere-Ekiti的地下地球物理特性。剖面图和电阻率曲线以H型、KH型、HK型和a型为主，反映了岩性、流体含量和边界界面的变化。结果表明：表土厚度为0.3 ~ 0.6 m，覆盖层深度为3.36 ~ 31.88 m，风化层延伸至56.65 m，其中Igbede、Ilesemon和GRA风化程度较高。这些条件有利于地下水的积累，静态水位为2.9-9.2 m，并且在大约120 m的深度存在一个无约束的潜水含水层。该数据与现有井眼测井数据具有很强的相关性，表明地下水存在深度可达120 m，有些井眼达到100 m。研究结果表明，可持续开发地下水以支持该地区的社会经济发展具有巨大潜力。

引用次数: 0

Hydrogeochemical evolution and salinity risk assessment in hard rock aquifers of Southern India: A chemometric perspective 印度南部硬岩含水层水文地球化学演化与盐度风险评估：化学计量学视角

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100115

S.Richard Abishek , V.Stephen Pitchaimani , Neelam Sidhu , A. Antony Ravindran , Sahil Sharma , R. Sakthi Priya

Peninsular India presents with its hard rock terrain and seasonal rainfall, faces increasing challenges in managing groundwater quality. This study evaluates the hydrogeochemical characteristics and seasonal variations in groundwater quality within the agriculturally dominated region of southern Tamil Nadu, based on 48 samples collected during pre- and post-monsoon periods. An integrative approach combining major ion chemistry (pH, EC, TDS, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HCO₃⁻), geochemical plots (Piper, Wilcox, Gibbs), and chemometric techniques was employed to evaluate the controlling processes. Irrigation water quality was examined using Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Percentage (Na%), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), and Permeability Index (PI). The Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI)values indicated that during the pre-monsoon period, 54.16 % of samples were of poor quality (GWQI ≤ 60), while post-monsoon dilution improved quality, with no poor-quality samples and 54.17 % in the excellent category. Total dissolved solids exceeded WHO (2017) limits in 40 % of samples, with persistent salinity hotspots in the northwest. Hydrochemical facies were dominated by Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-Cl⁻-SO₄²⁻, indicative of permanent hardness and evaporite dissolution. In the pre-monsoon period, 54.16 % of samples had poor quality, while post-monsoon conditions showed significant improvement. Statistical analyses identified TDS, Na⁺, Cl⁻, and Mg²⁺ as the primary determinants of groundwater quality, with elevated salinity, attributable to both geogenic processes such as evaporite dissolution and anthropogenic inputs from agriculture, emerging as a key controlling factor. After the monsoon, water quality improved due to dilution. These findings underscore the importance of season-based groundwater management in hard rock aquifers to balance drinking water safety and sustainable irrigation use.

印度半岛由于其坚硬的岩石地形和季节性降雨，在管理地下水质量方面面临越来越大的挑战。本研究基于在季风前和季风后收集的48个样本，评估了泰米尔纳德邦南部农业主导地区的水文地球化学特征和地下水质量的季节性变化。采用主要离子化学（pH、EC、TDS、Ca 2 +、Mg 2 +、Na +、K +、Cl⁻、SO₄²⁻、HCO₃⁻）、地球化学图（Piper、Wilcox、Gibbs）和化学计量学技术相结合的综合方法来评价控制过程。采用钠吸附比（SAR）、钠百分率（Na%）、凯利比（KR）、镁吸附比（MAR）和渗透性指数（PI）对灌溉水质进行评价。地下水水质指数（GWQI）值表明，在季风前，54.16% %的样品水质较差（GWQI≤60），而季风后的稀释改善了水质，没有水质较差的样品，54.17% %的样品水质优良。40% %的样品中溶解固体总量超过世卫组织（2017年）的限制，西北地区持续存在盐度热点。水化学相以Ca 2 + -Mg 2 + -Cl -SO₄²⁻为主，具有永久硬度和蒸发溶解性。在季风前，54.16 %的样品质量较差，而季风后样品质量有显著改善。统计分析表明，TDS、Na⁺、Cl⁻和Mg 2⁺是地下水质量的主要决定因素，盐度升高是由蒸发岩溶解等地质过程和农业人为投入造成的，是一个关键的控制因素。季风过后，水质因稀释而改善。这些发现强调了硬岩含水层基于季节的地下水管理对于平衡饮用水安全和可持续灌溉利用的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Drinking water management: Challenges and adaptive strategies in salinization-affected coastal communities of Bangladesh 饮用水管理：孟加拉国受盐碱化影响沿海社区的挑战和适应战略

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100171

Md Lokman Hossain , Khusnur Jahan Shapna

Coastal regions worldwide are increasingly grappling with freshwater scarcity. The southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh faces severe freshwater scarcity from increased salinity intrusion in both surface and groundwater, exacerbated by climate change and anthropogenic activities. This study examines drinking water management challenges and adaptation strategies in a salinization-affected sub-district (Koyra) of Bangladesh. Using a mixed-methods approach, we found that while rainwater harvesting (RWH) is universally adopted during the monsoon, year-round access is limited by inadequate storage capacity and concerns over water quality. Households employ diverse storage methods, but a heavy reliance on untreated water persists, contributing to self-reported health risks, including hypertension, gastrointestinal diseases and menstrual problems. Gender-disaggregated analysis revealed women derive substantially greater protection from water treatment, particularly for gastrointestinal issues (prevalence ratio=4.14 vs 2.83 in men) and menstrual complications (82 % prevalence in untreated users’ vs 19 % in treated users). Thematic analysis identified infrastructure limitations as a critical barrier, while community-proposed solutions emphasized improved storage systems, affordable treatment options, and stronger institutional support. These findings highlight a need for integrated water management strategies combining appropriate technology, community education, and policy interventions to ensure water security in salinity-affected coastal regions. The study provides a methodological framework for conducting integrated water security assessments, offering insights with potential relevance for other climate-vulnerable deltaic regions.

世界各地的沿海地区正日益面临淡水短缺的问题。由于气候变化和人为活动加剧了地表和地下水盐度的增加，孟加拉国西南沿海地区面临着严重的淡水短缺。本研究考察了孟加拉国一个受盐碱化影响的街道（Koyra）的饮用水管理挑战和适应战略。通过使用混合方法，我们发现虽然雨水收集（RWH）在季风期间被普遍采用，但由于储存能力不足和对水质的担忧，全年的获取受到限制。家庭采用多种储存方法，但仍然严重依赖未经处理的水，造成自我报告的健康风险，包括高血压、胃肠道疾病和月经问题。按性别分列的分析显示，女性从水处理中获得了更大的保护，特别是在胃肠道问题（患病率=4.14比2.83）和月经并发症（未经治疗的用户患病率为82% %，而未经治疗的用户患病率为19% %）方面。专题分析指出，基础设施的限制是关键障碍，而社区提出的解决方案强调改进储存系统、负担得起的治疗方案和更强有力的机构支持。这些发现突出表明，需要采取综合水管理战略，将适当的技术、社区教育和政策干预相结合，以确保受盐碱度影响的沿海地区的水安全。该研究为开展综合水安全评估提供了一个方法框架，为其他气候脆弱的三角洲地区提供了潜在的相关见解。

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引用次数: 0

Inactivation of Salmonella typhi in an aquatic microcosm by plasma-actived water generated by creeping arc discharge: Importance of the cellular physiological state 蠕变电弧放电等离子体活化水对水生微生物中伤寒沙门菌的灭活作用：细胞生理状态的重要性

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100173

Antoine Tamsa Arfao , Olive Vivien Noah Ewoti , Fils Mamert Onana , Annette Ngo Hei , Awawou Manouore Njoya , Elie Acayanka , Aurinel Tchio Sizine , Simeon Tchakonté , Greitha Zoua Mvondo , Nathalie Kobbe Dama

Conventional disinfection methods often generate toxic by-products, highlighting the need for alternative methods. The present study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of plasma-activated water (PAW), generated by creeping arc discharge, on Salmonella Typhi in aquatic microcosms, with a focus on the role of bacterial physiological states. Bacterial suspensions were prepared from lag, exponential, stationary, and decline phases. PAW was produced at different activation times (PAW [5 min], PAW [10 min], PAW [15 min] and PAW [20 min]). Its impact was assessed at various contact times (15, 30, 45 and 60 min) and treatment volumes (2 mL, 3 mL, 5 mL, and 10 mL). Results revealed that PAW induced significant reductions in cultivable S. Typhi cells, with complete inactivation achieved after 45 and 60 min exposure depending on the growth phase. The lag phase and decline phase exhibited the highest susceptibility. PAW [5 min] showed minimal disinfection across all time points, confirming that short activation durations are insufficient for effective microbial control during the lag phase. Increasing PAW activation time and volume positively correlated with higher inhibition rates. Physicochemical characterization indicated that bactericidal activity was driven by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and by progressive acidification of the medium. The Chick–Watson model and analysis of Log Removal Values confirmed the bactericidal efficacy of plasma-activated water (PAW) across all growth phases of Salmonella typhi. Overall, this work demonstrates that PAW is a promising and sustainable disinfection technology for waterborne pathogens.

传统的消毒方法往往会产生有毒的副产品，因此需要替代方法。本研究评估了爬行电弧放电产生的等离子体活化水（PAW）对水生微生物中伤寒沙门菌的抑菌效果，并重点研究了细菌生理状态的作用。细菌悬浮液的制备分为滞后期、指数期、平稳期和衰退期。在不同的激活时间产生PAW （PAW[5 min], PAW[10 min]， PAW[15 min]和PAW[20 min]）。在不同接触时间（15、30、45和60 min）和处理量（2 mL、3 mL、5 mL和10 mL）下评估其影响。结果显示，PAW诱导可培养的伤寒沙门氏菌细胞显著减少，暴露45和60 min后完全失活，这取决于生长阶段。滞后期和衰退期的敏感性最高。PAW[5 min]在所有时间点上显示出最小的消毒，证实了在滞后阶段，短的激活时间不足以有效控制微生物。增加PAW的激活时间和激活体积与抑制率呈正相关。理化表征表明，细菌活性是由活性氧和活性氮（RONS）以及培养基的逐步酸化驱动的。Chick-Watson模型和Log Removal Values分析证实了血浆活化水（PAW）在伤寒沙门菌所有生长阶段的杀菌效果。总之，这项工作表明，PAW是一种有前途的、可持续的水传播病原体消毒技术。

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引用次数: 0

Spatial multi-criteria analysis for identifying suitable sites for integrated managed aquifer recharge and rooftop rainwater harvesting systems in Kumasi, Ghana 在加纳库马西确定综合管理含水层补给和屋顶雨水收集系统的合适地点的空间多标准分析

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100124

Paul Amihere-Ackah , Isaac Monney , Emmanuel Kwame Appiah-Adjei , Kwaku Amaning Adjei

Groundwater is essential for sustaining livelihoods and urban water security worldwide. In Kumasi, Ghana, rapid urbanisation, extensive impermeable surfaces, and significant population growth have substantially reduced natural groundwater recharge, presenting risks to long-term water security. To address this challenge, this study employs a novel GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) framework that integrates managed aquifer recharge (MAR) with rooftop rainwater harvesting systems (RRWHS) to identify suitable recharge locations. Thirteen thematic criteria, including surface characteristics, hydro-socio infrastructural, and subsurface hydrogeological factors, were systematically evaluated using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Suitability maps generated through weighted overlay analysis were validated using Monte Carlo, one-at-a-time (OAT) sensitivity analysis and the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) methods. Results indicated that: (1) approximately 54.8 km² (27.2 %) of the Kumasi metropolis, mainly in the northern, northeastern and southern areas, is highly suitable due to favourable aquifer conditions (high transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity) and ample rooftop harvesting potential. (2) The study pinpoints conducive locations for the implementation of MAR-RRWHS to enhance groundwater recharge, particularly in impermeable urban settings. These findings provide strong, scientifically supported guidance for urban planners, water managers, and policymakers to effectively adopt MAR-RRWHS, promoting sustainable urban groundwater management in Kumasi and other rapidly urbanising areas worldwide.

地下水对维持全球生计和城市水安全至关重要。在加纳库马西，快速的城市化、大面积的不透水地表和显著的人口增长大大减少了地下水的自然补给，给长期水安全带来了风险。为了应对这一挑战，本研究采用了一种新的基于gis的多标准决策分析（MCDA）框架，该框架将管理含水层补给（MAR）与屋顶雨水收集系统（RRWHS）相结合，以确定合适的补给地点。采用层次分析法（AHP）对地表特征、水文社会基础设施和地下水文地质因素等13个主题标准进行了系统评价。通过加权叠加分析生成的适宜性图使用蒙特卡罗、单次（OAT）灵敏度分析和接受者工作特征曲线（ROC-AUC）方法进行验证。结果表明：(1)库马西大都市区北部、东北部和南部约54.8 km²（27.2 %）的含水层条件良好（透水率和导电性高），屋顶采收潜力大，非常适合在库马西城区种植。(2)研究确定了实施MAR-RRWHS的有利地点，以增强地下水补给，特别是在不透水的城市环境中。这些发现为城市规划者、水资源管理者和政策制定者有效采用MAR-RRWHS，促进库马西和全球其他快速城市化地区的可持续城市地下水管理提供了强有力的科学指导。

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引用次数: 0

Multi-scale assessment of land use and land cover dynamics on groundwater quality in the south-central coastal region of Bangladesh 孟加拉国中南部沿海地区土地利用和土地覆盖动态对地下水质量的多尺度评价

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100152

Sharaf Anika Hoque , Jake Nelson , Mahir Tajwar , Ashraf Uddin , Md. Fuad Hasan

This study investigated the impact of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) changes on groundwater quality in two south-central coastal districts of Bangladesh over an 18-year period (2000–2018). Satellite-derived LULC classification revealed an 883 % increase in urban area, while agricultural and barren lands declined by 4.92 % and 33.25 %, respectively. Groundwater quality was assessed using Na⁺, Cl⁻, and NO₃⁻ concentrations in shallow and deep aquifers. Spatial analyses indicated widespread exceedances of Bangladesh’s drinking water standards, particularly in the shallow aquifer. Elevated Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels suggest salinity intrusion, while high NO₃⁻ concentrations, especially in agricultural zones, points to fertilizer leaching. In contrast, deep aquifer, likely protected by thick aquitard, exhibited lower ion concentrations. Correlation analyses between 2018 LULC types and groundwater quality revealed positive associations between agricultural and urban areas with NO₃⁻ in the shallow aquifer, while vegetation correlated negatively with all ions. Barren lands near saline waterbodies correlated positively with Na⁺ and Cl⁻. Deep aquifer showed weaker correlations, supporting its relative isolation from surface influences. One-way ANOVA confirmed statistically significant differences between the aquifers (all p < 0.001), with higher concentrations in shallow groundwater. Boxplots showed elevated medians and wider interquartile ranges in shallow aquifer, indicating greater variability and susceptibility to contamination, whereas deep aquifer remained more stable. Water Quality Index (WQI) assessments also indicated consistently better water quality in the deep aquifer across most of the study area. This integrated approach helps identify poor water quality hotspot and inform sustainable land and water resource management strategies in vulnerable coastal regions.

本研究调查了18年间（2000-2018年）孟加拉国中南部两个沿海地区土地利用和土地覆盖（LULC）变化对地下水质量的影响。卫星衍生的LULC分类显示，城市面积增加883 %，而农业和荒地面积分别减少4.92 %和33.25 %。用Na⁺、Cl⁻和NO₃⁻在浅层和深层含水层的浓度来评估地下水的质量。空间分析表明，孟加拉国的饮用水标准普遍超标，特别是在浅层含水层。Na⁺和Cl⁺的浓度升高表明盐碱的入侵，而NO₃⁻的浓度升高，尤其是在农业区，表明肥料漏出。相比之下，深层含水层可能受到较厚含水层的保护，离子浓度较低。2018年LULC类型与地下水质量的相关分析显示，农业和城市地区与浅层NO₃⁻呈正相关，而植被与所有离子呈负相关。盐碱化水体附近的荒地与Na⁺和Cl⁻呈正相关。深层含水层的相关性较弱，说明其相对不受地表影响。单因素方差分析证实了含水层之间的统计学显著差异（p均为 <； 0.001），浅层地下水浓度较高。箱形图显示，浅层含水层的中位数升高，四分位数范围更宽，表明其变异性更大，易受污染影响，而深层含水层则保持稳定。水质指数（WQI）评价也表明，在大多数研究区，深层含水层的水质始终较好。这种综合方法有助于确定水质差的热点，并为脆弱沿海地区的可持续土地和水资源管理战略提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

Cytotoxicity of leachate from the final disposal of water treatment plant sludge 水处理厂污泥最终处置渗滤液的细胞毒性

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100099

Mirella Bianca Gama de Almeida , Amanda Maria Dantas de Jesus , Adriane Xavier de Morais , Renata Falchete do Prado , Fabiana Alves Fiore

The final disposal of Water Treatment Plant Sludge (WTPS) in soils can generate leachates with cytotoxic potential due to residual metals and organic compounds. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of leachates derived from simulated sanitary landfills, dedicated landfills, and geotechnical applications using WTPS. The simulations employed centrifuged, thermally dried, and naturally dried sludge in thirteen reactors replicating disposal conditions at a pilot scale. The reactors were operated for 12 months under simulation of real precipitation, with monthly leachate collections. Samples were analyzed for cell viability using the MTT assay on human keratinocytes and for metal concentrations (Al, Ba, Co, Fe, Mn, and Zn) using ICP-OES. The highest concentrations of heavy metals (mg/L) in the leachate were: manganese (292.0), iron (51.32), aluminium (5.03), and barium (4.1). Median values show higher barium in the dry season and manganese influenced by a peak, though more widespread in the rainy season. Among the treatments evaluated, reactors containing thermally dried sludge presented the most pronounced cytotoxic effects. It was also found that the dedicated landfill showed the worst cytotoxicity conditions, with cell viability of less than 50 per cent. The study demonstrates that sludge drying methods, disposal type, and climatic seasonality directly influence leachate toxicity, emphasizing the importance of cytotoxic analysis as a complementary tool in environmental waste management. HaCaT cells are a well-established and reproducible model for studying the effects of solid waste on the human skin response. They offer practical advantages in terms of availability, robustness, and consistency in cytotoxicity tests.

由于残余金属和有机化合物，水处理厂污泥在土壤中的最终处置可能产生具有细胞毒性的渗滤液。本研究评估了来自模拟卫生填埋场、专用填埋场和使用WTPS的岩土工程应用的渗滤液的细胞毒性。模拟在13个反应器中采用离心、热干燥和自然干燥的污泥，在中试规模上复制处理条件。反应器在模拟真实降水条件下运行了12个月，每月收集渗滤液。使用人角质形成细胞MTT法分析样品的细胞活力，使用ICP-OES法分析样品的金属浓度（Al, Ba, Co, Fe， Mn和Zn）。渗滤液中重金属（mg/L）浓度最高的是锰（292.0）、铁（51.32）、铝（5.03）和钡（4.1）。中位数显示，在旱季钡含量较高，锰含量受峰值影响，但在雨季更为普遍。在评价的处理中，含有热干燥污泥的反应器表现出最明显的细胞毒性作用。研究还发现，专用填埋场的细胞毒性条件最差，细胞活力低于50%。研究表明，污泥干燥方法、处置类型和气候季节性直接影响渗滤液毒性，强调了细胞毒性分析作为环境废物管理补充工具的重要性。HaCaT细胞是研究固体废物对人体皮肤反应影响的一种成熟且可复制的模型。它们在细胞毒性测试的可用性、稳健性和一致性方面具有实际优势。

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引用次数: 0

Preliminary assessment of domestic well water quality and heavy metal contamination near Orathupalayam dam, India 印度Orathupalayam大坝附近生活井水水质及重金属污染初步评价

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100177

E. Mohana priya , E. Uma , Debasis Mitra , K.S. Tamilselvi

Industrial effluents and wastewater containing elevated levels of heavy metals pose significant threats to water quality and groundwater, potentially leading to severe health risks.The physicochemical parameters and concentrations of heavy metals, including Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn), along with pollution indices of well water,were analyzed using standard procedures. The water samples exhibited alkaline properties and high electrical conductivity withheavy metal concentrations of 0.47 ± 0.07 mg/Lfor Cd, 0.038 ± 0.01 mg/Lfor Pb, 0.10 ± 0.02 mg/Lfor Ni, and 0.58 ± 0.05 mg/Lfor Zn, while Cr was below detection limits. The average Geoaccumulation index values for Cd, Ni, and Pb were 2.657, 1.763, and 1.287, respectively, whereas the Heavy Metal Pollution index exceeded 100 for all samples. The contamination factor values followed the order of Cd > Ni > Pb > Zn, and all samples had a Pollution Load Index above 1. The results indicated that Cd is a moderately strong pollutant, whereas Ni and Pb are moderate pollutants. This study provides a crucial baseline for assessing the migration of heavy metals from well water to vegetables, and ultimately to humans.

含有高浓度重金属的工业废水和废水对水质和地下水构成重大威胁，可能导致严重的健康风险。采用标准程序分析了井水中镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、铅（Pb）、镍（Ni）、锌（Zn）等重金属的理化参数、浓度及污染指标。水样本表现出碱性特性和高导电性withheavy金属浓度的0.47 ±0.07  毫克/ Lfor Cd, 0.038±0.01  毫克/ Lfor Pb, 0.10±0.02  毫克/ Lfor镍、和0.58 ±0.05  毫克/ Lfor锌、当Cr检测极限以下。Cd、Ni、Pb的累积指数平均值分别为2.657、1.763、1.287，重金属污染指数均超过100。污染因子值依次为Cd >； Ni >； Pb >； Zn，污染负荷指数均在1以上。结果表明，Cd为中强污染物，Ni和Pb为中强污染物。这项研究为评估重金属从井水到蔬菜，并最终到人类的迁移提供了一个重要的基线。

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