Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100166
Amal Magdy , Atef Elsaiad , El-Sayed M. Ramadan , Alban Kuriqi , Ashraf A. Ahmed , Ismail Abd-Elaty
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is a crucial strategy for enhancing water availability in arid regions and supporting local livelihoods, including those of Bedouin communities. Rainwater. This study focuses on Wadi Sudr, located opposite Ras Sudr city in the Sinai Peninsula, to identify optimal RWH sites and recommend suitable harvesting techniques. A weighted spatial probability model (WSPM) was developed within a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework, incorporating eight morphometric parameters. Two scenarios were evaluated: 1) equal weighting of all factors and 2) analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based weighting. The resulting maps classified the watershed into five RWH potential categories. Scenario 1 (equal weighting) identified 49.6 % of the area as high or very high potential. In contrast, Scenario 2 (AHP-based) refined this to 18.2 %, emphasising the role of basin shape, slope, and valley floor area. High- and very high-priority zones guided recommendations for two surface storage dams in Al-Mleha, with capacities of 25,000–30,000 m³ , and Al-Athamy, with capacities of 70,000–80,000 m³ , sub-catchments, complemented by cisterns to support remote communities. By integrating GIS, WSPM, and AHP into a unified framework, this study delivers a replicable methodology for prioritising RWH in arid regions, balancing efficiency with accessibility to strengthen sustainable water resource management.
{"title":"Targeting runoff hotspots for sustainable rainwater harvesting in arid regions","authors":"Amal Magdy , Atef Elsaiad , El-Sayed M. Ramadan , Alban Kuriqi , Ashraf A. Ahmed , Ismail Abd-Elaty","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is a crucial strategy for enhancing water availability in arid regions and supporting local livelihoods, including those of Bedouin communities. Rainwater. This study focuses on Wadi Sudr, located opposite Ras Sudr city in the Sinai Peninsula, to identify optimal RWH sites and recommend suitable harvesting techniques. A weighted spatial probability model (WSPM) was developed within a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework, incorporating eight morphometric parameters. Two scenarios were evaluated: 1) equal weighting of all factors and 2) analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based weighting. The resulting maps classified the watershed into five RWH potential categories. Scenario 1 (equal weighting) identified 49.6 % of the area as high or very high potential. In contrast, Scenario 2 (AHP-based) refined this to 18.2 %, emphasising the role of basin shape, slope, and valley floor area. High- and very high-priority zones guided recommendations for two surface storage dams in Al-Mleha, with capacities of 25,000–30,000 m³ , and Al-Athamy, with capacities of 70,000–80,000 m³ , sub-catchments, complemented by cisterns to support remote communities. By integrating GIS, WSPM, and AHP into a unified framework, this study delivers a replicable methodology for prioritising RWH in arid regions, balancing efficiency with accessibility to strengthen sustainable water resource management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145578741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100173
Antoine Tamsa Arfao , Olive Vivien Noah Ewoti , Fils Mamert Onana , Annette Ngo Hei , Awawou Manouore Njoya , Elie Acayanka , Aurinel Tchio Sizine , Simeon Tchakonté , Greitha Zoua Mvondo , Nathalie Kobbe Dama
Conventional disinfection methods often generate toxic by-products, highlighting the need for alternative methods. The present study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of plasma-activated water (PAW), generated by creeping arc discharge, on Salmonella Typhi in aquatic microcosms, with a focus on the role of bacterial physiological states. Bacterial suspensions were prepared from lag, exponential, stationary, and decline phases. PAW was produced at different activation times (PAW [5 min], PAW [10 min], PAW [15 min] and PAW [20 min]). Its impact was assessed at various contact times (15, 30, 45 and 60 min) and treatment volumes (2 mL, 3 mL, 5 mL, and 10 mL). Results revealed that PAW induced significant reductions in cultivable S. Typhi cells, with complete inactivation achieved after 45 and 60 min exposure depending on the growth phase. The lag phase and decline phase exhibited the highest susceptibility. PAW [5 min] showed minimal disinfection across all time points, confirming that short activation durations are insufficient for effective microbial control during the lag phase. Increasing PAW activation time and volume positively correlated with higher inhibition rates. Physicochemical characterization indicated that bactericidal activity was driven by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and by progressive acidification of the medium. The Chick–Watson model and analysis of Log Removal Values confirmed the bactericidal efficacy of plasma-activated water (PAW) across all growth phases of Salmonella typhi. Overall, this work demonstrates that PAW is a promising and sustainable disinfection technology for waterborne pathogens.
{"title":"Inactivation of Salmonella typhi in an aquatic microcosm by plasma-actived water generated by creeping arc discharge: Importance of the cellular physiological state","authors":"Antoine Tamsa Arfao , Olive Vivien Noah Ewoti , Fils Mamert Onana , Annette Ngo Hei , Awawou Manouore Njoya , Elie Acayanka , Aurinel Tchio Sizine , Simeon Tchakonté , Greitha Zoua Mvondo , Nathalie Kobbe Dama","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional disinfection methods often generate toxic by-products, highlighting the need for alternative methods. The present study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of plasma-activated water (PAW), generated by creeping arc discharge, on <em>Salmonella Typhi</em> in aquatic microcosms, with a focus on the role of bacterial physiological states. Bacterial suspensions were prepared from lag, exponential, stationary, and decline phases. PAW was produced at different activation times (PAW [5 min], PAW [10 min], PAW [15 min] and PAW [20 min]). Its impact was assessed at various contact times (15, 30, 45 and 60 min) and treatment volumes (2 mL, 3 mL, 5 mL, and 10 mL). Results revealed that PAW induced significant reductions in cultivable <em>S. Typhi</em> cells, with complete inactivation achieved after 45 and 60 min exposure depending on the growth phase. The lag phase and decline phase exhibited the highest susceptibility. PAW [5 min] showed minimal disinfection across all time points, confirming that short activation durations are insufficient for effective microbial control during the lag phase. Increasing PAW activation time and volume positively correlated with higher inhibition rates. Physicochemical characterization indicated that bactericidal activity was driven by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and by progressive acidification of the medium. The Chick–Watson model and analysis of Log Removal Values confirmed the bactericidal efficacy of plasma-activated water (PAW) across all growth phases of <em>Salmonella typhi</em>. Overall, this work demonstrates that PAW is a promising and sustainable disinfection technology for waterborne pathogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145473912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100169
Sharmila Majumder , Shuai Yang , Steven J. Eisenreich
The stratigraphic record of legacy pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in lake sediments offers a powerful tool for tracking temporal inputs and historical production, usage, and regulation on regional to global scales. PCBs were extensively produced and used worldwide from the 1940s until the 1970s, with total production estimated at approximately 1314 million Tonnes. Due to their chemical properties (ow water solubility, low vapor pressure, high affinity for organic matter, and environmental persistence), PCBs are transported long distances through the atmosphere, rivers, and ocean currents, ultimately accumulating in sediments of lakes, rivers, and marine systems. As a result, PCBs are now ubiquitous, found even in remote environments such as polar regions, high-altitude lakes, and oceanic depths. This study investigates the temporal signal of PCBs in dated sediment cores from lakes across the globe and examines the synchronicity of sedimentary PCB records with global production and regulatory milestones, particularly the bans enacted in the 1970s. PCB profiles in sediment cores strongly reflect the Anthropocene signal, offering insights into industrial activity, environmental transport, and the effects of regulatory intervention. Global production of PCBs peaked ∼ 1972, coinciding with open-use bans, followed by further restrictions in closed systems by 1979. This production timeline is mirrored in many dated sediment cores, which show rising concentrations beginning in the 1940s, accelerating in the 1950s, peaking in the ∼1970, and declining thereafter. However, some lake cores reveal elevated PCB levels in more recent sediments, deviating from global trends. These anomalies are attributed to local factors such as glacial meltwater inputs, remobilization from contaminated horizons, local and delayed PCB usage, flooding, illegal use, leakage from remaining stockpiles, and mixing of surface sediments due to bioturbation. The strong temporal coherence between sedimentary PCB records and global production trends, especially in North America and Europe, suggests rapid environmental transport and deposition, with lag times as short as 1–2 years. This underscores how industrial chemicals in commerce can quickly reach environmental sinks and be preserved in the sedimentary archive, offering a detailed chronicle of human impact on the environment.
{"title":"Temporal/Spatial signals of PCBs in global sediment cores mimics global PCB production: Analysis","authors":"Sharmila Majumder , Shuai Yang , Steven J. Eisenreich","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The stratigraphic record of legacy pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in lake sediments offers a powerful tool for tracking temporal inputs and historical production, usage, and regulation on regional to global scales. PCBs were extensively produced and used worldwide from the 1940s until the 1970s, with total production estimated at approximately 1314 million Tonnes. Due to their chemical properties (ow water solubility, low vapor pressure, high affinity for organic matter, and environmental persistence), PCBs are transported long distances through the atmosphere, rivers, and ocean currents, ultimately accumulating in sediments of lakes, rivers, and marine systems. As a result, PCBs are now ubiquitous, found even in remote environments such as polar regions, high-altitude lakes, and oceanic depths. This study investigates the temporal signal of PCBs in dated sediment cores from lakes across the globe and examines the synchronicity of sedimentary PCB records with global production and regulatory milestones, particularly the bans enacted in the 1970s. PCB profiles in sediment cores strongly reflect the Anthropocene signal, offering insights into industrial activity, environmental transport, and the effects of regulatory intervention. Global production of PCBs peaked ∼ 1972, coinciding with open-use bans, followed by further restrictions in closed systems by 1979. This production timeline is mirrored in many dated sediment cores, which show rising concentrations beginning in the 1940s, accelerating in the 1950s, peaking in the ∼1970, and declining thereafter. However, some lake cores reveal elevated PCB levels in more recent sediments, deviating from global trends. These anomalies are attributed to local factors such as glacial meltwater inputs, remobilization from contaminated horizons, local and delayed PCB usage, flooding, illegal use, leakage from remaining stockpiles, and mixing of surface sediments due to bioturbation. The strong temporal coherence between sedimentary PCB records and global production trends, especially in North America and Europe, suggests rapid environmental transport and deposition, with lag times as short as 1–2 years. This underscores how industrial chemicals in commerce can quickly reach environmental sinks and be preserved in the sedimentary archive, offering a detailed chronicle of human impact on the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145578696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-02DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100171
Md Lokman Hossain , Khusnur Jahan Shapna
Coastal regions worldwide are increasingly grappling with freshwater scarcity. The southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh faces severe freshwater scarcity from increased salinity intrusion in both surface and groundwater, exacerbated by climate change and anthropogenic activities. This study examines drinking water management challenges and adaptation strategies in a salinization-affected sub-district (Koyra) of Bangladesh. Using a mixed-methods approach, we found that while rainwater harvesting (RWH) is universally adopted during the monsoon, year-round access is limited by inadequate storage capacity and concerns over water quality. Households employ diverse storage methods, but a heavy reliance on untreated water persists, contributing to self-reported health risks, including hypertension, gastrointestinal diseases and menstrual problems. Gender-disaggregated analysis revealed women derive substantially greater protection from water treatment, particularly for gastrointestinal issues (prevalence ratio=4.14 vs 2.83 in men) and menstrual complications (82 % prevalence in untreated users’ vs 19 % in treated users). Thematic analysis identified infrastructure limitations as a critical barrier, while community-proposed solutions emphasized improved storage systems, affordable treatment options, and stronger institutional support. These findings highlight a need for integrated water management strategies combining appropriate technology, community education, and policy interventions to ensure water security in salinity-affected coastal regions. The study provides a methodological framework for conducting integrated water security assessments, offering insights with potential relevance for other climate-vulnerable deltaic regions.
{"title":"Drinking water management: Challenges and adaptive strategies in salinization-affected coastal communities of Bangladesh","authors":"Md Lokman Hossain , Khusnur Jahan Shapna","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal regions worldwide are increasingly grappling with freshwater scarcity. The southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh faces severe freshwater scarcity from increased salinity intrusion in both surface and groundwater, exacerbated by climate change and anthropogenic activities. This study examines drinking water management challenges and adaptation strategies in a salinization-affected sub-district (Koyra) of Bangladesh. Using a mixed-methods approach, we found that while rainwater harvesting (RWH) is universally adopted during the monsoon, year-round access is limited by inadequate storage capacity and concerns over water quality. Households employ diverse storage methods, but a heavy reliance on untreated water persists, contributing to self-reported health risks, including hypertension, gastrointestinal diseases and menstrual problems. Gender-disaggregated analysis revealed women derive substantially greater protection from water treatment, particularly for gastrointestinal issues (prevalence ratio=4.14 vs 2.83 in men) and menstrual complications (82 % prevalence in untreated users’ vs 19 % in treated users). Thematic analysis identified infrastructure limitations as a critical barrier, while community-proposed solutions emphasized improved storage systems, affordable treatment options, and stronger institutional support. These findings highlight a need for integrated water management strategies combining appropriate technology, community education, and policy interventions to ensure water security in salinity-affected coastal regions. The study provides a methodological framework for conducting integrated water security assessments, offering insights with potential relevance for other climate-vulnerable deltaic regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145473939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100172
Mfoniso U. Aka , Rita A. Archibong , Okechukwu E. Agbasi
This study investigates the physicochemical quality of groundwater in Iwuru, South-South Nigeria, assessing its potability and environmental health implications. The aim is to evaluate water quality parameters against the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ), identify sources of contamination, and assess their associated health risks. Twenty-seven (27) water samples were collected from 27 locations within Iwuru and analysed for pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, trace metals, and other physicochemical parameters. Results showed that most samples met the NSDWQ standards, although concerns were raised at specific sites where pH, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen levels exceeded the recommended limits. Sites like SL25 (Orira) and SL26 (Iwuru Obio) had elevated turbidity (9.73 NTU) and low pH (4.00–4.60), indicating potential contamination from organic and industrial sources. Heavy metal concentrations, including iron, were predominantly within the permissible limits set by the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ); however, slight exceedances were recorded at specific locations, particularly for iron, which surpassed the 0.30 mg/L threshold in sites such as SL9 and SL27, indicating localised contamination that may require targeted monitoring and treatment. The study highlights localised water quality issues, particularly in the northeastern part of Iwuru, and stresses the need for continuous monitoring and targeted interventions. In conclusion, although overall water quality meets safety standards, specific areas require immediate attention to mitigate contamination risks. This research provides valuable insights into spatial variations in water quality, contributing to sustainable water management practices and enhancing public health safety.
{"title":"Assessment of water quality parameters in Iwuru, South-South Nigeria: Implications for potability and environmental health","authors":"Mfoniso U. Aka , Rita A. Archibong , Okechukwu E. Agbasi","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the physicochemical quality of groundwater in Iwuru, South-South Nigeria, assessing its potability and environmental health implications. The aim is to evaluate water quality parameters against the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ), identify sources of contamination, and assess their associated health risks. Twenty-seven (27) water samples were collected from 27 locations within Iwuru and analysed for pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, trace metals, and other physicochemical parameters. Results showed that most samples met the NSDWQ standards, although concerns were raised at specific sites where pH, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen levels exceeded the recommended limits. Sites like SL25 (Orira) and SL26 (Iwuru Obio) had elevated turbidity (9.73 NTU) and low pH (4.00–4.60), indicating potential contamination from organic and industrial sources. Heavy metal concentrations, including iron, were predominantly within the permissible limits set by the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ); however, slight exceedances were recorded at specific locations, particularly for iron, which surpassed the 0.30 mg/L threshold in sites such as SL9 and SL27, indicating localised contamination that may require targeted monitoring and treatment. The study highlights localised water quality issues, particularly in the northeastern part of Iwuru, and stresses the need for continuous monitoring and targeted interventions. In conclusion, although overall water quality meets safety standards, specific areas require immediate attention to mitigate contamination risks. This research provides valuable insights into spatial variations in water quality, contributing to sustainable water management practices and enhancing public health safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145473924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100170
Rifat Shahid Shammi, Md. Sirajul Islam, Md. Humayun Kabir, Mir Md. Mozammal Hoque, Tanmoy Roy Tusher
The Laukhati River, a vital freshwater source in the urbanized Patuakhali coastal region of Bangladesh, is increasingly threatened by anthropogenic inputs, raising serious concerns at both local and national levels. This study aimed to assess heavy metal(loid) contamination and associated ecological risks in the river water. Water samples from five locations were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to quantify Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, and As concentrations, which ranged from 2.81–6.83, 1.24–5.41, 2.86–5.37, 0.97–2.12, 1.26–1.75, and 1.65–2.51 µg/L, respectively. Source apportionment indicated predominantly anthropogenic origins, with metal(loid) abundance following the order: Cr > Cu > Ni > As > Cd > Pb. Station-wise distribution revealed higher concentrations at upstream sites, and spread in the following order: St-2 > St-1 > St-3 > St-4 > St-5. Among all metal(loid)s, arsenic (As) exhibited the highest toxicity load (HMTL: 16,424.8 µg/L) with a required removal efficiency (RTMRPL) of 89.81 %. Contamination degree (CD) values suggested low overall pollution, and pollution index (PI) values classified the area as low risk (Class 1). However, cadmium (Cd) posed the most significant individual risk (RI), with ecological risk index (ERI) values ranging from 6.446 to 13.705, indicating generally low ecological risk. The study revealed that the Laukhati River has a generally lower status in terms of overall heavy metal pollution and ecological risk. The findings highlight the urgent need for strict enforcement of waste discharge regulations and effective management of vessel-derived pollution.
劳哈提河是孟加拉国城市化的帕图阿卡里沿海地区的重要淡水来源，它日益受到人为投入的威胁，引起了地方和国家两级的严重关切。本研究旨在评估河流水体中重金属（样物质）污染及其生态风险。采用原子吸收光谱法（AAS）对5个地点的水样中Cr、Ni、Cu、Cd、Pb和As的浓度进行了定量分析，分别为2.81 ~ 6.83、1.24 ~ 5.41、2.86 ~ 5.37、0.97 ~ 2.12、1.26 ~ 1.75和1.65 ~ 2.51 µg/L。来源分配表明主要是人为起源，金属（类）丰度顺序为：Cr >； Cu >； Ni >； As >； Cd >； Pb。从站点分布来看，上游站点浓度较高，分布顺序为：St-2 >； St-1 >； St-3 >； St-4 >； St-5。在所有金属（类）中，砷（As）表现出最高的毒性负荷（HMTL: 16,424.8 µg/L），所需的去除率（RTMRPL）为89.81 %。污染程度（CD）值表明该地区整体污染程度较低，污染指数（PI）值将该地区列为低风险（1类）。而镉（Cd）的个体风险（RI）最为显著，生态风险指数（ERI）在6.446 ~ 13.705之间，总体生态风险较低。研究表明，劳哈提河整体重金属污染状况和生态风险总体较低。研究结果强调，迫切需要严格执行废物排放法规，并有效管理船舶产生的污染。
{"title":"Heavy metal(loid) pollution in the Laukhati River water of Bangladesh: Environmental implications for the Patuakhali coastal region","authors":"Rifat Shahid Shammi, Md. Sirajul Islam, Md. Humayun Kabir, Mir Md. Mozammal Hoque, Tanmoy Roy Tusher","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Laukhati River, a vital freshwater source in the urbanized Patuakhali coastal region of Bangladesh, is increasingly threatened by anthropogenic inputs, raising serious concerns at both local and national levels. This study aimed to assess heavy metal(loid) contamination and associated ecological risks in the river water. Water samples from five locations were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to quantify Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, and As concentrations, which ranged from 2.81–6.83, 1.24–5.41, 2.86–5.37, 0.97–2.12, 1.26–1.75, and 1.65–2.51 µg/L, respectively. Source apportionment indicated predominantly anthropogenic origins, with metal(loid) abundance following the order: Cr > Cu > Ni > As > Cd > Pb. Station-wise distribution revealed higher concentrations at upstream sites, and spread in the following order: St-2 > St-1 > St-3 > St-4 > St-5. Among all metal(loid)s, arsenic (As) exhibited the highest toxicity load (HMTL: 16,424.8 µg/L) with a required removal efficiency (RTMRPL) of 89.81 %. Contamination degree (CD) values suggested low overall pollution, and pollution index (PI) values classified the area as low risk (Class 1). However, cadmium (Cd) posed the most significant individual risk (RI), with ecological risk index (ERI) values ranging from 6.446 to 13.705, indicating generally low ecological risk. The study revealed that the Laukhati River has a generally lower status in terms of overall heavy metal pollution and ecological risk. The findings highlight the urgent need for strict enforcement of waste discharge regulations and effective management of vessel-derived pollution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145474049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100162
Toton Pal , Sarbendu Bikash Dhar , Kamalesh Sen
Groundwater quality in Bankura District, West Bengal, is strongly influenced by a combination of geogenic processes and anthropogenic activities. This study integrates hydrogeochemical characterization with Water Quality Index (WQI) assessment, Human Health Hazard Index (HHHI) estimation, and Monte Carlo Simulation (10,000 iterations) to comprehensively evaluate drinking water safety and human health risks. The major cation dominance follows the order Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > Fe³ ⁺, while anions are distributed as HCO₃⁻ > Cl⁻ > SO₄²⁻ > PO₄³ ⁻ > F⁻. Post-monsoon analysis revealed that approximately 30 % of groundwater samples exceeded permissible limits for drinking water. The southern blocks (Simlapal, Raipur, Khatra, Taldangra) exhibited the highest contamination potential, largely attributed to permeable lateritic soils, recharge-induced mobilization, and intensive agricultural practices. Probabilistic health risk modeling using Monte Carlo Simulation highlighted fluoride as the dominant contributor to HHHI (69 %), followed by nitrate (HQ-NO₃) (25 %) and iron (6 %). Sensitivity analysis confirmed that contaminant concentration is the primary driver of health risk variance. These findings emphasize the critical need for integrated groundwater management strategies—such as artificial recharge, defluoridation units, and regulated irrigation practices—to mitigate exposure risks and align with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation). The outcomes provide a decision-making framework for policymakers to prioritize vulnerable zones and implement targeted interventions for long-term groundwater sustainability.
{"title":"Geochemical insights into water quality index and health risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulation in water-scarce regions of India","authors":"Toton Pal , Sarbendu Bikash Dhar , Kamalesh Sen","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater quality in Bankura District, West Bengal, is strongly influenced by a combination of geogenic processes and anthropogenic activities. This study integrates hydrogeochemical characterization with Water Quality Index (WQI) assessment, Human Health Hazard Index (HHHI) estimation, and Monte Carlo Simulation (10,000 iterations) to comprehensively evaluate drinking water safety and human health risks. The major cation dominance follows the order Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > Fe³ ⁺, while anions are distributed as HCO₃⁻ > Cl⁻ > SO₄²⁻ > PO₄³ ⁻ > F⁻. Post-monsoon analysis revealed that approximately 30 % of groundwater samples exceeded permissible limits for drinking water. The southern blocks (Simlapal, Raipur, Khatra, Taldangra) exhibited the highest contamination potential, largely attributed to permeable lateritic soils, recharge-induced mobilization, and intensive agricultural practices. Probabilistic health risk modeling using Monte Carlo Simulation highlighted fluoride as the dominant contributor to HHHI (69 %), followed by nitrate (HQ-NO₃) (25 %) and iron (6 %). Sensitivity analysis confirmed that contaminant concentration is the primary driver of health risk variance. These findings emphasize the critical need for integrated groundwater management strategies—such as artificial recharge, defluoridation units, and regulated irrigation practices—to mitigate exposure risks and align with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation). The outcomes provide a decision-making framework for policymakers to prioritize vulnerable zones and implement targeted interventions for long-term groundwater sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145473930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100167
Arefa Ferdous Ruma , Yeasmin Nahar Jolly , Md. Abdus Samad , A.S.M. Mohiuddin
The rivers encircling Dhaka are experiencing severe pollution due to unregulated industrial discharge and inefficient waste management systems. This study assesses heavy metal contamination and associated ecological and human health risks in these urban rivers. Seventeen stations were sampled during winter and rainy seasons. Water samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties and heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Pb) using Energy Dispersive X-ray Florescence (EDXRF). Water Quality Index (WQI), Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI), Ecological Risk Index (ERI), and health risk assessments were conducted as per American Public Health Association (APHA) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidelines. Heavy metal concentrations exceeded World Health Organization (WHO)/Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) limits: As (0.33 mg/L), Cd (0.019 mg/L), Cr (0.22 mg/L), and Cu (1.98 mg/L). WQI ranged from 105.36 to 268.62 in winter with 68.18 % of samples classified as “Very Poor.” HPI peaked at 379.2, while ERI reached 245.86 in Buriganga. Children exhibited the highest non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI = 0.15842), however remains below the threshold of 1, but the total carcinogenic risk (TCR = 1.34E-04) exceeded the acceptable safety limit 1.00E-04. Among the rivers, the pollution severity ranking as Buriganga>Turag>Dhaleshwari>Shitalakshya>Balu. The persistent presence of heavy metals poses severe ecological and public health threats, especially during the dry season. Urgent policy actions including mandatory Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) implementation, improved wastewater infrastructure, and continuous real-time monitoring are essential to restore river health and protect public welfare.
{"title":"Integrated analysis of heavy metal pollution and physicochemical parameters in Dhaka’s industrial-affected rivers highlighting ecological and human health risks","authors":"Arefa Ferdous Ruma , Yeasmin Nahar Jolly , Md. Abdus Samad , A.S.M. Mohiuddin","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rivers encircling Dhaka are experiencing severe pollution due to unregulated industrial discharge and inefficient waste management systems. This study assesses heavy metal contamination and associated ecological and human health risks in these urban rivers. Seventeen stations were sampled during winter and rainy seasons. Water samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties and heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Pb) using Energy Dispersive X-ray Florescence (EDXRF). Water Quality Index (WQI), Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI), Ecological Risk Index (ERI), and health risk assessments were conducted as per American Public Health Association (APHA) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidelines. Heavy metal concentrations exceeded World Health Organization (WHO)/Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) limits: As (0.33 mg/L), Cd (0.019 mg/L), Cr (0.22 mg/L), and Cu (1.98 mg/L). WQI ranged from 105.36 to 268.62 in winter with 68.18 % of samples classified as “Very Poor.” HPI peaked at 379.2, while ERI reached 245.86 in Buriganga. Children exhibited the highest non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI = 0.15842), however remains below the threshold of 1, but the total carcinogenic risk (TCR = 1.34E-04) exceeded the acceptable safety limit 1.00E-04. Among the rivers, the pollution severity ranking as Buriganga>Turag>Dhaleshwari>Shitalakshya>Balu. The persistent presence of heavy metals poses severe ecological and public health threats, especially during the dry season. Urgent policy actions including mandatory Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) implementation, improved wastewater infrastructure, and continuous real-time monitoring are essential to restore river health and protect public welfare.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145578714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100156
Yusuf T. Ayinde , Luqmon Azeez , Saheed A. Popoola , Segun A. Adebisi , Abayomi A. Oladejo , Saheed Basiru , Babatunde K. Agbaogun , Ruqoyyah D. Oladeji
A tripartite composite comprising nanobiochar, nanoparticles (AgNPs), and cobalt-based metal organic frameworks (Co-MOF) - AgNPs/nanobiochar/Co-MOF was synthesized and characterized. The incorporation of AgNPs and nanobiochar onto Co-MOF was confirmed via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) results, and molecular docking optimization. The adsorption mechanism was investigated experimentally and computationally using Density functional theory (DFT). The pH of maximum adsorption and point of zero charge of the AgNPs/nanobiochar/Co-MOF composite was observed at 4 and 8.8, respectively. The composite removal efficiency of triclosan (TRC) decreased with initial concentration and temperature but increased with contact time and adsorbent dose. The adsorption processes followed were best fitted to the Freundlich isotherm with a maximum monolayer adsorption (qmax) of 117.88 mg g−1 and appropriately described by pseudo-second order kinetics. Thermodynamic parameters revealed spontaneous and exothermic adsorption with negative enthalpy (-ΔH°) and decreasing free energy (-ΔG°) values with an increase in temperature (303–333 K). The DFT-guided molecular docking (DFT) revealed that the adsorption process was exergonic, involving an electron transfer mechanism from triclosan (TRC) to the composite. The interaction in complex [HO---Co and Ph2O---Co] was more energetically favourable than complex [Cl---Co] as reflected by higher binding energy and shorter interatomic distance.
{"title":"Experimental and density function theory-guided mechanistic insights into triclosan removal using a tripartite AgNPs/nanobiochar/Co-MOF composite","authors":"Yusuf T. Ayinde , Luqmon Azeez , Saheed A. Popoola , Segun A. Adebisi , Abayomi A. Oladejo , Saheed Basiru , Babatunde K. Agbaogun , Ruqoyyah D. Oladeji","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A tripartite composite comprising nanobiochar, nanoparticles (AgNPs), and cobalt-based metal organic frameworks (Co-MOF) - AgNPs/nanobiochar/Co-MOF was synthesized and characterized. The incorporation of AgNPs and nanobiochar onto Co-MOF was confirmed via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) results, and molecular docking optimization. The adsorption mechanism was investigated experimentally and computationally using Density functional theory (DFT). The pH of maximum adsorption and point of zero charge of the AgNPs/nanobiochar/Co-MOF composite was observed at 4 and 8.8, respectively. The composite removal efficiency of triclosan (TRC) decreased with initial concentration and temperature but increased with contact time and adsorbent dose. The adsorption processes followed were best fitted to the Freundlich isotherm with a maximum monolayer adsorption (q<sub>max</sub>) of 117.88 mg g<sup>−1</sup> and appropriately described by pseudo-second order kinetics. Thermodynamic parameters revealed spontaneous and exothermic adsorption with negative enthalpy (-ΔH°) and decreasing free energy (-ΔG°) values with an increase in temperature (303–333 K). The DFT-guided molecular docking (DFT) revealed that the adsorption process was exergonic, involving an electron transfer mechanism from triclosan (TRC) to the composite. The interaction in complex [HO---Co and Ph<sub>2</sub>O---Co] was more energetically favourable than complex [Cl---Co] as reflected by higher binding energy and shorter interatomic distance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145416178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the potential of various tree-based machine learning models to predict the photodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from wastewater using different gold-doped bismuth ferrite (Au-BFO) nanocomposites. A detailed dataset comprising 1050 data points was compiled under a range of experimental conditions. The fourteen input variables included: time (min), catalyst loading (g/L), solution pH, initial 2,4-D concentration (mg/L), anion type, light intensity (W), photocatalyst type, bandgap energy (eV), surface area (m²/g), pore volume (cm³/g), and the contents of bismuth (%), iron (%), oxygen (%), and gold (%) were used for model building. The photodegradation efficiency of 2,4-D was the output variable. Performance evaluation indicated that the XGBoost model was the most effective, achieving the highest test R2 (1.0) and the lowest values for MAE (0.99) and RMSE (1.88). The results revealed that the photocatalytic experimental conditions were of greater significance compared to the elemental composition and physicochemical properties of the photocatalysts. The optimal photocatalytic conditions identified were the catalyst loading of 1.5 g/L, light intensity of 105 W, initial 2,4-D concentration of 5 mg/L, and a solution pH of 7. The study concludes with a discussion of its practical implications and limitations.
{"title":"Machine learning powered prediction of photodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid using gold-doped bismuth ferrite","authors":"Rehan Ishtiaq , Zeeshan Haider Jaffari , Ather Abbas , Sze-Mun Lam","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the potential of various tree-based machine learning models to predict the photodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from wastewater using different gold-doped bismuth ferrite (Au-BFO) nanocomposites. A detailed dataset comprising 1050 data points was compiled under a range of experimental conditions. The fourteen input variables included: time (min), catalyst loading (g/L), solution pH, initial 2,4-D concentration (mg/L), anion type, light intensity (W), photocatalyst type, bandgap energy (eV), surface area (m²/g), pore volume (cm³/g), and the contents of bismuth (%), iron (%), oxygen (%), and gold (%) were used for model building. The photodegradation efficiency of 2,4-D was the output variable. Performance evaluation indicated that the XGBoost model was the most effective, achieving the highest test R<sup>2</sup> (1.0) and the lowest values for MAE (0.99) and RMSE (1.88). The results revealed that the photocatalytic experimental conditions were of greater significance compared to the elemental composition and physicochemical properties of the photocatalysts. The optimal photocatalytic conditions identified were the catalyst loading of 1.5 g/L, light intensity of 105 W, initial 2,4-D concentration of 5 mg/L, and a solution pH of 7. The study concludes with a discussion of its practical implications and limitations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145416101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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