EFSA Supporting Publications最新文献

At the request of the European Commission, EFSA prepared the general guidelines for surveys of plant pests, describing the legal, international and scientific context in which the surveys are designed, the basic principles implemented for surveillance of quarantine pests and introducing the concepts needed for the design of statistically sound and risk-based surveys. Three types of specific surveys are addressed: detection surveys for substantiation of pest freedom, delimiting surveys to determine the boundaries of a potential infested zone, and monitoring surveys for prevalence estimation when measuring the effectiveness of eradication measures or for the confirmation of a low pest prevalence area. For each type of survey, the survey parameters are introduced and their interactions analysed showing the importance of the assumptions that are taken for each one of them: (i) the aims of the survey are defined as achieving a certain level of confidence of detecting a given pest prevalence (design prevalence), this reflects the trade-off between the acceptable level of the risk and availability of resources that determine the strength of the evidence to support the conclusion of the survey; (ii) the target population is described by its structure and size, including the risk factors; and (iii) the method sensitivity is defined as the combination of the sampling effectiveness and the diagnostic sensitivity for each inspection unit. EFSA's RiPEST and RiBESS+ tools¹ are introduced for calculating the sample size using the survey parameters as input values for a statistically sound and risk-based survey design. The mathematical principles behind the tools are in line with the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures. The survey design is flexible and can be tailored to each pest and specific situation in the Member States. Once the survey is implemented following this approach, the conclusions allow surveys to be compared across time and space, contributing to the harmonisation of surveillance activities across the EU Member States.

These guidelines for citrus crops surveys were prepared by EFSA at the request of the European Commission. Its aim is to guide the EU Member States in preparing crop-based surveys in citrus, while describing the context in which these surveys are designed. This contributes to the harmonization of surveillance activities across Member States. Target pests are quarantine pests for which citrus (Citrus spp. and related genera) are main hosts. These pests can be introduced into a crop from the environment or through the planting of infested/infected citrus trees. Surveys are needed to substantiate pest freedom in an area and/or in the citrus production chain. Pest-based surveys must be conducted in a scientifically and statistically sound manner. The guidelines describe how to define inspection units and which field detection, and laboratory methods can be used. After establishing the method sensitivity and defining a confidence level and design prevalence, RiPEST or RiBESS+ can be used to calculate the sample size for the target population. Surveys targeting multiple pests can be combined into a single crop-based survey, improving resource efficiency. This optimisation can be performed using the OptiPest tool, which requires data on sample size per pest and a time window for survey activities. The tool also allows the use of monthly capacity constraints. A case study on citrus crop surveys illustrates the optimisation procedure. Optimisation can be achieved by using the same field visit to carry out multiple survey activities, by conducting the same survey activity to investigate the presence of multiple pests, and/or by using the same laboratory sample to detect multiple pests. These guidelines address how the resulting survey program can be implemented by selecting survey sites and establishing field and laboratory procedures for detection an identification of the target pests.

This document provides the conclusions of the pest survey card that was prepared in the context of the EFSA mandate on plant pest surveillance (M-2020-0114) at the request of the European Commission. The full pest survey card for Longidorus diadecturus is published and available online in the EFSA Pest Survey Card gallery at the following link and will be updated whenever new information becomes available: https://efsa.europa.eu/plants/planthealth/monitoring/surveillance/longidorus-diadecturus

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked by the European Commission to provide scientific assistance with respect to the risk assessment for an active substance in light of confirmatory information requested following approval in accordance with Article 6(1) of Directive 91/414/EEC and Article 6(f) of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009. In this context EFSA's scientific views on the specific points raised during the commenting phase conducted with Member States, the applicant and EFSA on the confirmatory information and their use in the risk assessment for the active substance pethoxamid are presented. The current report summarises the outcome of the consultation process organised by the rapporteur Member State Austria and presents EFSA's scientific views and conclusions on the individual comments received.

This document provides the conclusions of the pest survey card that was prepared in the context of the EFSA mandate on plant pest surveillance (M-2020-0114) at the request of the European Commission. The full pest survey card for Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis is published and available online in the EFSA Pest Survey Card gallery at the following link and will be updated whenever new information becomes available: https://efsa.europa.eu/plants/planthealth/monitoring/surveillance/ralstonia-syzygii-celebesensis

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) pose significant risks to animal and human health, emphasizing the need for ongoing surveillance and mapping to support risk assessments. EFSA-Animal disease profiles were created to visualize the current understanding of main characteristic of important pathogens affecting animal health, including information on the potential vector status of several VBDs. This report updates a previous protocol for a review of the vector status of 36 selected pathogens (Massoels et al., 2023); and adds the protocol for review of the vector status of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. complex. Two systematic literature reviews are conducted, focusing on detection of pathogens in field-collected arthropods and vector competence under laboratory conditions. In addition, the protocol also addresses mechanical transmission of pathogens by arthropods, an often-underestimated route of disease spread. A narrative review will investigate arthropod species that may serve as mechanical vectors of six pathogens: Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV), lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), Trypanosoma evansi (surra), Trypanosoma vivax, and Besnoitia besnoiti (bovine besnoitiosis). Evidence will be collated from experimental transmission studies, field detection, and epidemiological investigations, and classified by type and strength. The integrated results will assess the vector status of arthropod species on a global scale, providing an updated overview of species suspected or confirmed to play a role in disease transmission. A pathogen-vector matrix will be created to support future risk assessments, surveillance strategies, and control measures for vector-borne and mechanically transmitted infections in the EU and neighbouring regions. This work aims to enhance the understanding of vector-borne diseases and inform evidence-based decision-making to mitigate the risks associated with these pathogens. By combining biological and mechanical transmission data, this initiative will provide a comprehensive framework for managing vector-borne diseases and protecting animal and human health.

Within the context of VectorNet, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) publish regularly updated vector distribution maps, which are informed by a comprehensive review of the literature, data from the VectorNet Entomological Network, and relevant reports. This protocol focuses on the systematic collection of data derived from peer-reviewed publications. The primary objective of this living systematic literature review (SLR) is to gather information regarding the presence, abundance, and seasonal patterns of targeted vector species, including mosquitoes, sand flies, biting midges, and ticks, within the geographical scope defined by VectorNet. Studies will be identified through searches in Web of Science™ and Medline/PubMed. Eligible studies will be screened and analysed for methodological rigor and relevance. The review will provide rigorous data that will be integrated in the VectorNet distribution maps.

This document should be used for the reporting of samples planned under the national control plans for residues of veterinary medicinal products to EFSA. It provides guidance on how to use the data model for submission to the EU of such data and related information.

In 2022, the EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF Panel) re-evaluated sulfur dioxide-sulfites (E 220-228). Due to the lack of biological and toxicological data, it was concluded that the existing toxicity database was insufficient to establish an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), leading to the withdrawal of the temporary group ADI. The Panel determined that the Margin of Exposure (MOE) for dietary exposure to these additives should be at least 80. The refined exposure scenario (Dataset D) showed MOEs below 80 for all groups, raising safety concerns. The European Commission therefore provided two sets of alternative maximum permitted levels (MPLs) and requested EFSA to update the exposure assessment for sulfur dioxide-sulfites (E 220-228), investigating the impact of possible changes in the authorizations and MPLs. The assessment was implemented for six scenarios: two regulatory maximum level scenarios (DS-MPL1 and DS-MPL2) and four refined non-brand loyal scenarios applying different assumptions to the reported use levels, and analytical data below MPLs (DSA1, DSA2, MDSD1, MDSD2). The highest exposure was found in toddlers in scenario DS-MPL1, with mean and P95 exposure estimates of 2.63 and 8.09 mg SO₂ equivalents/kg bw per day. For refined scenarios of DSA1 and DSA2 (using use levels or analytical data in authorized food categories only), the highest mean and P95 estimates were 0.43 and 1.40 mg SO₂ equivalents/kg bw per day in toddlers. The elderly showed the highest exposure in MDSD1 and MDSD2 (based on primarily analytical data, including carry-over and natural occurrence), with estimates up to P95 of 0.61 mg SO₂ equivalents/kg bw per day. The main contributors were wine, beer, and meat preparations for adults and the elderly, fruit and vegetable juices and flavoured drinks for adolescents and children, and dried fruits and vegetables for infants and toddlers.