Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-09-12DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100473
Tieliang Li , Chuanqi Cheng , Shuhe Han , Ying Gao , Kaiwen Yang , Bin Zhang , Yifu Yu
The electrocatalytic nitrogen oxidation reaction (NOR) provides a sustainable strategy for nitrate production. However, the challenges of inert nitrogen and competing oxygen evolution reaction severely limit NOR performance. To overcome these challenges, we propose a cooperative system of a superficially armed Pd@PdO electrocatalyst for NOR in a water-in-salt electrolyte. The thin PdO layer efficiently prevents the deep oxidation of Pd to PdO2, maintaining the high activity of NOR. Moreover, the water-in-salt electrolyte with a strengthened hydration effect weakens water activity and interrupts hydrogen-bond networks, thus retarding competitive oxygen evolution and accelerating the mass transfer of nitrogen. Therefore, the nitrate yield rate and Faradaic efficiency increase 2.3 and 14.4 times, respectively. Electrochemical in situ spectroscopies unveil the reaction mechanism of nitrogen electrooxidation over the Pd@PdO catalyst. This work provides a foundational strategy for the rational design of electrocatalysts and electrolytes aimed at efficient nitrate electrosynthesis.
{"title":"PdO-resisted oxidation and enhanced hydration promotion of nitrogen electrooxidation to nitrate","authors":"Tieliang Li , Chuanqi Cheng , Shuhe Han , Ying Gao , Kaiwen Yang , Bin Zhang , Yifu Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electrocatalytic nitrogen oxidation reaction (NOR) provides a sustainable strategy for nitrate production. However, the challenges of inert nitrogen and competing oxygen evolution reaction severely limit NOR performance. To overcome these challenges, we propose a cooperative system of a superficially armed Pd@PdO electrocatalyst for NOR in a water-in-salt electrolyte. The thin PdO layer efficiently prevents the deep oxidation of Pd to PdO<sub>2</sub>, maintaining the high activity of NOR. Moreover, the water-in-salt electrolyte with a strengthened hydration effect weakens water activity and interrupts hydrogen-bond networks, thus retarding competitive oxygen evolution and accelerating the mass transfer of nitrogen. Therefore, the nitrate yield rate and Faradaic efficiency increase 2.3 and 14.4 times, respectively. Electrochemical <em>in situ</em> spectroscopies unveil the reaction mechanism of nitrogen electrooxidation over the Pd@PdO catalyst. This work provides a foundational strategy for the rational design of electrocatalysts and electrolytes aimed at efficient nitrate electrosynthesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100473"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100515
Haotian Chen , Enno Kätelhön , Yuanyuan Lu , Jun Cheng , Zhong-Qun Tian , Richard G. Compton
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has evolved over the past three decades from the initial pioneering stage to become a transformative force in electrocatalytic research yet is far from realizing its full potential. This review traces foundational applications of AI to electrocatalysis in the 1990s to highlight the integration of AI into the full catalyst development workflow in the last five years, from material design and synthesis to characterization and performance evaluation, and ultimately to knowledge extraction. Emphasis is placed on critical but often partially recognized or neglected bottlenecks: the scale gap between atomistic simulations and macroscopic performance, inverse electrocatalyst design, physical consistency and interpretability of machine learning models, automated experiments, and the scarcity of high-quality, well validated experimental data. Cutting edge solutions such as exascale computing, machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs), physics-informed machine learning (PIML), generative models (variational autoencoders, diffusion models, and large language models), and FAIR-compliant data are discussed. This review highlights that the progress of AI for electrocatalysis is inherently data-centric, driven by advances in data-quality, FAIR-compliant infrastructure, and data-driven workflows that connect experiment, simulations, and machine learning. Beyond technical perspectives, this review also emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, industrial relevance, and cautions in respect of hyping. By identifying challenges and highlighting emerging breakthroughs, this work offers a roadmap for advancing AI-driven electrocatalysis towards more predictive, interpretable, and scalable discovery.
{"title":"30 years of AI for electrocatalysis: Where we are and what’s next?","authors":"Haotian Chen , Enno Kätelhön , Yuanyuan Lu , Jun Cheng , Zhong-Qun Tian , Richard G. Compton","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Artificial Intelligence (AI) has evolved over the past three decades from the initial pioneering stage to become a transformative force in electrocatalytic research yet is far from realizing its full potential. This review traces foundational applications of AI to electrocatalysis in the 1990s to highlight the integration of AI into the full catalyst development workflow in the last five years, from material design and synthesis to characterization and performance evaluation, and ultimately to knowledge extraction. Emphasis is placed on critical but often partially recognized or neglected bottlenecks: the scale gap between atomistic simulations and macroscopic performance, inverse electrocatalyst design, physical consistency and interpretability of machine learning models, automated experiments, and the scarcity of high-quality, well validated experimental data. Cutting edge solutions such as exascale computing, machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs), physics-informed machine learning (PIML), generative models (variational autoencoders, diffusion models, and large language models), and FAIR-compliant data are discussed. This review highlights that the progress of AI for electrocatalysis is inherently data-centric, driven by advances in data-quality, FAIR-compliant infrastructure, and data-driven workflows that connect experiment, simulations, and machine learning. Beyond technical perspectives, this review also emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, industrial relevance, and cautions in respect of hyping. By identifying challenges and highlighting emerging breakthroughs, this work offers a roadmap for advancing AI-driven electrocatalysis towards more predictive, interpretable, and scalable discovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100515"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100476
Zitong Fei , Haocheng Ji , Enhua Dong , Liang Luo , Guanghui Jiang , Pengfei Yan , Qi Meng , Peng Dong , Guangmin Zhou , Yingjie Zhang
The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries in a scientific and efficient manner is expected to address resource scarcity and reduce environmental pollution. Currently, conventional direct regeneration methods are difficult to simultaneously repair the particles, crystal structure, and interface of spent Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) in three dimensions. This work adopts a "disintegrate-mend" reshaping approach to construct a localized heterogeneous hinge structure, grain boundary gradient crystal phases, and uniform polycrystalline particles, thereby achieving a unique structure for regenerated LCO materials. This design overcomes the limitations of uneven degradation in spent LCO, enhances the three-dimensional electron shuttle behaviour of the regenerated material, suppresses the redox activity of lattice oxygen, and optimizes spin-orbital coupling effects. Consequently, the regenerated LCO material demonstrates exceptionally high discharge capacity, with an initial discharge specific capacity of 228.94 mAh g−1. Moreover, the soft-packed batteries demonstrate outstanding cycle stability, with capacity retentions of 95.94% after 500 cycles.
科学高效地回收利用废旧锂离子电池有望解决资源短缺问题，减少环境污染。目前，传统的直接再生方法难以同时对废钴酸锂（LCO）的颗粒、晶体结构和界面进行三维修复。本工作采用“崩解-修补”重塑方法，构建局部非均质铰链结构、晶界梯度晶相、均匀多晶颗粒，从而实现再生LCO材料的独特结构。该设计克服了废LCO降解不均匀的局限性，增强了再生材料的三维电子穿梭行为，抑制了晶格氧的氧化还原活性，并优化了自旋轨道耦合效应。因此，再生LCO材料表现出异常高的放电容量，初始放电比容量为228.94 mAh g−1。此外，软包装电池表现出出色的循环稳定性，500次循环后容量保持率为95.94%。
{"title":"Grain boundary hinge structure design for upcycling of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Zitong Fei , Haocheng Ji , Enhua Dong , Liang Luo , Guanghui Jiang , Pengfei Yan , Qi Meng , Peng Dong , Guangmin Zhou , Yingjie Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries in a scientific and efficient manner is expected to address resource scarcity and reduce environmental pollution. Currently, conventional direct regeneration methods are difficult to simultaneously repair the particles, crystal structure, and interface of spent Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) in three dimensions. This work adopts a \"disintegrate-mend\" reshaping approach to construct a localized heterogeneous hinge structure, grain boundary gradient crystal phases, and uniform polycrystalline particles, thereby achieving a unique structure for regenerated LCO materials. This design overcomes the limitations of uneven degradation in spent LCO, enhances the three-dimensional electron shuttle behaviour of the regenerated material, suppresses the redox activity of lattice oxygen, and optimizes spin-orbital coupling effects. Consequently, the regenerated LCO material demonstrates exceptionally high discharge capacity, with an initial discharge specific capacity of 228.94 mAh g<sup>−1</sup>. Moreover, the soft-packed batteries demonstrate outstanding cycle stability, with capacity retentions of 95.94% after 500 cycles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100476"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100482
Yao Xiong , Yang Liu , Jiahong Yang , Mingxia Chen , Zhong Lin Wang , Qijun Sun
The human multisensory neural network supports advanced cognitive functions through cross-modal integration, recognition, and imagination by synergistically processing visual, tactile, auditory, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli. This biological mechanism generates comprehensive environmental representations through dynamic sensory interactions rather than isolated processing. In this study, a bioinspired multisensory framework is developed, integrating triboelectric sensors with artificial vision, tactile receptors, auditory interfaces, and simulated olfactory/gustatory modules. The system employs a distributed multisensory framework for biomimetic hierarchical processing of multimodal data perception, storage, and fusion. Through cross-modal learning, the system establishes effective associations among different sensory inputs, achieving 97.12% accuracy in tactile-visual recognition and 94.62% accuracy in auditory-visual-olfactory-gustatory reconfiguration. Beyond empirical learning, the framework also demonstrates non-empirical human-like cognitive functions, such as association, inference, and creative pattern generation. The proposed multisensory cross-modal system establishes a versatile framework with significant technological advantages of energy-efficient cognition, adaptive processing, and cognitive scalability. The bioinspired cross-modal reconfiguration combining with triboelectric sensing provides technical innovation and methodological impact to establishing new paradigm for energy-autonomy robotic perception.
{"title":"Bioinspired triboelectric-driven multisensory framework with autonomous cross-modal adaptation","authors":"Yao Xiong , Yang Liu , Jiahong Yang , Mingxia Chen , Zhong Lin Wang , Qijun Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The human multisensory neural network supports advanced cognitive functions through cross-modal integration, recognition, and imagination by synergistically processing visual, tactile, auditory, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli. This biological mechanism generates comprehensive environmental representations through dynamic sensory interactions rather than isolated processing. In this study, a bioinspired multisensory framework is developed, integrating triboelectric sensors with artificial vision, tactile receptors, auditory interfaces, and simulated olfactory/gustatory modules. The system employs a distributed multisensory framework for biomimetic hierarchical processing of multimodal data perception, storage, and fusion. Through cross-modal learning, the system establishes effective associations among different sensory inputs, achieving 97.12% accuracy in tactile-visual recognition and 94.62% accuracy in auditory-visual-olfactory-gustatory reconfiguration. Beyond empirical learning, the framework also demonstrates non-empirical human-like cognitive functions, such as association, inference, and creative pattern generation. The proposed multisensory cross-modal system establishes a versatile framework with significant technological advantages of energy-efficient cognition, adaptive processing, and cognitive scalability. The bioinspired cross-modal reconfiguration combining with triboelectric sensing provides technical innovation and methodological impact to establishing new paradigm for energy-autonomy robotic perception.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100482"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-06-18DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100434
Yichuan Dou , Lanling Zhao , Jun Wang , Songze Li , Yiming Zhang , Ruifeng Li , Mingzhu Gao , Ce Zhang , Zaiping Guo
MnMoO4 holds great promise as a cathode material for lithium–oxygen batteries (LOBs), but its poor conductivity and weak interaction with oxygenated intermediates substantially impede its electrocatalytic properties. Herein, electron-deficient P atoms were incorporated with MnMoO4 hollow nanospheres (P-doped MnMoO4) to realize internal orbital interactions between Mo 4d and P 3p, activating external orbital hybridization between catalysts and LiO2 during cycling. This relay orbital hybridization not only promoted charge transfer but also optimized the adsorption and desorption abilities of catalysts toward LiO2, thereby reducing the reaction energy barriers. Consequently, LOBs with P-doped MnMoO4 cathode catalysts sustained steady operation for 380 cycles under 1000 mA g−1, which is even better than some of their noble metal counterparts and points to their commercial promise for use in future large-scale applications. This work provides general guidance for constructing relay orbital hybridization through P doping on catalysts for LOBs and other electrocatalytic systems.
作为锂氧电池（lob）的正极材料，MnMoO4具有很大的前景，但其导电性差和与含氧中间体的弱相互作用极大地阻碍了其电催化性能。本文将缺电子的P原子与MnMoO4空心纳米球（P掺杂MnMoO4）结合，实现了mo4d和p3p之间的内轨道相互作用，激活了催化剂与LiO2在循环过程中的外轨道杂化。这种接力轨道杂化不仅促进了电荷转移，而且优化了催化剂对LiO2的吸附和解吸能力，从而降低了反应能垒。因此，掺杂p的MnMoO4阴极催化剂的lob在1000 mA g−1下持续稳定运行380个循环，甚至比一些贵金属催化剂更好，并指出其在未来大规模应用中的商业前景。这项工作为通过在lob和其他电催化体系催化剂上掺杂P来构建接力轨道杂化提供了一般指导。
{"title":"Relay orbital hybridization on MnMoO4 catalysts for durable lithium–oxygen batteries","authors":"Yichuan Dou , Lanling Zhao , Jun Wang , Songze Li , Yiming Zhang , Ruifeng Li , Mingzhu Gao , Ce Zhang , Zaiping Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MnMoO<sub>4</sub> holds great promise as a cathode material for lithium–oxygen batteries (LOBs), but its poor conductivity and weak interaction with oxygenated intermediates substantially impede its electrocatalytic properties. Herein, electron-deficient P atoms were incorporated with MnMoO<sub>4</sub> hollow nanospheres (P-doped MnMoO<sub>4</sub>) to realize internal orbital interactions between Mo 4d and P 3p, activating external orbital hybridization between catalysts and LiO<sub>2</sub> during cycling. This relay orbital hybridization not only promoted charge transfer but also optimized the adsorption and desorption abilities of catalysts toward LiO<sub>2</sub>, thereby reducing the reaction energy barriers. Consequently, LOBs with P-doped MnMoO<sub>4</sub> cathode catalysts sustained steady operation for 380 cycles under 1000 mA g<sup>−1</sup>, which is even better than some of their noble metal counterparts and points to their commercial promise for use in future large-scale applications. This work provides general guidance for constructing relay orbital hybridization through P doping on catalysts for LOBs and other electrocatalytic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100434"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-11DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100497
Pan Zeng , Wanhai Zhou , Bin Su , Yinqi Hu , ChengWei Du , Xiaoqin Li , Cheng Yuan , Genlin Liu , Xiaofeng Zhao , Wei Luo , Rajeev Ahuja , Qingyuan Wang , Dongliang Chao , Liang Zhang
Catalytic conversion of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) is a promising avenue to suppress the shuttle effect and enhance the redox kinetics of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. However, the consecutive multiple LiPSs redox reactions make the activity prediction of electrocatalysts elusive. Herein, we propose a lower Hubbard band (LHB) descriptor to regulate tandem electrocatalytic LiPSs conversion for fast and robust Li–S batteries. Combined with theoretical calculations, the catalytic activity is jointly determined by the balance between LHB center position (ƐLHB) and LHB width (ꞷLHB). As a proof of concept, Fe3O4@FeP shows a balance of possessing a close ƐLHB to the Fermi level and a wide ꞷLHB simultaneously. An accelerated tandem electrocatalytic LiPSs conversion is achieved, where a close ƐLHB to Fermi level (with Fe3O4 as the active center) benefits the adsorption of long-chain LiPSs and catalyzes S8-to-Li2S4 process, while a wide ꞷLHB (with FeP as the active center) subsequently contributes to catalyze the Li2S4-to-Li2S reaction. Consequently, the elaborate Li–S batteries deliver outstanding cycle stability over 1000 cycles and superior rate performance over 10C. Further, the constructed Ah-scale pouch cell delivers notable energy density of 360.6 Wh kg−1. This work demonstrates the great promise of LHB regulation strategy for designing high-efficient electrocatalysts for Li–S batteries and beyond.
{"title":"Regulating lower hubbard band for tandem electrocatalytic lithium polysulfides conversion","authors":"Pan Zeng , Wanhai Zhou , Bin Su , Yinqi Hu , ChengWei Du , Xiaoqin Li , Cheng Yuan , Genlin Liu , Xiaofeng Zhao , Wei Luo , Rajeev Ahuja , Qingyuan Wang , Dongliang Chao , Liang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Catalytic conversion of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) is a promising avenue to suppress the shuttle effect and enhance the redox kinetics of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. However, the consecutive multiple LiPSs redox reactions make the activity prediction of electrocatalysts elusive. Herein, we propose a lower Hubbard band (LHB) descriptor to regulate tandem electrocatalytic LiPSs conversion for fast and robust Li–S batteries. Combined with theoretical calculations, the catalytic activity is jointly determined by the balance between LHB center position (Ɛ<sub>LHB</sub>) and LHB width (ꞷ<sub>LHB</sub>). As a proof of concept, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@FeP shows a balance of possessing a close Ɛ<sub>LHB</sub> to the Fermi level and a wide ꞷ<sub>LHB</sub> simultaneously. An accelerated tandem electrocatalytic LiPSs conversion is achieved, where a close Ɛ<sub>LHB</sub> to Fermi level (with Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> as the active center) benefits the adsorption of long-chain LiPSs and catalyzes S<sub>8</sub>-to-Li<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> process, while a wide ꞷ<sub>LHB</sub> (with FeP as the active center) subsequently contributes to catalyze the Li<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>-to-Li<sub>2</sub>S reaction. Consequently, the elaborate Li–S batteries deliver outstanding cycle stability over 1000 cycles and superior rate performance over 10C. Further, the constructed Ah-scale pouch cell delivers notable energy density of 360.6 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup>. This work demonstrates the great promise of LHB regulation strategy for designing high-efficient electrocatalysts for Li–S batteries and beyond.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100497"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-06-05DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100436
Yun Ke , Tong Li , Jun Li , Mingliang Pei , Xinming Wang , Weichang Xie , Shuting Zhuang , Xiaofeng Ye , Zhou Li , Zuankai Wang , Fan Yang
Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, underscoring the urgent need for advanced technologies capable of continuous, noninvasive, and intelligent monitoring. Piezoelectric sensors, owing to their inherent electromechanical transduction, high sensitivity, and self-powered operation, offer a compelling pathway for next-generation cardiovascular health monitoring. In this review, we summarize recent advances in piezoelectric materials, from zero-to three-dimensional architectures, and their integration into wearable and implantable platforms. Key applications include the assessment of arterial health via pulse wave velocity and vascular stiffness, cuffless blood pressure estimation, and the monitoring of cardiopulmonary functions such as heart rate, respiratory rhythm, and cardiac acoustics. We also highlight emerging strategies such as passive wireless communication enabled by surface acoustic wave principles, and the development of multimodal systems that concurrently capture mechanical, optical, and chemical signals. The convergence of piezoelectric technologies with artificial intelligence and Internet of Things frameworks enables real-time signal processing, remote access, and personalized medical interventions. Finally, we discuss current challenges in material biocompatibility, encapsulation, signal fidelity, and clinical translation, and outline future directions for advancing high-performance piezoelectric systems for intelligent cardiovascular diagnostics and connected healthcare.
{"title":"Heartbeat electro-language: Exploring piezoelectric technologies for cardiovascular health monitoring","authors":"Yun Ke , Tong Li , Jun Li , Mingliang Pei , Xinming Wang , Weichang Xie , Shuting Zhuang , Xiaofeng Ye , Zhou Li , Zuankai Wang , Fan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, underscoring the urgent need for advanced technologies capable of continuous, noninvasive, and intelligent monitoring. Piezoelectric sensors, owing to their inherent electromechanical transduction, high sensitivity, and self-powered operation, offer a compelling pathway for next-generation cardiovascular health monitoring. In this review, we summarize recent advances in piezoelectric materials, from zero-to three-dimensional architectures, and their integration into wearable and implantable platforms. Key applications include the assessment of arterial health via pulse wave velocity and vascular stiffness, cuffless blood pressure estimation, and the monitoring of cardiopulmonary functions such as heart rate, respiratory rhythm, and cardiac acoustics. We also highlight emerging strategies such as passive wireless communication enabled by surface acoustic wave principles, and the development of multimodal systems that concurrently capture mechanical, optical, and chemical signals. The convergence of piezoelectric technologies with artificial intelligence and Internet of Things frameworks enables real-time signal processing, remote access, and personalized medical interventions. Finally, we discuss current challenges in material biocompatibility, encapsulation, signal fidelity, and clinical translation, and outline future directions for advancing high-performance piezoelectric systems for intelligent cardiovascular diagnostics and connected healthcare.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100436"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-05-26DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100433
Xiaoyan Yu , Yun Su , Hang Su , Ruizhi Liu , Jingyi Qiu , Xiayu Zhu , Rui Wen , Hao Zhang , Xiaohui Rong , Yong-Sheng Hu , Gaoping Cao
Understanding the mechanisms behind the degradation in cyclic stability of polymer-based all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) at high voltages is important for facilitating their commercial application. Beyond the examination of specific material properties, from the perspectives of thermodynamic and kinetic factors, we find that the operating temperature critically influences the stability of the electrodes, electrolytes and electrode/electrolyte interfaces within the ASSBs. In this study, we constructed polymer-based ASSBs and comprehensively investigated the cyclic stability and changes in failure mechanisms with different operating temperatures at high voltages. Notably, a lower operating temperature enhanced the cyclic stability by suppressing structural collapse of the cathode and decomposition of the electrolytes while inhibiting lithium dendrites growth. The assembled lithium coin cells exhibited a superior capacity retention of 81.8% after 400 cycles at a voltage of 3.0–4.45 V and operating temperature of 40 °C. In addition, both lithium pouch cells and sodium coin cells were prepared and demonstrated excellent performances. This work provides a rational guide for the development of advanced polymer-based ASSBs.
{"title":"Achieving high-voltage polymer-based all-solid-state batteries based on thermodynamic and kinetic degradation insights","authors":"Xiaoyan Yu , Yun Su , Hang Su , Ruizhi Liu , Jingyi Qiu , Xiayu Zhu , Rui Wen , Hao Zhang , Xiaohui Rong , Yong-Sheng Hu , Gaoping Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the mechanisms behind the degradation in cyclic stability of polymer-based all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) at high voltages is important for facilitating their commercial application. Beyond the examination of specific material properties, from the perspectives of thermodynamic and kinetic factors, we find that the operating temperature critically influences the stability of the electrodes, electrolytes and electrode/electrolyte interfaces within the ASSBs. In this study, we constructed polymer-based ASSBs and comprehensively investigated the cyclic stability and changes in failure mechanisms with different operating temperatures at high voltages. Notably, a lower operating temperature enhanced the cyclic stability by suppressing structural collapse of the cathode and decomposition of the electrolytes while inhibiting lithium dendrites growth. The assembled lithium coin cells exhibited a superior capacity retention of 81.8% after 400 cycles at a voltage of 3.0–4.45 V and operating temperature of 40 °C. In addition, both lithium pouch cells and sodium coin cells were prepared and demonstrated excellent performances. This work provides a rational guide for the development of advanced polymer-based ASSBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100433"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-07-18DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100449
Yuheng Li , Ziwei Zheng , Xin Zheng , Xiaoyuan Liu , Yingguo Yang , Yongcheng Zhu , Zaiwei Wang , Xingyu Ren , Mimi Fu , Rui Guo , Jing Guo , Zewen Xiao , Yaoguang Rong , Xiong Li
Stabilizing black-phase formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) is critical for high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). We present a stabilization strategy utilizing co-evaporated cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3) capping layers. Enabled by favorable crystal lattice matching, cubic-phase CsPbI3 spontaneously forms on FAPbI3 surfaces, establishing mutual phase stabilization with the underlying black-phase FAPbI3. When combined with ammonium salt interface modification, the CsPbI3 interlayer effectively suppresses the ion (FA+ and F-PEA+) diffusion between the stacked perovskite layers. The FAPbI3/CsPbI3 bilayer structured devices exhibited a certified record reverse-scanning power-conversion efficiency of 27.17% and maintained a stabilized power output efficiency of 26.62%. Remarkably, the cells retain 93.5% of the initial efficiency after 1500 h damp-heat test, and retaining over 94.2% of its maximum PCE after about 1185 h with a linear extrapolation to a T90 of 2352 h operation under continuous illumination at maximum power point tracking at 85 °C.
{"title":"Mutual stabilization of hybrid and inorganic perovskites for photovoltaics","authors":"Yuheng Li , Ziwei Zheng , Xin Zheng , Xiaoyuan Liu , Yingguo Yang , Yongcheng Zhu , Zaiwei Wang , Xingyu Ren , Mimi Fu , Rui Guo , Jing Guo , Zewen Xiao , Yaoguang Rong , Xiong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stabilizing black-phase formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI<sub>3</sub>) is critical for high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). We present a stabilization strategy utilizing co-evaporated cesium lead iodide (CsPbI<sub>3</sub>) capping layers. Enabled by favorable crystal lattice matching, cubic-phase CsPbI<sub>3</sub> spontaneously forms on FAPbI<sub>3</sub> surfaces, establishing mutual phase stabilization with the underlying black-phase FAPbI<sub>3</sub>. When combined with ammonium salt interface modification, the CsPbI<sub>3</sub> interlayer effectively suppresses the ion (FA<sup>+</sup> and F-PEA<sup>+</sup>) diffusion between the stacked perovskite layers. The FAPbI<sub>3</sub>/CsPbI<sub>3</sub> bilayer structured devices exhibited a certified record reverse-scanning power-conversion efficiency of 27.17% and maintained a stabilized power output efficiency of 26.62%. Remarkably, the cells retain 93.5% of the initial efficiency after 1500 h damp-heat test, and retaining over 94.2% of its maximum PCE after about 1185 h with a linear extrapolation to a <em>T</em><sub>90</sub> of 2352 h operation under continuous illumination at maximum power point tracking at 85 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100449"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-07-03DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100450
Tuo Lu , Nengneng Xu , Benji Zhou , Liyuan Guo , Xiaodan Wen , Shuaifeng Lou , Guicheng Liu , Woochul Yang , Nianjun Yang , Momo Safari , Haitao Huang , Jinli Qiao
Highly electrocatalytic and durable Co-Nx-C frameworks containing carbon nanofibers (CNFs)/carbon nitrides (CNs) are vital materials for rechargeable zinc–air batteries (RZABs). However, the existing Co-Nx-C frameworks experience severe agglomeration during synthesis and limited active site accessibility/mechanical robustness. In this work, a photo-enhanced bifunctional catalyst with a type II p-n heterojunction (g–C3N4–Co@CNT/Co–N4/C@CNF) is achieved through a combined “electrospinning + calcination + ball milling” approach. The composite integrates graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets with dual active Co sites (nanoparticles and Co–N4 single atoms) anchored on conductive carbon nanofibers. This architecture enables efficient charge separation, enhanced light absorption, and accelerated oxygen redox kinetics. DFT calculations reveal that g-C3N4 modulates the electronic structure and lowers the reaction free-energy barriers, leading the d-band center closer to the Fermi level. Under light irradiation, the g–C3N4–Co@CNT/Co–N4/C@CNF exhibits outstanding ORR/OER catalytic performance, with a small overpotential gap of 0.684 V (E1/2 = 0.930 V, Ej:10 = 1.614 V). In practical application: 1) light-enhanced liquid ZABs with g–C3N4–Co@CNT/Co–N4/C@CNF photoactive catalysts manifest a peak power density of 310 mW cm−2 and a long cycle life exceeding 1100 h. 2) Light-enhanced flexible ZABs also can reach a peak power density of 96 mW cm−2 and tolerate a wide range of bending angles (0°–180°–0°) during harsh operation. This work offers a new platform for designing efficient photo-electrocatalysts and advancing next-generation solar–electrochemical energy conversion systems.
{"title":"Photo-electroactive p-n heterojunction catalyst with dual Co sites for high-performance light-enhanced zinc–air batteries","authors":"Tuo Lu , Nengneng Xu , Benji Zhou , Liyuan Guo , Xiaodan Wen , Shuaifeng Lou , Guicheng Liu , Woochul Yang , Nianjun Yang , Momo Safari , Haitao Huang , Jinli Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Highly electrocatalytic and durable Co-Nx-C frameworks containing carbon nanofibers (CNFs)/carbon nitrides (CNs) are vital materials for rechargeable zinc–air batteries (RZABs). However, the existing Co-Nx-C frameworks experience severe agglomeration during synthesis and limited active site accessibility/mechanical robustness. In this work, a photo-enhanced bifunctional catalyst with a type II p-n heterojunction (g–C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>–Co@CNT/Co–N<sub>4</sub>/C@CNF) is achieved through a combined “electrospinning + calcination + ball milling” approach. The composite integrates graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) nanosheets with dual active Co sites (nanoparticles and Co–N<sub>4</sub> single atoms) anchored on conductive carbon nanofibers. This architecture enables efficient charge separation, enhanced light absorption, and accelerated oxygen redox kinetics. DFT calculations reveal that g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> modulates the electronic structure and lowers the reaction free-energy barriers, leading the d-band center closer to the Fermi level. Under light irradiation, the g–C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>–Co@CNT/Co–N<sub>4</sub>/C@CNF exhibits outstanding ORR/OER catalytic performance, with a small overpotential gap of 0.684 V (E<sub>1/2</sub> = 0.930 V, E<sub>j:10</sub> = 1.614 V). In practical application: 1) light-enhanced liquid ZABs with g–C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>–Co@CNT/Co–N<sub>4</sub>/C@CNF photoactive catalysts manifest a peak power density of 310 mW cm<sup>−2</sup> and a long cycle life exceeding 1100 h. 2) Light-enhanced flexible ZABs also can reach a peak power density of 96 mW cm<sup>−2</sup> and tolerate a wide range of bending angles (0°–180°–0°) during harsh operation. This work offers a new platform for designing efficient photo-electrocatalysts and advancing next-generation solar–electrochemical energy conversion systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100450"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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