Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3429273
Alaor Cervati Neto;Alexandre L. M. Levada;Michel Ferreira Cardia Haddad
The t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) consists of a powerful algorithm for visualizing high-dimensional data in a lower dimensional space. It is extensively employed in machine learning (ML) and data analysis, including unsupervised metric learning. In this article, we propose improvements concerning two main aspects of the t-SNE. First, the incorporation of class labels is adopted to increase its suitability for supervised classification. Second, stochastic and geodesic distances are used as dissimilarity measures to avoid the dependence of the standard Euclidean distance, which is particularly sensitive to outliers. Computational experiments with several real-world datasets indicate that the proposed methodological approach is capable of improving classification accuracy compared with established methods. The results indicate a superior performance compared with the regular t-SNE and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and a dependence on fewer parameters in comparison with the state-of-the-art supervised uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) algorithm.
{"title":"Supervised t-SNE for Metric Learning With Stochastic and Geodesic Distances","authors":"Alaor Cervati Neto;Alexandre L. M. Levada;Michel Ferreira Cardia Haddad","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3429273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3429273","url":null,"abstract":"The t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) consists of a powerful algorithm for visualizing high-dimensional data in a lower dimensional space. It is extensively employed in machine learning (ML) and data analysis, including unsupervised metric learning. In this article, we propose improvements concerning two main aspects of the t-SNE. First, the incorporation of class labels is adopted to increase its suitability for supervised classification. Second, stochastic and geodesic distances are used as dissimilarity measures to avoid the dependence of the standard Euclidean distance, which is particularly sensitive to outliers. Computational experiments with several real-world datasets indicate that the proposed methodological approach is capable of improving classification accuracy compared with established methods. The results indicate a superior performance compared with the regular t-SNE and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and a dependence on fewer parameters in comparison with the state-of-the-art supervised uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) algorithm.","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"47 4","pages":"199-205"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10734850","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3409156
Wafaa Anani;Abdelkader Ouda
Abstract-The escalating demand for secure communication in the Internet of Things (IoT), particularly in energy-sensitive devices such as smart meters, highlights a critical challenge: achieving robust security without excessive energy consumption. While various solutions have been proposed to minimize energy use, many fail to address the unique constraints of the IoT devices effectively. This article introduces an innovative approach by proposing a secure, lightweight wireless meter-bus (wM-Bus) protocol, specifically designed for the stringent resource constraints of the IoT environments. By incorporating the noise protocol framework (NPF), our protocol significantly reduces computational and power requirements without compromising security integrity. Through a methodical implementation that spanned five distinct phases, including a comparative analysis with the conventional transport layer security (TLS), our findings are compelling. The NPF, particularly with its NX and XX patterns, dramatically surpasses TLS in performance, extending operational lifetimes to approximately 9 and 7.88 years, respectively, in contrast to the 3.81 years offered by TLS. These results not only demonstrate the superior efficiency of the NPF in the IoT settings but also highlight its potential in striking an optimal balance between security and operational longevity.
{"title":"A Secure Lightweight Wireless M-Bus Protocol for IoT: Leveraging the Noise Protocol Framework","authors":"Wafaa Anani;Abdelkader Ouda","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3409156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3409156","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract-The escalating demand for secure communication in the Internet of Things (IoT), particularly in energy-sensitive devices such as smart meters, highlights a critical challenge: achieving robust security without excessive energy consumption. While various solutions have been proposed to minimize energy use, many fail to address the unique constraints of the IoT devices effectively. This article introduces an innovative approach by proposing a secure, lightweight wireless meter-bus (wM-Bus) protocol, specifically designed for the stringent resource constraints of the IoT environments. By incorporating the noise protocol framework (NPF), our protocol significantly reduces computational and power requirements without compromising security integrity. Through a methodical implementation that spanned five distinct phases, including a comparative analysis with the conventional transport layer security (TLS), our findings are compelling. The NPF, particularly with its NX and XX patterns, dramatically surpasses TLS in performance, extending operational lifetimes to approximately 9 and 7.88 years, respectively, in contrast to the 3.81 years offered by TLS. These results not only demonstrate the superior efficiency of the NPF in the IoT settings but also highlight its potential in striking an optimal balance between security and operational longevity.","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"47 4","pages":"175-186"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs) is recently gaining great attention in the road transport and automotive sectors as an attempt to bring in an emission-free world. EVs are considered a key to future clean transportation systems. However, these vehicles still suffer from limited battery capacity and range anxiety. Therefore, EVs manufacturers are focusing on reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions. In addition, research in the context of intelligent transportation systems embedding information and communication technologies are focusing on the optimization of the energy consumption as a valuable solution to foster the wide diffusion of EVs. In this article, we propose a simulation platform for eco-routing services based on estimating EV energy consumption to provide the most energy-efficient routes for the EV while traveling. We provide an energy map that can be used for eco-routing through a real-time data collection of the EV energy consumption. The energy map was established in the traffic simulator Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) to show the efficiency of the proposed eco-routing strategy compared to the other strategies based on establishing the fastest routes. This map will be exploited as good support, in the future, for advanced research on the EV concept.
{"title":"Energy-Efficient Route Navigation (Eco-Routing) for Electric Vehicles in SUMO","authors":"Insaf Sagaama;Amine Kchiche;Wassim Trojet;Farouk Kamoun","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3425515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3425515","url":null,"abstract":"The diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs) is recently gaining great attention in the road transport and automotive sectors as an attempt to bring in an emission-free world. EVs are considered a key to future clean transportation systems. However, these vehicles still suffer from limited battery capacity and range anxiety. Therefore, EVs manufacturers are focusing on reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions. In addition, research in the context of intelligent transportation systems embedding information and communication technologies are focusing on the optimization of the energy consumption as a valuable solution to foster the wide diffusion of EVs. In this article, we propose a simulation platform for eco-routing services based on estimating EV energy consumption to provide the most energy-efficient routes for the EV while traveling. We provide an energy map that can be used for eco-routing through a real-time data collection of the EV energy consumption. The energy map was established in the traffic simulator Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) to show the efficiency of the proposed eco-routing strategy compared to the other strategies based on establishing the fastest routes. This map will be exploited as good support, in the future, for advanced research on the EV concept.","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"47 4","pages":"187-198"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-23DOI: 10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3451965
Haojie Peng;Weihua Li;Sifan Dai;Ruihai Chen
With recent advances in airborne weapons, modern air combats tend to be accomplished in the beyond-visual-range (BVR) phase. Multiaircraft cooperation is also required to adapt to the complexities of modern air combats. The scale of the traditional rule-based expert system will become incredible in this case. In view of this, a mixed-reward multiagent proximal policy optimization (MRMAPPO) method is proposed in this article that is used to help train cooperative BVR air combat tactics via adversarial self-play. First, a two-on-two BVR air combat simulation platform is established, and the combat game is modeled as a Markov game. Second, centralized training with decentralized execution architecture is established. Multiple actors are involved in the architecture, each corresponding to a policy that generates a specified kind of command, e.g., the maneuvering and firing command. Moreover, in order to accelerate training as well as enhance the stability of the training process, four optimization mechanisms are introduced. The experimental section discusses how the effectiveness of the MRMAPPO is verified with comparative and ablation experiments, along with several air combat tactics that emerge in the training process.
{"title":"Mixed-Reward Multiagent Proximal Policy Optimization Method for Two-on-Two Beyond-Visual-Range Air Combat","authors":"Haojie Peng;Weihua Li;Sifan Dai;Ruihai Chen","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3451965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3451965","url":null,"abstract":"With recent advances in airborne weapons, modern air combats tend to be accomplished in the beyond-visual-range (BVR) phase. Multiaircraft cooperation is also required to adapt to the complexities of modern air combats. The scale of the traditional rule-based expert system will become incredible in this case. In view of this, a mixed-reward multiagent proximal policy optimization (MRMAPPO) method is proposed in this article that is used to help train cooperative BVR air combat tactics via adversarial self-play. First, a two-on-two BVR air combat simulation platform is established, and the combat game is modeled as a Markov game. Second, centralized training with decentralized execution architecture is established. Multiple actors are involved in the architecture, each corresponding to a policy that generates a specified kind of command, e.g., the maneuvering and firing command. Moreover, in order to accelerate training as well as enhance the stability of the training process, four optimization mechanisms are introduced. The experimental section discusses how the effectiveness of the MRMAPPO is verified with comparative and ablation experiments, along with several air combat tactics that emerge in the training process.","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"47 4","pages":"206-217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3446351
{"title":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3446351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3446351","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"47 3","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10680488","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142235692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3396287
Abubakar Hamza;Sharif I. M. Sheikh;Hussein Attia
Tightly packed super-directive antenna arrays with complex excitation functions are of recent interest in space communication. In this article, Schelkunoff polynomials and genetic algorithms (GA) are used to formulate the super-directive array excitation functions. The proposed technique used to calculate the antenna properties considerably reduces solver time compared with professional simulators. A packed linear array with an antenna aperture of $2.85lambda$ and element spacing of $0.3lambda$ (center-to-center) is designed to demonstrate a 66.67% increase in directivity, reduced sidelobes, and improved null accuracy as proof of concept. The calculated antenna responses agree well with the results of a professional simulator (HFSS), where the proposed method requires 90% less calculation time compared with the simulator. The experimental results verify the predicted responses and demonstrate a 5-dB increase in the antenna directivity compared with a conventional array.
{"title":"Efficient Design of Super-Directive Antenna Array Using Schelkunoff Method and Genetic Algorithm","authors":"Abubakar Hamza;Sharif I. M. Sheikh;Hussein Attia","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3396287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3396287","url":null,"abstract":"Tightly packed super-directive antenna arrays with complex excitation functions are of recent interest in space communication. In this article, Schelkunoff polynomials and genetic algorithms (GA) are used to formulate the super-directive array excitation functions. The proposed technique used to calculate the antenna properties considerably reduces solver time compared with professional simulators. A packed linear array with an antenna aperture of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.85lambda$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and element spacing of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.3lambda$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 (center-to-center) is designed to demonstrate a 66.67% increase in directivity, reduced sidelobes, and improved null accuracy as proof of concept. The calculated antenna responses agree well with the results of a professional simulator (HFSS), where the proposed method requires 90% less calculation time compared with the simulator. The experimental results verify the predicted responses and demonstrate a 5-dB increase in the antenna directivity compared with a conventional array.","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"47 4","pages":"168-174"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3439867
Kola Leleedhar Rao
Different cases have been exercised to create real-time feasibility for erecting solar photovoltaic (PV) system on the roofs of the seven sheds being utilized as six workshops (WSs) and one central store (CS) within a higher educational institution. The obtained results are so intensive that for the WS and CS sheds, the average daily normalized production (ADNP) in kWh/kWp/Day is more on the south-facing roofs (4.20) followed by west- (4.06), east- (3.96), and north-facing roofs (3.78). The mean average additional energy (MAAE) of about 11.27% and 2.52% can be generated on south- and west-facing roofs compared to the north- and east-facing roofs, respectively. In comparison to the vertical installation (VI), the average specific production (ASP) in kWh/kWp/Annum is more with the horizontal installation (HI) of PV modules on either side of the exposed roofs for WS (1459.25) and less for CS (1454.5). The total maximum energy that can be generated on the roofs of total seven sheds is about 969 566 kWh/Annum, which may reduce about 824.12 ton of CO2 emissions per annum. It is an appreciable figure and could pave a path for establishing green electricity. The outcomes of the presented study address the energy sustainability challenges of a higher educational institution.
{"title":"Green Electricity Share Enhancement Through Rooftop Solar PV System on Institutional Sheds","authors":"Kola Leleedhar Rao","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3439867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3439867","url":null,"abstract":"Different cases have been exercised to create real-time feasibility for erecting solar photovoltaic (PV) system on the roofs of the seven sheds being utilized as six workshops (WSs) and one central store (CS) within a higher educational institution. The obtained results are so intensive that for the WS and CS sheds, the average daily normalized production (ADNP) in kWh/kWp/Day is more on the south-facing roofs (4.20) followed by west- (4.06), east- (3.96), and north-facing roofs (3.78). The mean average additional energy (MAAE) of about 11.27% and 2.52% can be generated on south- and west-facing roofs compared to the north- and east-facing roofs, respectively. In comparison to the vertical installation (VI), the average specific production (ASP) in kWh/kWp/Annum is more with the horizontal installation (HI) of PV modules on either side of the exposed roofs for WS (1459.25) and less for CS (1454.5). The total maximum energy that can be generated on the roofs of total seven sheds is about 969 566 kWh/Annum, which may reduce about 824.12 ton of CO2 emissions per annum. It is an appreciable figure and could pave a path for establishing green electricity. The outcomes of the presented study address the energy sustainability challenges of a higher educational institution.","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"47 3","pages":"158-167"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3417470
Goturu Sai Abhishek;Satish Kumar Injeti;Deepak Reddy Pullaguram
This article presents the development and application of a microgrid (MG) power system simulator, with an emphasis on AC MG systems. The simulator’s modeling intends to replicate the dynamic behavior MG and interactions of the MG’s various components, including generators, photovoltaic (PV) systems, energy storage units, and loads. The simulator is compatible with both reactive and active power set points from the controller, enabling a comprehensive analysis of the efficacy of the system. The simulation is correlated with direct field testing; this method offers numerous advantages. It provides a safe and cost-effective environment for conducting extensive simulations, thereby avoiding the potential risks and damages associated with conducting experiments in the real world. The flexibility and scalability of the simulator enable researchers to examine a wide variety of operating scenarios, test various control strategies, and assess the impact of system uncertainties. By utilizing the power system simulator’s capabilities, researchers can obtain valuable insights into the behavior of MGs. They are able to evaluate the efficacy of control algorithms in regulating voltage and frequency, managing power flows, and facilitating seamless transitions between grid-connected and isolated modes of operation. In addition, the simulator permits the identification of prospective obstacles and challenges, the evaluation of various control strategies, and the validation of system performance under a variety of operating conditions. The results of simulations run on the power system simulator provide valuable data for optimizing the design and operation of MGs. They contribute to improving the MG systems’ dependability, stability, and resilience. The power system simulator will continue to play a crucial role in the development and deployment of efficient and sustainable MG systems as modeling techniques and simulation capabilities advance.
{"title":"Enhanced Validation of Intelligent Control Algorithms in AC Microgrids","authors":"Goturu Sai Abhishek;Satish Kumar Injeti;Deepak Reddy Pullaguram","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3417470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3417470","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the development and application of a microgrid (MG) power system simulator, with an emphasis on AC MG systems. The simulator’s modeling intends to replicate the dynamic behavior MG and interactions of the MG’s various components, including generators, photovoltaic (PV) systems, energy storage units, and loads. The simulator is compatible with both reactive and active power set points from the controller, enabling a comprehensive analysis of the efficacy of the system. The simulation is correlated with direct field testing; this method offers numerous advantages. It provides a safe and cost-effective environment for conducting extensive simulations, thereby avoiding the potential risks and damages associated with conducting experiments in the real world. The flexibility and scalability of the simulator enable researchers to examine a wide variety of operating scenarios, test various control strategies, and assess the impact of system uncertainties. By utilizing the power system simulator’s capabilities, researchers can obtain valuable insights into the behavior of MGs. They are able to evaluate the efficacy of control algorithms in regulating voltage and frequency, managing power flows, and facilitating seamless transitions between grid-connected and isolated modes of operation. In addition, the simulator permits the identification of prospective obstacles and challenges, the evaluation of various control strategies, and the validation of system performance under a variety of operating conditions. The results of simulations run on the power system simulator provide valuable data for optimizing the design and operation of MGs. They contribute to improving the MG systems’ dependability, stability, and resilience. The power system simulator will continue to play a crucial role in the development and deployment of efficient and sustainable MG systems as modeling techniques and simulation capabilities advance.","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"47 3","pages":"148-157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3400048
G. Mariammal;A. Suruliandi;Z. Stamenkovic;S. P. Raja
Research in agriculture is a promising field, and crop prediction for particular land areas is especially critical to agriculture. Such prediction depends on the soil, minerals, and environment, the last of which has been short-changed by changing climatic conditions. Consequently, crop prediction for a particular zone presents difficulties for farmers. This is where machine learning (ML) steps in with techniques that are widely applied in agriculture. This work proposes a weighted stacked ensemble (WSE) method for the crop prediction process. It combines two base learners or classifiers to construct the WSE, which is a single predictive ensemble model, using weighted instances. The experimental outcomes show that the proposed WSE outperforms other classification and ensemble techniques in terms of improved crop prediction accuracy.
{"title":"A Novel Ensemble Machine Learning Algorithm for Predicting the Suitable Crop to Cultivate Based on Soil and Environment Characteristics","authors":"G. Mariammal;A. Suruliandi;Z. Stamenkovic;S. P. Raja","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3400048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3400048","url":null,"abstract":"Research in agriculture is a promising field, and crop prediction for particular land areas is especially critical to agriculture. Such prediction depends on the soil, minerals, and environment, the last of which has been short-changed by changing climatic conditions. Consequently, crop prediction for a particular zone presents difficulties for farmers. This is where machine learning (ML) steps in with techniques that are widely applied in agriculture. This work proposes a weighted stacked ensemble (WSE) method for the crop prediction process. It combines two base learners or classifiers to construct the WSE, which is a single predictive ensemble model, using weighted instances. The experimental outcomes show that the proposed WSE outperforms other classification and ensemble techniques in terms of improved crop prediction accuracy.","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"47 3","pages":"127-135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142013341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents a novel approach for solving the economic dispatch (ED) problem in groups of generating units communicating through a communication network. The suggested strategy is a consensus-based dynamic event-triggered (ET) distributed optimization method. Our methodology considers the sharing of the local information between generators and their convex cost functions to address the total cost function and offers a decentralized optimization solution over a network. The proposed distributed method addresses the ED problem by considering the criterion of optimal cost and by offering efficient communication. Generating units are grouped according to their generation operational limits, that is, total capacity and dynamic ET distributed protocols are developed to ensure the consensus of cost variables among generating units, operating under normal capacity conditions. The remaining generating agents work on their operating limits, which are segregated through the sharing of flag information through a switching mechanism. Consequently, in contrast to the existing methods, the recommended protocol allows nodes to function in groups, based on the power supply, for ED with geographical clustering and capacity restrictions, in addition to handling the system constraints. Furthermore, the proposed technique employs a dynamic triggering method to manage bandwidth and guarantee the elimination of Zeno behavior. The simulation results validate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
本研究提出了一种解决通过通信网络通信的发电机组经济调度（ED）问题的新方法。所建议的策略是一种基于共识的动态事件触发（ET）分布式优化方法。我们的方法考虑了发电机之间的局部信息共享及其凸成本函数，以解决总成本函数问题，并通过网络提供分散优化解决方案。建议的分布式方法通过考虑最优成本标准和提供高效通信来解决 ED 问题。根据发电运行限制（即总容量）对发电机组进行分组，并制定动态 ET 分布式协议，以确保在正常容量条件下运行的发电机组之间就成本变量达成共识。其余发电代理则根据其运行极限工作，通过切换机制共享标志信息将其隔离。因此，与现有方法不同的是，建议的协议允许节点根据电力供应情况分组运行，以应对 ED 的地理集群和容量限制，此外还能处理系统约束。此外，建议的技术还采用了动态触发方法来管理带宽，并保证消除 Zeno 行为。仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。
{"title":"Consensus and Clustering Approach for Dynamic Event-Triggered Distributed Optimization of Power System Networks With Saturation Constraint Approche de consensus et de regroupement pour","authors":"Ijaz Ahmed;Muhammad Rehan;Abdul Basit;Fahad Saleh Al-Ismail;Muhammad Khalid","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3402961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3402961","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a novel approach for solving the economic dispatch (ED) problem in groups of generating units communicating through a communication network. The suggested strategy is a consensus-based dynamic event-triggered (ET) distributed optimization method. Our methodology considers the sharing of the local information between generators and their convex cost functions to address the total cost function and offers a decentralized optimization solution over a network. The proposed distributed method addresses the ED problem by considering the criterion of optimal cost and by offering efficient communication. Generating units are grouped according to their generation operational limits, that is, total capacity and dynamic ET distributed protocols are developed to ensure the consensus of cost variables among generating units, operating under normal capacity conditions. The remaining generating agents work on their operating limits, which are segregated through the sharing of flag information through a switching mechanism. Consequently, in contrast to the existing methods, the recommended protocol allows nodes to function in groups, based on the power supply, for ED with geographical clustering and capacity restrictions, in addition to handling the system constraints. Furthermore, the proposed technique employs a dynamic triggering method to manage bandwidth and guarantee the elimination of Zeno behavior. The simulation results validate the efficacy of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"47 3","pages":"136-147"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142013420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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