Pub Date : 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3601732
Abdur Rehman;Jungmoon Kang;Gilsu Choi
For aircraft propulsion motors, the torque and power density requirements are highly demanding and beyond what is currently achievable. This article intends to thoroughly examine the feasibility of a surface PM vernier machine (SPMVM) for electrical vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) applications, where very high specific torque (torque per mass) is required. It was shown that, in contrast to conventional PM machines, the performance of SPMVM is quite sensitive to certain design parameters, including stator slot geometry and PM dimensions. The implications of various design characteristics of SPMVM are discussed, which ultimately guides the necessary design philosophy in order to attain higher specific torque levels as well as improved power factor. The achievable specific torque, efficiency, and power factor were also shown to vary with the choice of the slot–pole combination. Following the outlined design guidelines, two DD SPMVMs featuring distinct slot–pole combinations have been designed, together with a conventional PM machine serving as a reference model, all rated at 204 kW at 1300 r/min. A comprehensive comparison of the electromagnetic performance between the designed SPMVMs and the reference model is presented. The designed SPMVMs can attain a specific torque of approximately 50 Nm/kg, nearly double the specific torque obtainable from a conventional PM machine. To further assess the feasibility of the designed SPMVMs, a thermal analysis of the designed machines is also conducted.
{"title":"Design and Evaluation of PM Vernier Machine for Urban Air Mobility Propulsion Applications","authors":"Abdur Rehman;Jungmoon Kang;Gilsu Choi","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3601732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3601732","url":null,"abstract":"For aircraft propulsion motors, the torque and power density requirements are highly demanding and beyond what is currently achievable. This article intends to thoroughly examine the feasibility of a surface PM vernier machine (SPMVM) for electrical vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) applications, where very high specific torque (torque per mass) is required. It was shown that, in contrast to conventional PM machines, the performance of SPMVM is quite sensitive to certain design parameters, including stator slot geometry and PM dimensions. The implications of various design characteristics of SPMVM are discussed, which ultimately guides the necessary design philosophy in order to attain higher specific torque levels as well as improved power factor. The achievable specific torque, efficiency, and power factor were also shown to vary with the choice of the slot–pole combination. Following the outlined design guidelines, two DD SPMVMs featuring distinct slot–pole combinations have been designed, together with a conventional PM machine serving as a reference model, all rated at 204 kW at 1300 r/min. A comprehensive comparison of the electromagnetic performance between the designed SPMVMs and the reference model is presented. The designed SPMVMs can attain a specific torque of approximately 50 Nm/kg, nearly double the specific torque obtainable from a conventional PM machine. To further assess the feasibility of the designed SPMVMs, a thermal analysis of the designed machines is also conducted.","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"48 4","pages":"359-369"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-15DOI: 10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3579286
{"title":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3579286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3579286","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"48 3","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11165052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145061882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3595916
V. Bharathi;Krishnamurthy Ramanujam;Parthasarathy Ramanujam
In this article, a reconfigurable Fabry–Perot resonator antenna with a microstrip feed is proposed for X-band applications. The proposed radiator comprises a slotted circular patch with a single layer of a partially reflective surface (PRS). This PRS is positioned on top of the radiator at a distance of 9 mm. This arrangement exhibits a wide operating bandwidth from 8 to 12.4 GHz with electrical dimensions of ${2.34} ,lambda _{g} times {2.34} , lambda _{g} times {0.23} ,lambda _{g}$ , where $lambda _{g}$ the guided wavelength is calculated at the center frequency of 10.2 GHz. The proposed antenna has an average gain of 7.01 dBi and covers an impedance bandwidth of 40% relative to the center frequency of 10.2 GHz. Moreover, it has the distinctive feature of frequency tuning from a wideband to a narrowband by filling different dielectric materials in the slots etched on the substrate. Distilled water, vinegar, salt, and dry wood powder are used in the slots that tune the band from 7.9 to 8.4, 8.5 to 10.5, 10 to 10.5, and 10.15 to 10.7 GHz, respectively. Thus, the frequency tunability of the proposed radiator makes it highly adaptable for various X-band applications. With precise frequency tuning capability, the antenna can mitigate interference in point-to-point telecom systems, enhancing the target detection in weather radar for small aircraft, and improving the sensitivity and range in radar motion detectors.
{"title":"Dielectric Loaded Frequency Tunable Fabry–Perot Resonator Antenna With PRS for X-Band Applications","authors":"V. Bharathi;Krishnamurthy Ramanujam;Parthasarathy Ramanujam","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3595916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3595916","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a reconfigurable Fabry–Perot resonator antenna with a microstrip feed is proposed for X-band applications. The proposed radiator comprises a slotted circular patch with a single layer of a partially reflective surface (PRS). This PRS is positioned on top of the radiator at a distance of 9 mm. This arrangement exhibits a wide operating bandwidth from 8 to 12.4 GHz with electrical dimensions of <inline-formula> <tex-math>${2.34} ,lambda _{g} times {2.34} , lambda _{g} times {0.23} ,lambda _{g}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda _{g}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> the guided wavelength is calculated at the center frequency of 10.2 GHz. The proposed antenna has an average gain of 7.01 dBi and covers an impedance bandwidth of 40% relative to the center frequency of 10.2 GHz. Moreover, it has the distinctive feature of frequency tuning from a wideband to a narrowband by filling different dielectric materials in the slots etched on the substrate. Distilled water, vinegar, salt, and dry wood powder are used in the slots that tune the band from 7.9 to 8.4, 8.5 to 10.5, 10 to 10.5, and 10.15 to 10.7 GHz, respectively. Thus, the frequency tunability of the proposed radiator makes it highly adaptable for various X-band applications. With precise frequency tuning capability, the antenna can mitigate interference in point-to-point telecom systems, enhancing the target detection in weather radar for small aircraft, and improving the sensitivity and range in radar motion detectors.","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"48 4","pages":"340-347"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-09DOI: 10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3596828
Budhadeb Maity;Sisir Kumar Nayak
In this article, a novel compact ultrawideband (UWB) circularly polarized (CP) inverted L-shaped-hook monopole (ILSHM) antenna is presented. The proposed ILSHM antenna incorporates a defective ground loop plane with two rectangular slits introduced to the primary radiator. These modifications play a crucial role in controlling current distribution and widening both the impedance bandwidth (IBW) and axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW). The measured UWB IBW is from 2.243 to 20.653 GHz (160.82%), while the ARBW is less than 3 dB from 3.216 to 18.985 GHz (143.45%). As a result, a minimum bandwidth ratio (BR) $text {BR}|_{(10/3)text {dB}}$ of $approx ~1.121$ is achieved, ensuring nearly stable performance with minimal variation across different bandwidths. Furthermore, machine learning (ML) techniques, such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), are employed to predict the optimal design parameters of the proposed antenna. This approach automates and optimizes the design process, enhancing both adaptability and reliability. The ANN model is trained to identify the best parameter set for optimizing IBW and ARBW, streamlining the process of achieving high-performance characteristics. This novel approach to the UWB CP ILSHM antenna features a simple, compact design, minimum BR, and nearly stable radiation patterns and is highly suitable for UWB wireless applications.
{"title":"Characterization and Performance Measurement of Minimum Bandwidth Ratio UWB CP Antenna Using Machine Learning","authors":"Budhadeb Maity;Sisir Kumar Nayak","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3596828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3596828","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a novel compact ultrawideband (UWB) circularly polarized (CP) inverted L-shaped-hook monopole (ILSHM) antenna is presented. The proposed ILSHM antenna incorporates a defective ground loop plane with two rectangular slits introduced to the primary radiator. These modifications play a crucial role in controlling current distribution and widening both the impedance bandwidth (IBW) and axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW). The measured UWB IBW is from 2.243 to 20.653 GHz (160.82%), while the ARBW is less than 3 dB from 3.216 to 18.985 GHz (143.45%). As a result, a minimum bandwidth ratio (BR) <inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {BR}|_{(10/3)text {dB}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$approx ~1.121$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is achieved, ensuring nearly stable performance with minimal variation across different bandwidths. Furthermore, machine learning (ML) techniques, such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), are employed to predict the optimal design parameters of the proposed antenna. This approach automates and optimizes the design process, enhancing both adaptability and reliability. The ANN model is trained to identify the best parameter set for optimizing IBW and ARBW, streamlining the process of achieving high-performance characteristics. This novel approach to the UWB CP ILSHM antenna features a simple, compact design, minimum BR, and nearly stable radiation patterns and is highly suitable for UWB wireless applications.","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"48 4","pages":"348-358"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3591784
Rashad Abul Khayr;Muhammad Zakiyullah Romdlony;Eka Rakhman Priandana;Irwan Purnama
Constant current–constant voltage (CCCV) is the commonly used charging method today. Although this method can charge a battery quickly, it neglects the battery’s safety. To combat this problem, many charging methods were proposed. One of them is the combination of multistage constant current–constant voltage (MCCCV) with particle swarm optimization (PSO). This method effectively reduces battery capacity loss by shortening the duration of battery charging at high temperatures. Despite the decrease, battery temperature was greater than with the conventional charging method, which could also lead to greater capacity loss if the battery was placed in a hotter place. To enhance battery capacity maintenance, we have proposed an improvement to the adaptive MCCCV method, utilizing multiagent particle swarm optimization (MAPSO) and an adaptive observer to regulate battery temperature and maintain battery capacity. When compared to conventional charging methods, the adaptive MCCCV with MAPSO manages to reduce battery capacity loss while maintaining a similar charging time and current.
{"title":"Battery Charging Optimization Using Adaptive Multistage Constant Current–Constant Voltage Method With Multiagent Particle Swarm Optimization","authors":"Rashad Abul Khayr;Muhammad Zakiyullah Romdlony;Eka Rakhman Priandana;Irwan Purnama","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3591784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3591784","url":null,"abstract":"Constant current–constant voltage (CCCV) is the commonly used charging method today. Although this method can charge a battery quickly, it neglects the battery’s safety. To combat this problem, many charging methods were proposed. One of them is the combination of multistage constant current–constant voltage (MCCCV) with particle swarm optimization (PSO). This method effectively reduces battery capacity loss by shortening the duration of battery charging at high temperatures. Despite the decrease, battery temperature was greater than with the conventional charging method, which could also lead to greater capacity loss if the battery was placed in a hotter place. To enhance battery capacity maintenance, we have proposed an improvement to the adaptive MCCCV method, utilizing multiagent particle swarm optimization (MAPSO) and an adaptive observer to regulate battery temperature and maintain battery capacity. When compared to conventional charging methods, the adaptive MCCCV with MAPSO manages to reduce battery capacity loss while maintaining a similar charging time and current.","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"48 4","pages":"333-339"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145028003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3589109
Mingqiu Du;Zhe Xu
This study introduces an innovative, terrain-aware optimization framework for wireless communication networks with three key advances. Departing from prior 2-D map-based approaches, our method explicitly evaluates 3-D terrain effects by incorporating high-resolution elevation data into Fresnel zone clearance calculations for both 900-MHz and 2.4-GHz transmissions, enabling precise link feasibility assessment. The process begins with terrain-constrained link evaluations to generate a visibility matrix, followed by integrating link constraints and bandwidth requirements into an enhanced density peak clustering (DPC) algorithm. In contrast to heuristic clustering techniques that empirically adjust hyperparameters, we derive the critical cutoff distance through rigorous analysis of free-space path loss and link budget constraints (accounting for transmit power, antenna gains, and receiver sensitivity), ensuring physically interpretable cluster formation. This optimized DPC approach identifies communication center locations tailored to 3-D terrain complexities and demand conditions. Next, the proposed optimization framework jointly considers terrain-aware connectivity validation, distance minimization for cluster-member associations, and load-balancing constraints on central points—all governed by verified physical propagation models. After determining center placements, a redundancy-aware optimization assigns noncenter points to minimize transmission delays while distributing traffic efficiently. Experimental results on real-world terrains demonstrate significant network reliability and efficiency improvements, particularly for emergency management and advanced communication deployments.
{"title":"3-D Terrain Clustering for Line-of-Sight Network Configuration in Emergency Communication","authors":"Mingqiu Du;Zhe Xu","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3589109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3589109","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces an innovative, terrain-aware optimization framework for wireless communication networks with three key advances. Departing from prior 2-D map-based approaches, our method explicitly evaluates 3-D terrain effects by incorporating high-resolution elevation data into Fresnel zone clearance calculations for both 900-MHz and 2.4-GHz transmissions, enabling precise link feasibility assessment. The process begins with terrain-constrained link evaluations to generate a visibility matrix, followed by integrating link constraints and bandwidth requirements into an enhanced density peak clustering (DPC) algorithm. In contrast to heuristic clustering techniques that empirically adjust hyperparameters, we derive the critical cutoff distance through rigorous analysis of free-space path loss and link budget constraints (accounting for transmit power, antenna gains, and receiver sensitivity), ensuring physically interpretable cluster formation. This optimized DPC approach identifies communication center locations tailored to 3-D terrain complexities and demand conditions. Next, the proposed optimization framework jointly considers terrain-aware connectivity validation, distance minimization for cluster-member associations, and load-balancing constraints on central points—all governed by verified physical propagation models. After determining center placements, a redundancy-aware optimization assigns noncenter points to minimize transmission delays while distributing traffic efficiently. Experimental results on real-world terrains demonstrate significant network reliability and efficiency improvements, particularly for emergency management and advanced communication deployments.","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"48 4","pages":"305-312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3592219
A. Arunraja;K. Suresh;E. Parimalasundar;B. Perumal
The rapid response capabilities of high-conducting electromagnetic energy storage (HEES) devices are advantageous for mitigating sudden fluctuations in voltage and power. However, the cost of HEES coils significantly exceeds that of traditional battery energy storage solutions. To enhance the efficiency of energy use and diminish the costs associated with energy storage across multiline power distribution systems, this study presents an innovative approach involving an interline dc flexible voltage restorer (IFVR) configuration. This approach utilizes a single HEES coil connected to several compensating circuits. The innovation introduces a current–voltage (V–I) chopper assembly with multiple input/output power connections, enabling the connection of one HEES coil to various power lines. This setup ensures the independent management of energy exchanges for any compensated line. Importantly, when multiple power lines require compensation simultaneously, the HEES coil can be selectively activated to prioritize compensation based on the designated order of importance of the lines. The practicality of this method is confirmed through technical verification, demonstrating its ability to sustain transient voltage stability during voltage increases and decreases on multiple lines. These scenarios may arise from fluctuations in output voltage from power external supplies or variations in load demand from locally connected loads.
{"title":"HEES-Based IFVR for Energy-Saving Application Using DC–DC Converter","authors":"A. Arunraja;K. Suresh;E. Parimalasundar;B. Perumal","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3592219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3592219","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid response capabilities of high-conducting electromagnetic energy storage (HEES) devices are advantageous for mitigating sudden fluctuations in voltage and power. However, the cost of HEES coils significantly exceeds that of traditional battery energy storage solutions. To enhance the efficiency of energy use and diminish the costs associated with energy storage across multiline power distribution systems, this study presents an innovative approach involving an interline dc flexible voltage restorer (IFVR) configuration. This approach utilizes a single HEES coil connected to several compensating circuits. The innovation introduces a current–voltage (V–I) chopper assembly with multiple input/output power connections, enabling the connection of one HEES coil to various power lines. This setup ensures the independent management of energy exchanges for any compensated line. Importantly, when multiple power lines require compensation simultaneously, the HEES coil can be selectively activated to prioritize compensation based on the designated order of importance of the lines. The practicality of this method is confirmed through technical verification, demonstrating its ability to sustain transient voltage stability during voltage increases and decreases on multiple lines. These scenarios may arise from fluctuations in output voltage from power external supplies or variations in load demand from locally connected loads.","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"48 4","pages":"325-332"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid generation and utilization of text data, driven by the proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) and large language models, has intensified the need for efficient lossless text compression. To address this, we introduce HEES23, a novel lossless compression algorithm specifically designed for English text. HEES23 employs a unique suffix coding scheme incorporating new symbol representations and a fixed, language-optimized table to maximize compression efficiency. Additionally, the adaptive entropy reduction techniques combined with block sorting expose significant empirical entropy and redundancy in raw textual data. A key feature of HEES23 is its recursive mapping mechanism for index encoding and symbol extraction, which iteratively reduces redundancy while preserving data integrity. The algorithm has been experimentally applied to diverse human-generated text datasets and benchmarked against established standards. Results show that HEES23 achieves an average compression ratio exceeding 30% for data sizes as small as 0.1 kB, outperforming methods, such as Deflate, Brotli, LZ77, and bZIP2, which either result in negative compression or offer limited efficiency of around 10%. Furthermore, HEES23 maintains strong performance, achieving compression rates between 53% and 64% on larger and more complex datasets, underscoring its effectiveness for IoT applications requiring long-range, low-bandwidth communication.
{"title":"A New Text Compression Algorithm Based on Index Permutation and Suffix Coding","authors":"Emre Erkan;Erdoğan Aldemir;Şehmus Fidan;Hidayet Oğraş","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3587644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3587644","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid generation and utilization of text data, driven by the proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) and large language models, has intensified the need for efficient lossless text compression. To address this, we introduce HEES23, a novel lossless compression algorithm specifically designed for English text. HEES23 employs a unique suffix coding scheme incorporating new symbol representations and a fixed, language-optimized table to maximize compression efficiency. Additionally, the adaptive entropy reduction techniques combined with block sorting expose significant empirical entropy and redundancy in raw textual data. A key feature of HEES23 is its recursive mapping mechanism for index encoding and symbol extraction, which iteratively reduces redundancy while preserving data integrity. The algorithm has been experimentally applied to diverse human-generated text datasets and benchmarked against established standards. Results show that HEES23 achieves an average compression ratio exceeding 30% for data sizes as small as 0.1 kB, outperforming methods, such as Deflate, Brotli, LZ77, and bZIP2, which either result in negative compression or offer limited efficiency of around 10%. Furthermore, HEES23 maintains strong performance, achieving compression rates between 53% and 64% on larger and more complex datasets, underscoring its effectiveness for IoT applications requiring long-range, low-bandwidth communication.","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"48 3","pages":"268-280"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-08DOI: 10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3589317
Majid Ahmadi;Jayanthi Raghavan
The primary goal of face super-resolution (FSR) is to improve the accuracy of individual identification by enhancing low-resolution (LR) face images to produce high-resolution (HR) images. However, restoring high-frequency components is challenging due to the inherent loss of detail in LR images. We propose a novel FSR approach that leverages edge and spatial attention mechanisms to address this. Edge attention focuses on preserving and enhancing edges, which are crucial for maintaining the structural integrity of facial features. Spatial attention highlights and refines important regions within the image, ensuring accurate reconstruction of facial features and improving overall image quality. Our experiments demonstrate that combining edge and spatial attention mechanisms yields superior performance compared to using either mechanism alone. The histogram of oriented gradients (HOGs) is employed to extract edge information, as it captures both edge orientation and overall structure, thus improving sharpness and detail preservation in upscaled images. We extensively trained our model on the CelebA dataset and tested it on the CMU-Multi PIE dataset. The spatial-edge residual attention model consistently produces competitive performance compared to state-of-the-art methods, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Our approach highlights the effectiveness of integrating edge and spatial attention mechanisms for FSR, paving the way for more accurate and visually appealing FSR techniques. Résumé—L’objectif principal de la super-résolution des visages (FSR) est d’améliorer la précision de l’identification individuelle en améliorant les images de visages à basse résolution (LR) afin de produire des images à haute résolution (HR). Cependant, la restauration des composants à haute fréquence est difficile en raison de la perte inhérente de détails dans les images LR. Nous proposons une nouvelle approche FSR qui exploite les mécanismes d’attention spatiale et sur les contours pour remédier à ce problème. L’attention sur les contours se concentre sur la préservation et l’amélioration des contours, qui sont essentiels pour maintenir l’intégrité structurelle des traits du visage. L’attention spatiale met en évidence et affine les zones importantes de l’image, garantissant une reconstruction précise des traits du visage et améliorant la qualité globale de l’image. Nos expériences démontrent que la combinaison des mécanismes d’attention spatiale et sur les contours offre des performances supérieures à celles obtenues en utilisant l’un ou l’autre de ces mécanismes seul. L’histogramme des gradients orientés (HOG) est utilisé pour extraire les informations sur les contours, car il capture à la fois l’orientation des contours et la structure globale, améliorant ainsi la netteté et la préservation des détails dans les images agrandies. Nous avons largement entraîné notre modèle sur l’ensemble de données CelebA et l’avons testé sur l’ensemble de données CMU-Multi PIE. L
人脸超分辨率（FSR）的主要目标是通过将低分辨率人脸图像增强为高分辨率人脸图像来提高个体识别的准确性。然而，由于LR图像中固有的细节损失，恢复高频成分是具有挑战性的。我们提出了一种新的FSR方法，利用边缘和空间注意机制来解决这个问题。边缘关注的重点是保持和增强边缘，这对于保持面部特征的结构完整性至关重要。空间注意力突出和细化图像内的重要区域，确保面部特征的准确重建，提高整体图像质量。我们的实验表明，与单独使用任何一种机制相比，边缘和空间注意机制的结合产生了更好的性能。利用方向梯度直方图（hog）提取边缘信息，既能捕捉边缘的方向，又能捕捉边缘的整体结构，从而提高了图像的清晰度和细节保留度。我们在CelebA数据集上广泛训练了我们的模型，并在CMU-Multi PIE数据集上对其进行了测试。与最先进的方法相比，空间边缘剩余注意模型在定性和定量上都始终产生有竞争力的表现。我们的方法强调了FSR边缘和空间注意机制整合的有效性，为更准确和更具视觉吸引力的FSR技术铺平了道路。Resume-L目的是主要de la超分辨率des的面孔(FSR) est d改进精度de l 'identification individuelle en改良物莱斯德的面孔图像可以依赖的决议(LR) afin de produire des图像高级决议(人力资源)。因此，餐厅的组成部分无法完成所有的调色任务，因为在调色任务中，调色任务无法完成，调色任务无法完成。Nous提出了一种新的FSR方法，该方法充分利用了不需要注意的空间和轮廓，从而解决了不需要注意的空间和轮廓问题。L 'attention sur les contours se concentre sur la prationation et L ' amsamliation des contours，基本要素为维持L ' imsamrigrit结构特征的面部特征。L 'attention spatiale met en samicence et affine les zones importantes de L 'image, garantisant one reconstruction . samicise des traits du age et samicliant la qualit globale de L 'image。没有任何经验，没有任何经验，没有任何经验，没有任何经验，没有任何经验，没有任何经验，没有任何经验，没有任何经验，没有任何经验，没有任何经验，没有经验，没有任何经验，没有经验，没有经验，没有经验，没有经验，没有经验，没有经验，没有经验，没有经验，没有经验，没有经验，没有经验，没有经验，没有经验，没有经验。基于栅格的梯度直方图（HOG）可以捕获基于栅格的梯度直方图，可以捕获基于栅格的梯度直方图，可以捕获基于栅格的栅格直方图，可以捕获基于栅格的栅格直方图，可以捕获基于栅格的栅格直方图，可以捕获基于栅格的栅格直方图。Nous avons large entratra - Nous avons large entratra - mod sur l 'ensemble de donnsames CelebA和l 'avons test sur l 'ensemble de donnsames CMU-Multi PIE。注意：空间-轮廓-产品系统：空间-轮廓-产品系统：空间-轮廓-产品系统：空间-轮廓-产品系统：性能；我们的方法满足了我们的效率，我们的方法满足了我们的目标，我们的方法满足了我们的目标，我们的方法满足了我们的目标，我们的方法满足了我们的目标，我们的方法满足了我们的目标，我们的方法满足了我们的目标，我们的方法满足了我们的目标。
{"title":"Novel Spatial-Edge Residual Attention Model for Face Super-Resolution Enhancement Nouveau modèle d’attention résiduelle spatiale et sur les contours pour l’amélioration de la super-résolution des visages","authors":"Majid Ahmadi;Jayanthi Raghavan","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3589317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3589317","url":null,"abstract":"The primary goal of face super-resolution (FSR) is to improve the accuracy of individual identification by enhancing low-resolution (LR) face images to produce high-resolution (HR) images. However, restoring high-frequency components is challenging due to the inherent loss of detail in LR images. We propose a novel FSR approach that leverages edge and spatial attention mechanisms to address this. Edge attention focuses on preserving and enhancing edges, which are crucial for maintaining the structural integrity of facial features. Spatial attention highlights and refines important regions within the image, ensuring accurate reconstruction of facial features and improving overall image quality. Our experiments demonstrate that combining edge and spatial attention mechanisms yields superior performance compared to using either mechanism alone. The histogram of oriented gradients (HOGs) is employed to extract edge information, as it captures both edge orientation and overall structure, thus improving sharpness and detail preservation in upscaled images. We extensively trained our model on the CelebA dataset and tested it on the CMU-Multi PIE dataset. The spatial-edge residual attention model consistently produces competitive performance compared to state-of-the-art methods, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Our approach highlights the effectiveness of integrating edge and spatial attention mechanisms for FSR, paving the way for more accurate and visually appealing FSR techniques. Résumé—L’objectif principal de la super-résolution des visages (FSR) est d’améliorer la précision de l’identification individuelle en améliorant les images de visages à basse résolution (LR) afin de produire des images à haute résolution (HR). Cependant, la restauration des composants à haute fréquence est difficile en raison de la perte inhérente de détails dans les images LR. Nous proposons une nouvelle approche FSR qui exploite les mécanismes d’attention spatiale et sur les contours pour remédier à ce problème. L’attention sur les contours se concentre sur la préservation et l’amélioration des contours, qui sont essentiels pour maintenir l’intégrité structurelle des traits du visage. L’attention spatiale met en évidence et affine les zones importantes de l’image, garantissant une reconstruction précise des traits du visage et améliorant la qualité globale de l’image. Nos expériences démontrent que la combinaison des mécanismes d’attention spatiale et sur les contours offre des performances supérieures à celles obtenues en utilisant l’un ou l’autre de ces mécanismes seul. L’histogramme des gradients orientés (HOG) est utilisé pour extraire les informations sur les contours, car il capture à la fois l’orientation des contours et la structure globale, améliorant ainsi la netteté et la préservation des détails dans les images agrandies. Nous avons largement entraîné notre modèle sur l’ensemble de données CelebA et l’avons testé sur l’ensemble de données CMU-Multi PIE. L","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"48 3","pages":"294-304"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To ensure the desired higher voltage conversion ratio (VCR) from fuel cell stacks, nonisolated high-gain dc–dc converters play a crucial role in electric vehicles (EVs). High-gain converters are essential because EVs often require a wide range of higher voltage levels to meet the demand for the dc bus, which drives the traction motor and other modules in a vehicle. To mitigate the use of extreme duty ratios in conventional high-gain converters, a triple-switch, switched-inductor, switched-capacitor (SC) dc–dc converter is proposed. This converter integrates an additional auxiliary switch, a simple resonant cell, and a voltage multiplier cell (VMC). These integrations provide the desired VCR while all switches operate at a nominal duty ratio, ensuring improved efficiency and minimizing switching losses by maintaining soft-switching ability. Furthermore, the proposed converter facilitates zero current switching (ZCS) turn-on operation for all switches through the utilization of an auxiliary inductor, an auxiliary capacitor, and two diodes. The operation of the proposed converter is analyzed in continuous current mode, steady-state gain, and efficiency analysis are discussed in detail. The proposed converter is compared with the existing converters and a 200 W laboratory prototype is developed to validate the theoretical analysis or to prove the effectiveness of the converter.
{"title":"Improved Nonisolated High-Gain Transformerless DC–DC Converter for Electric Vehicle Applications","authors":"Veera Venkata Subrahmanya Kumar Bhajana;Pravat Biswal;Atif Iqbal;Pavel Drabek","doi":"10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3582062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICJECE.2025.3582062","url":null,"abstract":"To ensure the desired higher voltage conversion ratio (VCR) from fuel cell stacks, nonisolated high-gain dc–dc converters play a crucial role in electric vehicles (EVs). High-gain converters are essential because EVs often require a wide range of higher voltage levels to meet the demand for the dc bus, which drives the traction motor and other modules in a vehicle. To mitigate the use of extreme duty ratios in conventional high-gain converters, a triple-switch, switched-inductor, switched-capacitor (SC) dc–dc converter is proposed. This converter integrates an additional auxiliary switch, a simple resonant cell, and a voltage multiplier cell (VMC). These integrations provide the desired VCR while all switches operate at a nominal duty ratio, ensuring improved efficiency and minimizing switching losses by maintaining soft-switching ability. Furthermore, the proposed converter facilitates zero current switching (ZCS) turn-on operation for all switches through the utilization of an auxiliary inductor, an auxiliary capacitor, and two diodes. The operation of the proposed converter is analyzed in continuous current mode, steady-state gain, and efficiency analysis are discussed in detail. The proposed converter is compared with the existing converters and a 200 W laboratory prototype is developed to validate the theoretical analysis or to prove the effectiveness of the converter.","PeriodicalId":100619,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","volume":"48 3","pages":"256-267"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144705198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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