Zong Li;Bin Cao;Zhonghao Zhang;Liming Wang;Zhong Lin Wang
Raindrops contain abundant renewable energy including both kinetic energy and electrostatic energy, and how to effectively harvest it becomes a hot research topic. Recently, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) using liquid-solid contact electrification has been demonstrated for achieving an ultra-high instantaneous power output. However, when harvesting the energy from the dense raindrops instead of a single droplet, a more rational structure to eliminate the mutual influence of individual generation units is needed for maximize the output. In this work, a “solar panel-like” bridge array generators (BAGs) is proposed. By adopting array lower electrodes (ALE) and bridge reflux structure (BRS), BAGs could minimize the sharp drop in the peak power output for large-scale energy harvesting devices. When the area of the raindrop energy harvesting device is 15 × 15 cm 2 , the peak power output of BAGs reached 200 W/m 2 , which is remarkable for paving a potential industrial approach for effective harvesting raindrop energy at a large scale.
{"title":"Rational TENG arrays as a panel for harvesting large-scale raindrop energy","authors":"Zong Li;Bin Cao;Zhonghao Zhang;Liming Wang;Zhong Lin Wang","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Raindrops contain abundant renewable energy including both kinetic energy and electrostatic energy, and how to effectively harvest it becomes a hot research topic. Recently, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) using liquid-solid contact electrification has been demonstrated for achieving an ultra-high instantaneous power output. However, when harvesting the energy from the dense raindrops instead of a single droplet, a more rational structure to eliminate the mutual influence of individual generation units is needed for maximize the output. In this work, a “solar panel-like” bridge array generators (BAGs) is proposed. By adopting array lower electrodes (ALE) and bridge reflux structure (BRS), BAGs could minimize the sharp drop in the peak power output for large-scale energy harvesting devices. When the area of the raindrop energy harvesting device is 15 × 15 cm\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000, the peak power output of BAGs reached 200 W/m\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000, which is remarkable for paving a potential industrial approach for effective harvesting raindrop energy at a large scale.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 2","pages":"93-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10185633/10185664.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50319968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Our societies are highly dependent on reliable cooling for air conditioning (AC) and refrigeration. Currently, modern cooling is supported by a 19 th century technology: vapor compression cycle (VCC)-based cooling. Refrigerants used in the VCC cooling are strong greenhouse gases and thus are among the leading causes of global warming. The electrocaloric (EC) cooling is attractive as an alternative to the VCC cooling. EC cooling is environmentally benign, compressor-free, highly scalable, and has the potential of achieving higher efficiency than VCC cooling. The active EC materials research since the late 2000s has created several EC materials that exhibit giant electrocaloric effect (ECE) (by direct measurement). These EC materials have enabled the demonstration of EC cooling devices that exhibit temperature lifts of more than 8 K. These EC materials and device research reveals the promise of fer-roelectric materials in generating giant ECE at low electric fields and EC cooling devices achieving high performance. This review highlights these advances and offers perspectives of the EC cooling technologies.
{"title":"Electrocaloric cooling technologies for a sustainable world","authors":"Xin Chen;Wenyi Zhu;Q. M. Zhang","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Our societies are highly dependent on reliable cooling for air conditioning (AC) and refrigeration. Currently, modern cooling is supported by a 19\u0000<sup>th</sup>\u0000 century technology: vapor compression cycle (VCC)-based cooling. Refrigerants used in the VCC cooling are strong greenhouse gases and thus are among the leading causes of global warming. The electrocaloric (EC) cooling is attractive as an alternative to the VCC cooling. EC cooling is environmentally benign, compressor-free, highly scalable, and has the potential of achieving higher efficiency than VCC cooling. The active EC materials research since the late 2000s has created several EC materials that exhibit giant electrocaloric effect (ECE) (by direct measurement). These EC materials have enabled the demonstration of EC cooling devices that exhibit temperature lifts of more than 8 K. These EC materials and device research reveals the promise of fer-roelectric materials in generating giant ECE at low electric fields and EC cooling devices achieving high performance. This review highlights these advances and offers perspectives of the EC cooling technologies.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 2","pages":"100-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10185633/10185663.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50319969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Power system dispatch is a general concept with a wide range of applications. It is a special category of optimization problems that determine the operation pattern of the power system, resulting in a huge influence on the power system security, efficiency, and economics. In this paper, the power system dispatch problem is revisited from the basis. This paper provides a categorization of the dispatch problem, especially with an emphasis on industrial applications. Then, this paper presents a detailed review of the dispatch models. The common formulations of the dispatch problem are provided. Finally, this paper discusses the solutions of the dispatch problem and lists the major challenges.
{"title":"Revisit power system dispatch: Concepts, models, and solutions","authors":"Zhifang Yang;Pei Yong;Mingxu Xiang","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Power system dispatch is a general concept with a wide range of applications. It is a special category of optimization problems that determine the operation pattern of the power system, resulting in a huge influence on the power system security, efficiency, and economics. In this paper, the power system dispatch problem is revisited from the basis. This paper provides a categorization of the dispatch problem, especially with an emphasis on industrial applications. Then, this paper presents a detailed review of the dispatch models. The common formulations of the dispatch problem are provided. Finally, this paper discusses the solutions of the dispatch problem and lists the major challenges.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 1","pages":"43-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10144267/10144287.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fifth issue of iEnergy has arrived and contains nine published papers, including three news and views, one highlight, one letter, two review articles, and two original research articles.
{"title":"New technologies for power and energy systems toward carbon neutrality","authors":"","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0000","url":null,"abstract":"The fifth issue of iEnergy has arrived and contains nine published papers, including three news and views, one highlight, one letter, two review articles, and two original research articles.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10144267/10144276.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dual carbon goals are closely related to high-quality green development. The government has required that dual carbon goals be included in ecological civilization construction's overall layout. Achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality is a broad and profound systemic economic and social transformation. China is facing the “three highs and one short” challenges and requires the “five carbon implementations” to achieve dual carbon goals. The core of dual carbon goals is a new round of industrial competition, and the world is laying out dual carbon goals as the starting point and competing for a new round of technological high ground.
{"title":"China's carbon neutrality faces the challenges of “three highs and one short”, and requires “five carbon implementations” to achieve dual carbon goals","authors":"Kebin He","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Dual carbon goals are closely related to high-quality green development. The government has required that dual carbon goals be included in ecological civilization construction's overall layout. Achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality is a broad and profound systemic economic and social transformation. China is facing the “three highs and one short” challenges and requires the “five carbon implementations” to achieve dual carbon goals. The core of dual carbon goals is a new round of industrial competition, and the world is laying out dual carbon goals as the starting point and competing for a new round of technological high ground.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 1","pages":"2-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10144267/10144273.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gas-insulated equipment (GIE) that utilizes the most potent greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) as insulation and arc-quenching medium has been widely used in the power industry. Seeking eco-friendly insulating gas with advanced performance for next-generation SF 6 -free GIE is significant for the “net-zero” goal and sustainable development. In this paper, the utilization, emission, and reduction policies of SF 6 around the world were summarized first. Then, we systematically reviewed the latest progress in comprehensive performance evaluation of eco-friendly insulating gas in terms of molecular design, dielectric insulation, arc-quenching, stability and decomposition, materials compatibility, biosafety, etc. Further, the representative applications of eco-friendly insulating gas in medium-voltage, high-voltage GIE as well as relevant maintenance-related technologies were highlighted. Accordingly, the existing challenges and future perspectives were proposed, presenting a roadmap to hopefully steer the development of eco-friendly insulating gas and GIE.
{"title":"Eco-friendly gas insulating medium for next-generation SF6-free equipment","authors":"Yi Li;Shuangshuang Tian;Linlin Zhong;Geng Chen;Song Xiao;Yann Cressault;Yuwei Fu;Yu Zheng;Christophe Preve;Zhaolun Cui;Yin Zhang;Fanchao Ye;Daniel Piccoz;Gang Wang;Yalong Li;Youping Tu;Wenjun Zhou;Ju Tang;Xiaoxing Zhang","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Gas-insulated equipment (GIE) that utilizes the most potent greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF\u0000<inf>6</inf>\u0000) as insulation and arc-quenching medium has been widely used in the power industry. Seeking eco-friendly insulating gas with advanced performance for next-generation SF\u0000<inf>6</inf>\u0000-free GIE is significant for the “net-zero” goal and sustainable development. In this paper, the utilization, emission, and reduction policies of SF\u0000<inf>6</inf>\u0000 around the world were summarized first. Then, we systematically reviewed the latest progress in comprehensive performance evaluation of eco-friendly insulating gas in terms of molecular design, dielectric insulation, arc-quenching, stability and decomposition, materials compatibility, biosafety, etc. Further, the representative applications of eco-friendly insulating gas in medium-voltage, high-voltage GIE as well as relevant maintenance-related technologies were highlighted. Accordingly, the existing challenges and future perspectives were proposed, presenting a roadmap to hopefully steer the development of eco-friendly insulating gas and GIE.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 1","pages":"14-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10144267/10144278.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The hybrid power- and voltage-based synchronization control method has shown potential for enhancing the stability of grid-forming (GFM) inverters. However, its effectiveness may be compromised if other control loops are not properly designed. To address the control-loop interactions, this paper presents a design-oriented analysis method for multiloop-controlled GFM inverters. The method begins by identifying the dominant oscillation modes through modal analysis. The sensitivities of damping ratios to control parameters are then determined for the dominant modes, which allows for characterization of control-loop interactions. A co-design method of GFM control is next developed based on the sensitivity analysis. Lastly, simulations and experimental results are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the method.
{"title":"Interaction analysis and enhanced design of grid-forming control with hybrid synchronization and virtual admittance loops","authors":"Hong Gong;Xiongfei Wang","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The hybrid power- and voltage-based synchronization control method has shown potential for enhancing the stability of grid-forming (GFM) inverters. However, its effectiveness may be compromised if other control loops are not properly designed. To address the control-loop interactions, this paper presents a design-oriented analysis method for multiloop-controlled GFM inverters. The method begins by identifying the dominant oscillation modes through modal analysis. The sensitivities of damping ratios to control parameters are then determined for the dominant modes, which allows for characterization of control-loop interactions. A co-design method of GFM control is next developed based on the sensitivity analysis. Lastly, simulations and experimental results are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the method.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 1","pages":"71-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10144267/10144270.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Energy Technology Innovation on the Path towards Carbon Neutrality convenes a group of experts, including Nobel laureates, academicians, government officials, and young and middle-aged scholars, to deliberate on the key areas of energy technology innovation on the path towards carbon neutrality. From multiple perspectives and dimensions, the book addresses the challenges that arise in achieving carbon neutrality targets, while exploring the latest developments, ideas, and achievements in cutting-edge technology innovation areas such as zero-carbon transformation of the power system, clean and intelligent transportation, hydrogen energy development and application, and energy digitization. Moreover, it provides valuable insights into the path towards carbon neutrality.
{"title":"The Energy Technology Innovation on the Path towards Carbon Neutrality","authors":"Qi Wang;Chongqing Kang","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The Energy Technology Innovation on the Path towards Carbon Neutrality convenes a group of experts, including Nobel laureates, academicians, government officials, and young and middle-aged scholars, to deliberate on the key areas of energy technology innovation on the path towards carbon neutrality. From multiple perspectives and dimensions, the book addresses the challenges that arise in achieving carbon neutrality targets, while exploring the latest developments, ideas, and achievements in cutting-edge technology innovation areas such as zero-carbon transformation of the power system, clean and intelligent transportation, hydrogen energy development and application, and energy digitization. Moreover, it provides valuable insights into the path towards carbon neutrality.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 1","pages":"6-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10144267/10144268.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microgrids (MGs) dominated by power electronics interface inverters can augment distribution system resiliency. The interactions among neighboring MGs and the requirements for flexible system network reconfiguration motivate the development of dynamic MGs. To improve the distribution system resiliency in the context of dynamic MGs, this paper proposes the concept of functional fusion of secondary control levels across neighboring dynamic MGs with the integration of multiple compensation terms into the secondary controller in each distributed generator (DG). Moreover, two kinds of consensus-based algorithms with the consideration of communication delays are encompassed to calculate the average values of static and dynamic variables and thereby build an effective communications network among DGs in dynamic MGs. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed secondary controller is validated using a 9-bus test distribution feeder.
{"title":"Secondary control fusion in inverter intensive dynamic microgrids for distribution system resiliency enhancement","authors":"Yuxi Men;Lizhi Ding;Junhui Zhang;Xiaonan Lu","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Microgrids (MGs) dominated by power electronics interface inverters can augment distribution system resiliency. The interactions among neighboring MGs and the requirements for flexible system network reconfiguration motivate the development of dynamic MGs. To improve the distribution system resiliency in the context of dynamic MGs, this paper proposes the concept of functional fusion of secondary control levels across neighboring dynamic MGs with the integration of multiple compensation terms into the secondary controller in each distributed generator (DG). Moreover, two kinds of consensus-based algorithms with the consideration of communication delays are encompassed to calculate the average values of static and dynamic variables and thereby build an effective communications network among DGs in dynamic MGs. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed secondary controller is validated using a 9-bus test distribution feeder.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 1","pages":"9-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10144267/10144274.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Power system has recently been undergoing fundamental revolutions especially in the displacement of conventional thermal generations with renewable resources. While balancing of supplies and loads becomes immediate challenge due to uncertainty and fluctuation of the primary resources, power electronics replacing synchronous machines as technology for energy conversions brings essentially more sophisticated impacts to stability and security of power system operations. Potential threatening goes far more beyond the widely recognized problems including shortage of inertia in its conventional frequency response connotation, but relevant to scenario transformation of the overall characteristics of systems dynamics. The situation is getting worsening in China especially to meet the long distance transmission needs deploying conventional high-voltage direct current (HVDC) technologies in increasingly large scale, as well as new HVDC technology for offshore wind transmissions.
{"title":"Constraints and solutions to power electronics penetrations in power systems","authors":"Xiaoming Yuan;Wei He","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Power system has recently been undergoing fundamental revolutions especially in the displacement of conventional thermal generations with renewable resources. While balancing of supplies and loads becomes immediate challenge due to uncertainty and fluctuation of the primary resources, power electronics replacing synchronous machines as technology for energy conversions brings essentially more sophisticated impacts to stability and security of power system operations. Potential threatening goes far more beyond the widely recognized problems including shortage of inertia in its conventional frequency response connotation, but relevant to scenario transformation of the overall characteristics of systems dynamics. The situation is getting worsening in China especially to meet the long distance transmission needs deploying conventional high-voltage direct current (HVDC) technologies in increasingly large scale, as well as new HVDC technology for offshore wind transmissions.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 1","pages":"4-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10144267/10144275.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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