Jingjing Liang;Jianzhong Zhu;Minfang Han;Xiufu Hua;Duruo Li;Meng Ni
In the context of carbon neutrality, conversion of CO 2 into CO is an effective way for negative carbon emission. Electrochemical reduction is a novel developed pathway, among which, solid oxide co-electrolysis technology is promising for its high efficiency and low electricity demand. Researches concerning the large-size cell and stack of application level are important. This review, targeting at the not yet fully understood reaction mechanism and the most concerning issue of durability, details the reported factors playing important roles in the reaction mechanism and durability of co-electrolysis. It is found that the operating conditions such as inlet mixtures and applied current significantly affect the reaction mechanism of co-electrolysis and the experiments on button cells can not reflect the real reaction mechanism on industrial-size cells. Besides, the durability test of large-size single cells and stacks at high current with high conversion rate and the potential of solid oxide co-electrolysis combing with intermittent renewable energy are also reviewed and demonstrated. Finally, an outlook for future exploration is also offered.
{"title":"The development of solid oxide co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2 on large-size cells and stacks","authors":"Jingjing Liang;Jianzhong Zhu;Minfang Han;Xiufu Hua;Duruo Li;Meng Ni","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0007","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of carbon neutrality, conversion of CO\u0000<inf>2</inf>\u0000 into CO is an effective way for negative carbon emission. Electrochemical reduction is a novel developed pathway, among which, solid oxide co-electrolysis technology is promising for its high efficiency and low electricity demand. Researches concerning the large-size cell and stack of application level are important. This review, targeting at the not yet fully understood reaction mechanism and the most concerning issue of durability, details the reported factors playing important roles in the reaction mechanism and durability of co-electrolysis. It is found that the operating conditions such as inlet mixtures and applied current significantly affect the reaction mechanism of co-electrolysis and the experiments on button cells can not reflect the real reaction mechanism on industrial-size cells. Besides, the durability test of large-size single cells and stacks at high current with high conversion rate and the potential of solid oxide co-electrolysis combing with intermittent renewable energy are also reviewed and demonstrated. Finally, an outlook for future exploration is also offered.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 2","pages":"109-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10185633/10185640.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50319970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paradigm shift from a coal-based power system to a renewable-energy-based power system brings more challenges to the supply-demand balance of the grid. Distributed energy resources (DERs), which can provide operating reserve to the grid, are regarded as a promising solution to compensate for the power fluctuation of the renewable energy resources. Small-scale DERs can be aggregated as a virtual power plant (VPP), which is eligible to bid in the operating reserve market. Since the DERs usually belong to different entities, it is important to investigate the VPP operation framework that coordinates the DERs in a trusted manner. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-assisted operating reserve framework for VPPs that aggregates various DERs. Considering the heterogeneity of various DERs, we propose a unified reserve capacity evaluation method to facilitate the aggregation of DERs. By considering the mismatch between actual available reserve capacity and the estimated value, the performance of VPP in the operating reserve market is improved. A hardware-based experimental system is developed, and numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
{"title":"Blockchain-assisted virtual power plant framework for providing operating reserve with various distributed energy resources","authors":"Hongyi Li;Hongxun Hui;Hongcai Zhang","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0013","url":null,"abstract":"The paradigm shift from a coal-based power system to a renewable-energy-based power system brings more challenges to the supply-demand balance of the grid. Distributed energy resources (DERs), which can provide operating reserve to the grid, are regarded as a promising solution to compensate for the power fluctuation of the renewable energy resources. Small-scale DERs can be aggregated as a virtual power plant (VPP), which is eligible to bid in the operating reserve market. Since the DERs usually belong to different entities, it is important to investigate the VPP operation framework that coordinates the DERs in a trusted manner. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-assisted operating reserve framework for VPPs that aggregates various DERs. Considering the heterogeneity of various DERs, we propose a unified reserve capacity evaluation method to facilitate the aggregation of DERs. By considering the mismatch between actual available reserve capacity and the estimated value, the performance of VPP in the operating reserve market is improved. A hardware-based experimental system is developed, and numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 2","pages":"133-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10185633/10185634.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50319967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Droplet-based triboelectric nanogenerator (D-TENG) using liquid -solid contact electrification has been widely studied for harvesting raindrop energy and ocean energy due to its unique ability to effectively reduce friction between solids and improve durability. In 2020, a new-generation D-TENG with a “transistor-like” structure was proposed, which first achieved ultra-high instantaneous power output(50 W/m 2 ). Subsequently, D-TENG has been rapidly developed and is widely used in ocean wave energy power generation and liquid-solid triboelectric power generation. Currently, although we have excellent D-TENGs to harvest energy from a single water droplet, but if multiple D-TENGs are simply connected in parallel for a large area usage, the output power of the whole power generation module will drop significantly due to the mutual influence between different individual generation units, which severely limits their applications in practice. Therefore, finding a reasonable topology to relieve the inherent constraints of D-TENGs is of great significance for realizing the large-scale raindrop energy harvesting.
{"title":"Scaling up blue energy harvesting: Transitioning from single generators to multiple generators","authors":"Zong Li;Bin Cao;Zhong Lin Wang","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Droplet-based triboelectric nanogenerator (D-TENG) using liquid -solid contact electrification has been widely studied for harvesting raindrop energy and ocean energy due to its unique ability to effectively reduce friction between solids and improve durability. In 2020, a new-generation D-TENG with a “transistor-like” structure was proposed, which first achieved ultra-high instantaneous power output(50 W/m\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000). Subsequently, D-TENG has been rapidly developed and is widely used in ocean wave energy power generation and liquid-solid triboelectric power generation. Currently, although we have excellent D-TENGs to harvest energy from a single water droplet, but if multiple D-TENGs are simply connected in parallel for a large area usage, the output power of the whole power generation module will drop significantly due to the mutual influence between different individual generation units, which severely limits their applications in practice. Therefore, finding a reasonable topology to relieve the inherent constraints of D-TENGs is of great significance for realizing the large-scale raindrop energy harvesting.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 2","pages":"91-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10185633/10185635.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50320099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Green hydrogen can be produced by consuming surplus renewable generations. It can be injected into the natural gas networks, accelerating the decarbonization of energy systems. However, with the fluctuation of renewable energies, the gas composition in the gas network may change dramatically as the hydrogen injection fluctuates. The gas interchangeability may be adversely affected. To investigate the ability to defend the fluctuated hydrogen injection, this paper proposes a gas interchangeability resilience evaluation method for hydrogen-blended integrated electricity and gas systems (H-IEGS). First, gas interchangeability resilience is defined by proposing several novel metrics. Then, A two-stage gas interchangeability management scheme is proposed to accommodate the hydrogen injections. The steady-state optimal electricity and hydrogen-gas energy flow technique is performed first to obtain the desired operating state of the H-IEGS. Then, the dynamic gas composition tracking is implemented to calculate the real-time traveling of hydrogen contents in the gas network, and evaluate the time-varying gas interchangeability metrics. Moreover, to improve the computation efficiency, a self-adaptive linearization technique is proposed and embedded in the solution process of discretized partial derivative equations. Finally, an IEEE 24 bus reliability test system and Belgium natural gas system are used to validate the proposed method.
{"title":"Resilience of gas interchangeability in hydrogen-blended integrated electricity and gas systems: A transient approach with dynamic gas composition tracking","authors":"Sheng Wang;Hongxun Hui;Pierluigi Siano","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Green hydrogen can be produced by consuming surplus renewable generations. It can be injected into the natural gas networks, accelerating the decarbonization of energy systems. However, with the fluctuation of renewable energies, the gas composition in the gas network may change dramatically as the hydrogen injection fluctuates. The gas interchangeability may be adversely affected. To investigate the ability to defend the fluctuated hydrogen injection, this paper proposes a gas interchangeability resilience evaluation method for hydrogen-blended integrated electricity and gas systems (H-IEGS). First, gas interchangeability resilience is defined by proposing several novel metrics. Then, A two-stage gas interchangeability management scheme is proposed to accommodate the hydrogen injections. The steady-state optimal electricity and hydrogen-gas energy flow technique is performed first to obtain the desired operating state of the H-IEGS. Then, the dynamic gas composition tracking is implemented to calculate the real-time traveling of hydrogen contents in the gas network, and evaluate the time-varying gas interchangeability metrics. Moreover, to improve the computation efficiency, a self-adaptive linearization technique is proposed and embedded in the solution process of discretized partial derivative equations. Finally, an IEEE 24 bus reliability test system and Belgium natural gas system are used to validate the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 2","pages":"143-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10185633/10185638.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50320101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zong Li;Bin Cao;Zhonghao Zhang;Liming Wang;Zhong Lin Wang
Raindrops contain abundant renewable energy including both kinetic energy and electrostatic energy, and how to effectively harvest it becomes a hot research topic. Recently, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) using liquid-solid contact electrification has been demonstrated for achieving an ultra-high instantaneous power output. However, when harvesting the energy from the dense raindrops instead of a single droplet, a more rational structure to eliminate the mutual influence of individual generation units is needed for maximize the output. In this work, a “solar panel-like” bridge array generators (BAGs) is proposed. By adopting array lower electrodes (ALE) and bridge reflux structure (BRS), BAGs could minimize the sharp drop in the peak power output for large-scale energy harvesting devices. When the area of the raindrop energy harvesting device is 15 × 15 cm 2 , the peak power output of BAGs reached 200 W/m 2 , which is remarkable for paving a potential industrial approach for effective harvesting raindrop energy at a large scale.
{"title":"Rational TENG arrays as a panel for harvesting large-scale raindrop energy","authors":"Zong Li;Bin Cao;Zhonghao Zhang;Liming Wang;Zhong Lin Wang","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Raindrops contain abundant renewable energy including both kinetic energy and electrostatic energy, and how to effectively harvest it becomes a hot research topic. Recently, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) using liquid-solid contact electrification has been demonstrated for achieving an ultra-high instantaneous power output. However, when harvesting the energy from the dense raindrops instead of a single droplet, a more rational structure to eliminate the mutual influence of individual generation units is needed for maximize the output. In this work, a “solar panel-like” bridge array generators (BAGs) is proposed. By adopting array lower electrodes (ALE) and bridge reflux structure (BRS), BAGs could minimize the sharp drop in the peak power output for large-scale energy harvesting devices. When the area of the raindrop energy harvesting device is 15 × 15 cm\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000, the peak power output of BAGs reached 200 W/m\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000, which is remarkable for paving a potential industrial approach for effective harvesting raindrop energy at a large scale.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 2","pages":"93-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10185633/10185664.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50319968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Our societies are highly dependent on reliable cooling for air conditioning (AC) and refrigeration. Currently, modern cooling is supported by a 19 th century technology: vapor compression cycle (VCC)-based cooling. Refrigerants used in the VCC cooling are strong greenhouse gases and thus are among the leading causes of global warming. The electrocaloric (EC) cooling is attractive as an alternative to the VCC cooling. EC cooling is environmentally benign, compressor-free, highly scalable, and has the potential of achieving higher efficiency than VCC cooling. The active EC materials research since the late 2000s has created several EC materials that exhibit giant electrocaloric effect (ECE) (by direct measurement). These EC materials have enabled the demonstration of EC cooling devices that exhibit temperature lifts of more than 8 K. These EC materials and device research reveals the promise of fer-roelectric materials in generating giant ECE at low electric fields and EC cooling devices achieving high performance. This review highlights these advances and offers perspectives of the EC cooling technologies.
{"title":"Electrocaloric cooling technologies for a sustainable world","authors":"Xin Chen;Wenyi Zhu;Q. M. Zhang","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Our societies are highly dependent on reliable cooling for air conditioning (AC) and refrigeration. Currently, modern cooling is supported by a 19\u0000<sup>th</sup>\u0000 century technology: vapor compression cycle (VCC)-based cooling. Refrigerants used in the VCC cooling are strong greenhouse gases and thus are among the leading causes of global warming. The electrocaloric (EC) cooling is attractive as an alternative to the VCC cooling. EC cooling is environmentally benign, compressor-free, highly scalable, and has the potential of achieving higher efficiency than VCC cooling. The active EC materials research since the late 2000s has created several EC materials that exhibit giant electrocaloric effect (ECE) (by direct measurement). These EC materials have enabled the demonstration of EC cooling devices that exhibit temperature lifts of more than 8 K. These EC materials and device research reveals the promise of fer-roelectric materials in generating giant ECE at low electric fields and EC cooling devices achieving high performance. This review highlights these advances and offers perspectives of the EC cooling technologies.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 2","pages":"100-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10185633/10185663.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50319969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Power system dispatch is a general concept with a wide range of applications. It is a special category of optimization problems that determine the operation pattern of the power system, resulting in a huge influence on the power system security, efficiency, and economics. In this paper, the power system dispatch problem is revisited from the basis. This paper provides a categorization of the dispatch problem, especially with an emphasis on industrial applications. Then, this paper presents a detailed review of the dispatch models. The common formulations of the dispatch problem are provided. Finally, this paper discusses the solutions of the dispatch problem and lists the major challenges.
{"title":"Revisit power system dispatch: Concepts, models, and solutions","authors":"Zhifang Yang;Pei Yong;Mingxu Xiang","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Power system dispatch is a general concept with a wide range of applications. It is a special category of optimization problems that determine the operation pattern of the power system, resulting in a huge influence on the power system security, efficiency, and economics. In this paper, the power system dispatch problem is revisited from the basis. This paper provides a categorization of the dispatch problem, especially with an emphasis on industrial applications. Then, this paper presents a detailed review of the dispatch models. The common formulations of the dispatch problem are provided. Finally, this paper discusses the solutions of the dispatch problem and lists the major challenges.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 1","pages":"43-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10144267/10144287.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fifth issue of iEnergy has arrived and contains nine published papers, including three news and views, one highlight, one letter, two review articles, and two original research articles.
{"title":"New technologies for power and energy systems toward carbon neutrality","authors":"","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0000","url":null,"abstract":"The fifth issue of iEnergy has arrived and contains nine published papers, including three news and views, one highlight, one letter, two review articles, and two original research articles.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10144267/10144276.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dual carbon goals are closely related to high-quality green development. The government has required that dual carbon goals be included in ecological civilization construction's overall layout. Achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality is a broad and profound systemic economic and social transformation. China is facing the “three highs and one short” challenges and requires the “five carbon implementations” to achieve dual carbon goals. The core of dual carbon goals is a new round of industrial competition, and the world is laying out dual carbon goals as the starting point and competing for a new round of technological high ground.
{"title":"China's carbon neutrality faces the challenges of “three highs and one short”, and requires “five carbon implementations” to achieve dual carbon goals","authors":"Kebin He","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Dual carbon goals are closely related to high-quality green development. The government has required that dual carbon goals be included in ecological civilization construction's overall layout. Achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality is a broad and profound systemic economic and social transformation. China is facing the “three highs and one short” challenges and requires the “five carbon implementations” to achieve dual carbon goals. The core of dual carbon goals is a new round of industrial competition, and the world is laying out dual carbon goals as the starting point and competing for a new round of technological high ground.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 1","pages":"2-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10144267/10144273.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：