Gas-insulated equipment (GIE) that utilizes the most potent greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) as insulation and arc-quenching medium has been widely used in the power industry. Seeking eco-friendly insulating gas with advanced performance for next-generation SF 6 -free GIE is significant for the “net-zero” goal and sustainable development. In this paper, the utilization, emission, and reduction policies of SF 6 around the world were summarized first. Then, we systematically reviewed the latest progress in comprehensive performance evaluation of eco-friendly insulating gas in terms of molecular design, dielectric insulation, arc-quenching, stability and decomposition, materials compatibility, biosafety, etc. Further, the representative applications of eco-friendly insulating gas in medium-voltage, high-voltage GIE as well as relevant maintenance-related technologies were highlighted. Accordingly, the existing challenges and future perspectives were proposed, presenting a roadmap to hopefully steer the development of eco-friendly insulating gas and GIE.
{"title":"Eco-friendly gas insulating medium for next-generation SF6-free equipment","authors":"Yi Li;Shuangshuang Tian;Linlin Zhong;Geng Chen;Song Xiao;Yann Cressault;Yuwei Fu;Yu Zheng;Christophe Preve;Zhaolun Cui;Yin Zhang;Fanchao Ye;Daniel Piccoz;Gang Wang;Yalong Li;Youping Tu;Wenjun Zhou;Ju Tang;Xiaoxing Zhang","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Gas-insulated equipment (GIE) that utilizes the most potent greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF\u0000<inf>6</inf>\u0000) as insulation and arc-quenching medium has been widely used in the power industry. Seeking eco-friendly insulating gas with advanced performance for next-generation SF\u0000<inf>6</inf>\u0000-free GIE is significant for the “net-zero” goal and sustainable development. In this paper, the utilization, emission, and reduction policies of SF\u0000<inf>6</inf>\u0000 around the world were summarized first. Then, we systematically reviewed the latest progress in comprehensive performance evaluation of eco-friendly insulating gas in terms of molecular design, dielectric insulation, arc-quenching, stability and decomposition, materials compatibility, biosafety, etc. Further, the representative applications of eco-friendly insulating gas in medium-voltage, high-voltage GIE as well as relevant maintenance-related technologies were highlighted. Accordingly, the existing challenges and future perspectives were proposed, presenting a roadmap to hopefully steer the development of eco-friendly insulating gas and GIE.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 1","pages":"14-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10144267/10144278.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The hybrid power- and voltage-based synchronization control method has shown potential for enhancing the stability of grid-forming (GFM) inverters. However, its effectiveness may be compromised if other control loops are not properly designed. To address the control-loop interactions, this paper presents a design-oriented analysis method for multiloop-controlled GFM inverters. The method begins by identifying the dominant oscillation modes through modal analysis. The sensitivities of damping ratios to control parameters are then determined for the dominant modes, which allows for characterization of control-loop interactions. A co-design method of GFM control is next developed based on the sensitivity analysis. Lastly, simulations and experimental results are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the method.
{"title":"Interaction analysis and enhanced design of grid-forming control with hybrid synchronization and virtual admittance loops","authors":"Hong Gong;Xiongfei Wang","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The hybrid power- and voltage-based synchronization control method has shown potential for enhancing the stability of grid-forming (GFM) inverters. However, its effectiveness may be compromised if other control loops are not properly designed. To address the control-loop interactions, this paper presents a design-oriented analysis method for multiloop-controlled GFM inverters. The method begins by identifying the dominant oscillation modes through modal analysis. The sensitivities of damping ratios to control parameters are then determined for the dominant modes, which allows for characterization of control-loop interactions. A co-design method of GFM control is next developed based on the sensitivity analysis. Lastly, simulations and experimental results are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the method.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 1","pages":"71-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10144267/10144270.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Energy Technology Innovation on the Path towards Carbon Neutrality convenes a group of experts, including Nobel laureates, academicians, government officials, and young and middle-aged scholars, to deliberate on the key areas of energy technology innovation on the path towards carbon neutrality. From multiple perspectives and dimensions, the book addresses the challenges that arise in achieving carbon neutrality targets, while exploring the latest developments, ideas, and achievements in cutting-edge technology innovation areas such as zero-carbon transformation of the power system, clean and intelligent transportation, hydrogen energy development and application, and energy digitization. Moreover, it provides valuable insights into the path towards carbon neutrality.
{"title":"The Energy Technology Innovation on the Path towards Carbon Neutrality","authors":"Qi Wang;Chongqing Kang","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The Energy Technology Innovation on the Path towards Carbon Neutrality convenes a group of experts, including Nobel laureates, academicians, government officials, and young and middle-aged scholars, to deliberate on the key areas of energy technology innovation on the path towards carbon neutrality. From multiple perspectives and dimensions, the book addresses the challenges that arise in achieving carbon neutrality targets, while exploring the latest developments, ideas, and achievements in cutting-edge technology innovation areas such as zero-carbon transformation of the power system, clean and intelligent transportation, hydrogen energy development and application, and energy digitization. Moreover, it provides valuable insights into the path towards carbon neutrality.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 1","pages":"6-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10144267/10144268.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microgrids (MGs) dominated by power electronics interface inverters can augment distribution system resiliency. The interactions among neighboring MGs and the requirements for flexible system network reconfiguration motivate the development of dynamic MGs. To improve the distribution system resiliency in the context of dynamic MGs, this paper proposes the concept of functional fusion of secondary control levels across neighboring dynamic MGs with the integration of multiple compensation terms into the secondary controller in each distributed generator (DG). Moreover, two kinds of consensus-based algorithms with the consideration of communication delays are encompassed to calculate the average values of static and dynamic variables and thereby build an effective communications network among DGs in dynamic MGs. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed secondary controller is validated using a 9-bus test distribution feeder.
{"title":"Secondary control fusion in inverter intensive dynamic microgrids for distribution system resiliency enhancement","authors":"Yuxi Men;Lizhi Ding;Junhui Zhang;Xiaonan Lu","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Microgrids (MGs) dominated by power electronics interface inverters can augment distribution system resiliency. The interactions among neighboring MGs and the requirements for flexible system network reconfiguration motivate the development of dynamic MGs. To improve the distribution system resiliency in the context of dynamic MGs, this paper proposes the concept of functional fusion of secondary control levels across neighboring dynamic MGs with the integration of multiple compensation terms into the secondary controller in each distributed generator (DG). Moreover, two kinds of consensus-based algorithms with the consideration of communication delays are encompassed to calculate the average values of static and dynamic variables and thereby build an effective communications network among DGs in dynamic MGs. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed secondary controller is validated using a 9-bus test distribution feeder.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 1","pages":"9-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10144267/10144274.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Power system has recently been undergoing fundamental revolutions especially in the displacement of conventional thermal generations with renewable resources. While balancing of supplies and loads becomes immediate challenge due to uncertainty and fluctuation of the primary resources, power electronics replacing synchronous machines as technology for energy conversions brings essentially more sophisticated impacts to stability and security of power system operations. Potential threatening goes far more beyond the widely recognized problems including shortage of inertia in its conventional frequency response connotation, but relevant to scenario transformation of the overall characteristics of systems dynamics. The situation is getting worsening in China especially to meet the long distance transmission needs deploying conventional high-voltage direct current (HVDC) technologies in increasingly large scale, as well as new HVDC technology for offshore wind transmissions.
{"title":"Constraints and solutions to power electronics penetrations in power systems","authors":"Xiaoming Yuan;Wei He","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Power system has recently been undergoing fundamental revolutions especially in the displacement of conventional thermal generations with renewable resources. While balancing of supplies and loads becomes immediate challenge due to uncertainty and fluctuation of the primary resources, power electronics replacing synchronous machines as technology for energy conversions brings essentially more sophisticated impacts to stability and security of power system operations. Potential threatening goes far more beyond the widely recognized problems including shortage of inertia in its conventional frequency response connotation, but relevant to scenario transformation of the overall characteristics of systems dynamics. The situation is getting worsening in China especially to meet the long distance transmission needs deploying conventional high-voltage direct current (HVDC) technologies in increasingly large scale, as well as new HVDC technology for offshore wind transmissions.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 1","pages":"4-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10144267/10144275.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Power flow is an indispensable foundation for power system analytics. Under the deep penetration of renewables, modern power system analytics often becomes intractable because it needs to run an enormous amount of power flow analyses to quantify the impact of uncertainties. Unlike classical power flow methods that scale polynomially with the system size, quantum computing enables using logarithmically-scaled number of qubits to solve linear equations in power flow analysis. Thus, quantum power flow (QPF) provides a promising direction to make today's intractable power system analytics tractable. However, a major obstacle to the development of a practical quantum power flow algorithm lies in the fact that today's mainstream quantum computers are still noisy-intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices whose capability is restricted by the limited number of qubits and considerable noises. To bridge this gap, Stony Brook University establishes a variational quantum power flow that allows for practical and noise-resilient power flow analysis on today's NISQ devices.
{"title":"World's first practical power flow algorithm operating on today's noisy quantum computers","authors":"Jinliang He","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Power flow is an indispensable foundation for power system analytics. Under the deep penetration of renewables, modern power system analytics often becomes intractable because it needs to run an enormous amount of power flow analyses to quantify the impact of uncertainties. Unlike classical power flow methods that scale polynomially with the system size, quantum computing enables using logarithmically-scaled number of qubits to solve linear equations in power flow analysis. Thus, quantum power flow (QPF) provides a promising direction to make today's intractable power system analytics tractable. However, a major obstacle to the development of a practical quantum power flow algorithm lies in the fact that today's mainstream quantum computers are still noisy-intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices whose capability is restricted by the limited number of qubits and considerable noises. To bridge this gap, Stony Brook University establishes a variational quantum power flow that allows for practical and noise-resilient power flow analysis on today's NISQ devices.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 1","pages":"8-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10144267/10144271.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quantum power flow (QPF) offers an inspiring direction for overcoming the computation challenge of power flow through quantum computing. However, the practical implementation of existing QPF algorithms in today's noisy-intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era remains limited because of their sensitivity to noise. This paper establishes an NISQ-QPF algorithm that enables power flow computation on noisy quantum devices. The main contributions include: (1) a variational quantum circuit (VQC)-based alternating current (AC) power flow formulation, which enables QPF using short-depth quantum circuits; (2) NISQ-compatible QPF solvers based on the variational quantum linear solver (VQLS) and modified fast decoupled power flow; and (3) an error-resilient QPF scheme to relieve the QPF iteration deviations caused by noise; (3) a practical NISQ-QPF framework for implementable and reliable power flow analysis on noisy quantum machines. Extensive simulation tests validate the accuracy and generality of NISQ-QPF for solving practical power flow on IBM's real, noisy quantum computers.
{"title":"Noise-resilient quantum power flow","authors":"Fei Feng;Yi-Fan Zhou;Peng Zhang","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2023.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum power flow (QPF) offers an inspiring direction for overcoming the computation challenge of power flow through quantum computing. However, the practical implementation of existing QPF algorithms in today's noisy-intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era remains limited because of their sensitivity to noise. This paper establishes an NISQ-QPF algorithm that enables power flow computation on noisy quantum devices. The main contributions include: (1) a variational quantum circuit (VQC)-based alternating current (AC) power flow formulation, which enables QPF using short-depth quantum circuits; (2) NISQ-compatible QPF solvers based on the variational quantum linear solver (VQLS) and modified fast decoupled power flow; and (3) an error-resilient QPF scheme to relieve the QPF iteration deviations caused by noise; (3) a practical NISQ-QPF framework for implementable and reliable power flow analysis on noisy quantum machines. Extensive simulation tests validate the accuracy and generality of NISQ-QPF for solving practical power flow on IBM's real, noisy quantum computers.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"2 1","pages":"63-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10144267/10144277.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenfeng Wan;Peng Zhang;Mikhail A. Bragin;Peter B. Luh
Federated-learning-based active fault management (AFM) is devised to achieve real-time safety assurance for microgrids and the main grid during faults. AFM was originally formulated as a distributed optimization problem. Here, federated learning is used to train each microgrid's network with training data achieved from distributed optimization. The main contribution of this work is to replace the optimization-based AFM control algorithm with a learning-based AFM control algorithm. The replacement transfers computation from online to offline. With this replacement, the control algorithm can meet real-time requirements for a system with dozens of microgrids. By contrast, distributed-optimization-based fault management can output reference values fast enough for a system with several microgrids. More microgrids, however, lead to more computation time with optimization-based method. Distributed-optimization-based fault management would fail real-time requirements for a system with dozens of microgrids. Controller hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulations demonstrate that learning-based AFM can output reference values within 10 ms irrespective of the number of microgrids.
{"title":"Safety-assured, real-time neural active fault management for resilient microgrids integration","authors":"Wenfeng Wan;Peng Zhang;Mikhail A. Bragin;Peter B. Luh","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2022.0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2022.0048","url":null,"abstract":"Federated-learning-based active fault management (AFM) is devised to achieve real-time safety assurance for microgrids and the main grid during faults. AFM was originally formulated as a distributed optimization problem. Here, federated learning is used to train each microgrid's network with training data achieved from distributed optimization. The main contribution of this work is to replace the optimization-based AFM control algorithm with a learning-based AFM control algorithm. The replacement transfers computation from online to offline. With this replacement, the control algorithm can meet real-time requirements for a system with dozens of microgrids. By contrast, distributed-optimization-based fault management can output reference values fast enough for a system with several microgrids. More microgrids, however, lead to more computation time with optimization-based method. Distributed-optimization-based fault management would fail real-time requirements for a system with dozens of microgrids. Controller hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulations demonstrate that learning-based AFM can output reference values within 10 ms irrespective of the number of microgrids.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"1 4","pages":"453-462"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10007897/09972906.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50225730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Entering the 21st century, the world's electric power structure will undoubtedly be advanced to one based on the rapidly growing, diversified and co-progressive renewable energy from a coal-dominated one. The development of deep- and far-sea offshore wind power is considered one such vital source for the generation of future energy infrastructure in China's 14 th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) for the National Economic and Social Development of China. It is estimated that from 2022 to 2025, the newly installed offshore wind power capacity will be increased to more than 300 GW. The investment cost of the offshore platform can be significantly decreased by adopting small gas-insulated switchgear in conjunction with submarine cable, which is a novel strategy to build large-scale offshore wind power stations in the future. Furthermore, the clean energy transmission from south-eastern Tibet to the Greater Bay Area (±800 kV DC power transmission project) faces harsh natural environmental conditions such as snow-capped mountains and uninhabited areas. The gas-insulated power transmission line provides a superior option instead of the traditional outdoor power transmission lines and cables.
{"title":"HVDC gas-insulated equipment for future bulk power delivery","authors":"Guanjun Zhang","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2022.0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2022.0056","url":null,"abstract":"Entering the 21st century, the world's electric power structure will undoubtedly be advanced to one based on the rapidly growing, diversified and co-progressive renewable energy from a coal-dominated one. The development of deep- and far-sea offshore wind power is considered one such vital source for the generation of future energy infrastructure in China's 14\u0000<sup>th</sup>\u0000 Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) for the National Economic and Social Development of China. It is estimated that from 2022 to 2025, the newly installed offshore wind power capacity will be increased to more than 300 GW. The investment cost of the offshore platform can be significantly decreased by adopting small gas-insulated switchgear in conjunction with submarine cable, which is a novel strategy to build large-scale offshore wind power stations in the future. Furthermore, the clean energy transmission from south-eastern Tibet to the Greater Bay Area (±800 kV DC power transmission project) faces harsh natural environmental conditions such as snow-capped mountains and uninhabited areas. The gas-insulated power transmission line provides a superior option instead of the traditional outdoor power transmission lines and cables.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"1 4","pages":"393-393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9732629/10007897/10007878.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50351321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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