Indoor Environments最新文献_第2页

Comparison of two methods for evaluating the performance of particle filtration systems in underground railway stations 地铁车站颗粒过滤系统性能两种评价方法的比较

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100144

Valisoa M. Rakotonirinjanahary , Suzanne Crumeyrolle , Mateusz Bogdan , Benjamin Hanoune

Filtration is one of the strategies that can be implemented to mitigate the public health challenge due to elevated concentrations of particles in underground railway stations (URS). During a particle (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) monitoring campaign performed in a Paris URS over more than 5 years, two filtration systems were tested. One of these systems employs positive ionization (Experiment 1), the second one is based on water filtration (Experiment 2). The present study focuses on evaluating the performance of these experiments, using two distinct methods: the daily amplitude coefficient (DAC), and a generalized additive model (GAM). The DAC method requires only particulate matter measurements, while the GAM method necessitates additional measurements (indoor CO₂ concentration, temperature and humidity, outdoor pollutant concentration) as it analyses the nonlinear relationships between all these factors. The results show that both filtration technologies are more effective at reducing PM_2.5 concentrations than PM₁₀, but Experiment 2 was less efficient than Experiment 1. Specifically, DAC analysis leads to a reduction of 17.8 ± 3.2 % for PM₁₀ and 25.9 ± 6.6 % for PM_2.5 for Experiment 1, compared to only 0.4 ± 0.1 % for PM₁₀ and 3.7 ± 1.0 % for PM_2.5 for Experiment 2. GAM analysis gives similar results, with a reduction of 13.1 ± 0.8 % for PM₁₀ and 26.0 ± 0.8 % for PM_2.5 for Experiment 1, and for Experiment 2 a reduction of 1.3 ± 2.0 % for PM₁₀ and 4.6 ± 1.3 % for PM_2.5. Yet, because of differences in the filtration setups, such as the position of the modules and the maximal air flow capacity, and of unspecified internal characteristics of the systems, no conclusion can be drawn as to whether one of the filtration techniques is more efficient than the other. The two analysis methodologies lead to similar results and allow to fully and rigorously exploit long time series. The DAC method can be applied using only PM measurements, while the GAM method requires additional measurements, but at the same time provides valuable insights about the effects of each parameter considered.

过滤是可以实施的策略之一，以减轻由于地下火车站（URS）颗粒浓度升高而造成的公共卫生挑战。在巴黎URS进行的为期5年多的颗粒（PM2.5和PM10）监测活动中，对两个过滤系统进行了测试。其中一种系统采用正离子化（实验1），另一种系统基于水过滤（实验2）。本研究的重点是评估这些实验的性能，使用两种不同的方法：每日振幅系数（DAC）和广义加性模型（GAM）。DAC方法只需要测量颗粒物，而GAM方法需要额外的测量（室内CO2浓度，温度和湿度，室外污染物浓度），因为它分析了所有这些因素之间的非线性关系。结果表明，两种过滤技术对PM2.5浓度的降低效果均优于PM10，但实验2的效果低于实验1。具体来说,DAC分析导致减少17.8 ±3.2  %对PM10和25.9 ±6.6  %为PM2.5实验1,而只有0.4 ±0.1  %对PM10和3.7 ±1.0  %为PM2.5实验2。GAM分析给了相似的结果,减少13.1 ±0.8  %对PM10和26.0 ± 0.8%为PM2.5实验1和实验2减少1.3 ±2.0  % PM10和4.6±1.3  PM2.5的%。然而，由于过滤设置的差异，例如模块的位置和最大空气流量，以及未指定的系统内部特性，因此无法得出结论，说明一种过滤技术是否比另一种更有效。这两种分析方法得出了相似的结果，并允许充分和严格地利用长时间序列。DAC方法可以只使用PM测量，而GAM方法需要额外的测量，但同时提供了关于所考虑的每个参数的影响的有价值的见解。

{"title":"Comparison of two methods for evaluating the performance of particle filtration systems in underground railway stations","authors":"Valisoa M. Rakotonirinjanahary , Suzanne Crumeyrolle , Mateusz Bogdan , Benjamin Hanoune","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Filtration is one of the strategies that can be implemented to mitigate the public health challenge due to elevated concentrations of particles in underground railway stations (URS). During a particle (PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub>) monitoring campaign performed in a Paris URS over more than 5 years, two filtration systems were tested. One of these systems employs positive ionization (Experiment 1), the second one is based on water filtration (Experiment 2). The present study focuses on evaluating the performance of these experiments, using two distinct methods: the daily amplitude coefficient (DAC), and a generalized additive model (GAM). The DAC method requires only particulate matter measurements, while the GAM method necessitates additional measurements (indoor CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, temperature and humidity, outdoor pollutant concentration) as it analyses the nonlinear relationships between all these factors. The results show that both filtration technologies are more effective at reducing PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations than PM<sub>10</sub>, but Experiment 2 was less efficient than Experiment 1. Specifically, DAC analysis leads to a reduction of 17.8 ± 3.2 % for PM<sub>10</sub> and 25.9 ± 6.6 % for PM<sub>2.5</sub> for Experiment 1, compared to only 0.4 ± 0.1 % for PM<sub>10</sub> and 3.7 ± 1.0 % for PM<sub>2.5</sub> for Experiment 2. GAM analysis gives similar results, with a reduction of 13.1 ± 0.8 % for PM<sub>10</sub> and 26.0 ± 0.8 % for PM<sub>2.5</sub> for Experiment 1, and for Experiment 2 a reduction of 1.3 ± 2.0 % for PM<sub>10</sub> and 4.6 ± 1.3 % for PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Yet, because of differences in the filtration setups, such as the position of the modules and the maximal air flow capacity, and of unspecified internal characteristics of the systems, no conclusion can be drawn as to whether one of the filtration techniques is more efficient than the other. The two analysis methodologies lead to similar results and allow to fully and rigorously exploit long time series. The DAC method can be applied using only PM measurements, while the GAM method requires additional measurements, but at the same time provides valuable insights about the effects of each parameter considered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An analysis of the impact of geology on indoor air radon concentration 地质条件对室内空气氡浓度的影响分析

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100143

Uttam Saha , Derek Cooper , Pamela R. Turner , Rebecca A. Cantrell , Kushajveer Singh

Radon (²²²Rn₈₆), a radioactive gas formed by the decay of uranium and radium in rocks and minerals, can seep into houses, accumulating in the indoor air. Breathing radon-rich indoor air is the leading cause of lung cancer, after smoking, resulting in around 21,000 deaths in the US each year. The US Surgeon General advises taking action at 4 pCi/L or higher. Approximately 1 in 15 homes could have an indoor air radon concentration at or above 4 pCi/L. In this study, 134,496 indoor air radon test results from the state of Georgia, USA were analyzed. The tests were conducted between 1990 and 2022. The test results were analyzed in relation to the five well-recognized physiographic provinces in the state with contrasting underground geological features. Significantly different mean/median/mode and spread of radon concentration, frequency of high radon, and potential lung cancer risk were evident for different physiographic provinces. The highest indoor air radon levels and the highest lung cancer risk in Georgia were associated with the underground metamorphic rocks Gneiss-Schist-Quartzite, followed by Granite, Limestone-Dolomite-Shale, and Limestone-Sandstone-Shale. The lowest radon and lung cancer risks were associated with the unconsolidated marine sediments, but the risk was still significant. These findings help to substantiate the need for supporting policies and education related to increasing radon testing, mitigation, and regulations, especially in states with similar geological features. Population density, diversity, rurality, and health-literacy in various physiographic provinces should be considered together with these findings to properly realize the risk of radon from a public health standpoint.

氡（222Rn86）是一种由岩石和矿物中的铀和镭衰变形成的放射性气体，可以渗入房屋，在室内空气中积聚。吸入富含氡的室内空气是导致肺癌的主要原因，仅次于吸烟，每年在美国导致约2.1万人死亡。美国外科医生建议在4 pCi/L或更高时采取行动。大约每15个家庭中就有1个家庭的室内空气氡浓度达到或高于4 pCi/L。本研究对美国乔治亚州134,496份室内空气氡检测结果进行分析。这些试验是在1990年至2022年间进行的。并结合该州五个地理特征鲜明的地下地质特征，对试验结果进行了分析。不同地理省份的氡浓度均值/中位数/模态、扩散、高氡频次、肺癌潜在危险存在显著差异。格鲁吉亚室内空气氡水平最高和肺癌风险最高的是地下变质岩片麻岩-片岩-石英岩，其次是花岗岩、石灰石-白云石-页岩和石灰石-砂岩-页岩。氡和肺癌风险最低的是未固结的海洋沉积物，但风险仍然很大。这些发现有助于证实，特别是在具有类似地质特征的州，需要支持与增加氡检测、缓解和法规有关的政策和教育。应将各地理省份的人口密度、多样性、乡村性和卫生素养与这些调查结果结合起来，从公共卫生的角度正确认识氡的风险。

{"title":"An analysis of the impact of geology on indoor air radon concentration","authors":"Uttam Saha , Derek Cooper , Pamela R. Turner , Rebecca A. Cantrell , Kushajveer Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radon (<sup>222</sup>Rn<sub>86</sub>), a radioactive gas formed by the decay of uranium and radium in rocks and minerals, can seep into houses, accumulating in the indoor air. Breathing radon-rich indoor air is the leading cause of lung cancer, after smoking, resulting in around 21,000 deaths in the US each year. The US Surgeon General advises taking action at 4 pCi/L or higher. Approximately 1 in 15 homes could have an indoor air radon concentration at or above 4 pCi/L. In this study, 134,496 indoor air radon test results from the state of Georgia, USA were analyzed. The tests were conducted between 1990 and 2022. The test results were analyzed in relation to the five well-recognized physiographic provinces in the state with contrasting underground geological features. Significantly different mean/median/mode and spread of radon concentration, frequency of high radon, and potential lung cancer risk were evident for different physiographic provinces. The highest indoor air radon levels and the highest lung cancer risk in Georgia were associated with the underground metamorphic rocks Gneiss-Schist-Quartzite, followed by Granite, Limestone-Dolomite-Shale, and Limestone-Sandstone-Shale. The lowest radon and lung cancer risks were associated with the unconsolidated marine sediments, but the risk was still significant. These findings help to substantiate the need for supporting policies and education related to increasing radon testing, mitigation, and regulations, especially in states with similar geological features. Population density, diversity, rurality, and health-literacy in various physiographic provinces should be considered together with these findings to properly realize the risk of radon from a public health standpoint.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Collocation testing of consumer-grade electronic radon sensors in Canadian homes 消费级电子氡传感器在加拿大家庭中的配置测试

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100141

Amanda Giang, Tianyuan Li

Radon exposure is the second leading cause of lung cancer in Canada. Consumer-grade electronic radon sensors, which provide real-time results, are increasingly used by homeowners for radon monitoring. This study evaluates the short-term performance of four consumer-grade radon sensors (RadonEye, Inkbird, Spirit, and Wave) against a professional-grade instrument (RAD7) in seven different Canadian homes. In each home, testing was conducted for seven days with radon concentrations ranging from negligible to more than 2000 Bq/m³. Sensor performance was assessed using a total of six analysis methods, including linear regression, RMSE, Pearson or Spearman correlation analyses, Welch’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test, Bland-Altman plots, and confusion matrices. The results reveal that three of the four sensors had similar performance across most analysis methods, while one sensor had the lowest performance, possibly attributed to the short testing duration. For occupants, these sensors can be useful for quickly detecting current radon levels; however, long-term testing (90 days) with certified detectors or sensors is still recommended to ensure a reliable assessment of their radon exposure.

氡暴露是加拿大肺癌的第二大诱因。提供实时结果的消费级电子氡传感器越来越多地被家庭用于氡监测。本研究评估了四种消费级氡传感器（RadonEye, Inkbird， Spirit和Wave）与专业级仪器（RAD7）在七个不同的加拿大家庭中的短期性能。在每个家庭进行了为期7天的测试，氡浓度从可忽略到超过2000 Bq/m3不等。共使用六种分析方法评估传感器性能，包括线性回归、RMSE、Pearson或Spearman相关分析、Welch 's t检验或Mann-Whitney u检验、Bland-Altman图和混淆矩阵。结果显示，四个传感器中的三个在大多数分析方法中具有相似的性能，而一个传感器的性能最低，可能归因于测试持续时间短。对于居住者来说，这些传感器可用于快速检测当前的氡水平；但是，仍然建议使用经过认证的探测器或传感器进行长期测试（90天），以确保对其氡暴露进行可靠评估。

{"title":"Collocation testing of consumer-grade electronic radon sensors in Canadian homes","authors":"Amanda Giang, Tianyuan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radon exposure is the second leading cause of lung cancer in Canada. Consumer-grade electronic radon sensors, which provide real-time results, are increasingly used by homeowners for radon monitoring. This study evaluates the short-term performance of four consumer-grade radon sensors (RadonEye, Inkbird, Spirit, and Wave) against a professional-grade instrument (RAD7) in seven different Canadian homes. In each home, testing was conducted for seven days with radon concentrations ranging from negligible to more than 2000 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>. Sensor performance was assessed using a total of six analysis methods, including linear regression, RMSE, Pearson or Spearman correlation analyses, Welch’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test, Bland-Altman plots, and confusion matrices. The results reveal that three of the four sensors had similar performance across most analysis methods, while one sensor had the lowest performance, possibly attributed to the short testing duration. For occupants, these sensors can be useful for quickly detecting current radon levels; however, long-term testing (90 days) with certified detectors or sensors is still recommended to ensure a reliable assessment of their radon exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Deep learning and digital twin integration for indoor environmental conditions (IEC): A state-of-the-art review 室内环境条件（IEC）的深度学习和数字孪生集成：最新进展综述

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100137

Sadegh Haghighat, Ruichuan Zhang

This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of the integration of digital twin and deep learning technologies in the context of indoor environmental conditions (IEC). A total of 136 papers published between 2018 and 2024 were systematically selected and analyzed. The review is organized along two dimensions: (1) the IEC perspective, encompassing key environmental factors such as thermal, air quality, acoustic, and lighting conditions; and (2) the technological perspective, focusing on deep learning model types, generative AI approaches, information flow, and training strategies within digital twins. The review is then supported by illustrative examples from the literature that demonstrate this integration through data curation, model selection, deployment, continuous learning, and considerations of safety and privacy. Lastly, the review identifies current gaps in the body of knowledge and outlines future research directions. This paper contributes to the field by addressing deficiencies in existing reviews and establishing a unified understanding of how deep learning enhances digital twin capabilities for predictive, adaptive, and occupant-centric IEC analytics and management.

本文提供了室内环境条件（IEC）背景下数字孪生和深度学习技术集成的最新综述。系统选取2018 - 2024年间发表的136篇论文进行分析。审查是沿着两个维度组织的：(1)IEC的观点，包括关键的环境因素，如热，空气质量，声学和照明条件；(2)技术视角，重点关注数字孪生中的深度学习模型类型、生成式人工智能方法、信息流和培训策略。然后，通过文献中的说明性示例来支持该综述，这些示例通过数据管理、模型选择、部署、持续学习以及对安全和隐私的考虑来演示这种集成。最后，本文指出了目前知识体系中的空白，并概述了未来的研究方向。本文通过解决现有评论中的不足之处，并建立对深度学习如何增强数字孪生能力的统一理解，以预测、自适应和以乘员为中心的IEC分析和管理，为该领域做出了贡献。

{"title":"Deep learning and digital twin integration for indoor environmental conditions (IEC): A state-of-the-art review","authors":"Sadegh Haghighat, Ruichuan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of the integration of digital twin and deep learning technologies in the context of indoor environmental conditions (IEC). A total of 136 papers published between 2018 and 2024 were systematically selected and analyzed. The review is organized along two dimensions: (1) the IEC perspective, encompassing key environmental factors such as thermal, air quality, acoustic, and lighting conditions; and (2) the technological perspective, focusing on deep learning model types, generative AI approaches, information flow, and training strategies within digital twins. The review is then supported by illustrative examples from the literature that demonstrate this integration through data curation, model selection, deployment, continuous learning, and considerations of safety and privacy. Lastly, the review identifies current gaps in the body of knowledge and outlines future research directions. This paper contributes to the field by addressing deficiencies in existing reviews and establishing a unified understanding of how deep learning enhances digital twin capabilities for predictive, adaptive, and occupant-centric IEC analytics and management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Semi-outdoor workspace in the tropics: Exploring thermal comfort through field measurements and surveys 热带地区的半户外工作空间：通过实地测量和调查探索热舒适

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100136

Toby Cheung , Kuniaki Mihara , Takamasa Hasama

This study explores the viability of a semi-outdoor workspace in Singapore designed to promote natural ventilation as a sustainable alternative to traditional air-conditioned offices. Continuous physical measurements and voluntary occupant surveys were conducted over two months during the hottest season in Singapore to assess thermal comfort performance across different environmental settings under living workplace. Under natural ventilation, despite indoor temperatures averaging 30.4 °C and relative humidity around 70 %, occupant comfort was largely maintained through elevated air speeds up to 1.0 m/s generated by ceiling fans. At high fan speed settings, occupant thermal satisfaction reached 68 % while observed only 11 % dissatisfaction rate, effectively minimizing discomfort related to excessive warmth sensation, insufficient airflow, and limited control of the environment. Compared to air-conditioning at a 28.0 °C setpoint with medium fan speed, which recorded the highest satisfaction among the air-conditioned settings, natural ventilation achieved comparable thermal satisfaction while reducing cooling energy consumption by approximately seven times. Additional energy use was recorded at 26.0 °C with fans settings, where two-fifth of occupants preferred a warmer environment, indicating potential overcooling even in tropical climates. Standard Effective Temperature (SET) analysis further identified an optimal comfort zone between 25.0 °C and 28.0 °C, supporting at least 80 % thermal acceptability across a range of environmental conditions. This longitudinal field study in living testbed provides strong evidence that well-designed semi-outdoor workspaces can achieve high occupant satisfaction and substantial energy savings, offering a promising direction for more sustainable and resilient workplace designs in the tropics.

本研究探讨了新加坡半户外工作空间的可行性，旨在促进自然通风，作为传统空调办公室的可持续替代方案。在新加坡最热的季节进行了两个多月的连续物理测量和自愿居住者调查，以评估不同环境下生活工作场所的热舒适性能。在自然通风条件下，尽管室内平均温度为30.4°C，相对湿度约为70 %，但通过吊扇产生的1.0 m/s的空气速度，在很大程度上维持了居住者的舒适度。在高风扇转速设置下，乘员的热满意度达到68% %，而观察到的不满意率只有11% %，有效地减少了与过度温暖感，气流不足和环境控制有限相关的不适。与空调在28.0°C设定值和中等风扇速度下的最高满意度相比，自然通风达到了相当的热满意度，同时减少了大约七倍的冷却能耗。在风扇设置下，额外的能源消耗记录为26.0°C，其中五分之二的居住者更喜欢温暖的环境，这表明即使在热带气候下也可能过冷。标准有效温度（SET）分析进一步确定了25.0°C至28.0°C之间的最佳舒适区域，在一系列环境条件下支持至少80% %的热可接受性。这项在生活测试台上进行的纵向实地研究提供了强有力的证据，证明精心设计的半户外工作空间可以实现较高的居住者满意度和大量的能源节约，为热带地区更具可持续性和弹性的工作场所设计提供了有希望的方向。

{"title":"Semi-outdoor workspace in the tropics: Exploring thermal comfort through field measurements and surveys","authors":"Toby Cheung , Kuniaki Mihara , Takamasa Hasama","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the viability of a semi-outdoor workspace in Singapore designed to promote natural ventilation as a sustainable alternative to traditional air-conditioned offices. Continuous physical measurements and voluntary occupant surveys were conducted over two months during the hottest season in Singapore to assess thermal comfort performance across different environmental settings under living workplace. Under natural ventilation, despite indoor temperatures averaging 30.4 °C and relative humidity around 70 %, occupant comfort was largely maintained through elevated air speeds up to 1.0 m/s generated by ceiling fans. At high fan speed settings, occupant thermal satisfaction reached 68 % while observed only 11 % dissatisfaction rate, effectively minimizing discomfort related to excessive warmth sensation, insufficient airflow, and limited control of the environment. Compared to air-conditioning at a 28.0 °C setpoint with medium fan speed, which recorded the highest satisfaction among the air-conditioned settings, natural ventilation achieved comparable thermal satisfaction while reducing cooling energy consumption by approximately seven times. Additional energy use was recorded at 26.0 °C with fans settings, where two-fifth of occupants preferred a warmer environment, indicating potential overcooling even in tropical climates. Standard Effective Temperature (SET) analysis further identified an optimal comfort zone between 25.0 °C and 28.0 °C, supporting at least 80 % thermal acceptability across a range of environmental conditions. This longitudinal field study in living testbed provides strong evidence that well-designed semi-outdoor workspaces can achieve high occupant satisfaction and substantial energy savings, offering a promising direction for more sustainable and resilient workplace designs in the tropics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sensing a coughing person using a depth camera and microphones for effective infection control in indoor environments 使用深度摄像头和麦克风检测咳嗽者，以便在室内环境中有效控制感染

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100135

Can Xiao , Chun Chen

Airborne infectious diseases have been a threat to human health for decades. Among various infection control methods, source control is the most direct and effective. To implement source control measures, it is crucial to accurately identify the index persons and their locations in the indoor environment. Coughing is one of the indicators that a person may have acquired a respiratory infection, although healthy persons may also cough. Therefore, this study developed a method based on depth camera and microphone sensors to detect cough events and identify the location of the corresponding coughing person. The depth camera was employed to achieve human recognition and obtain the coordinates of persons in the indoor environment. Microphone sensors were used to collect audio samples, enabling the detection of cough events and the identification of the location where the cough occurs based on machine learning. Experiments were conducted to validate the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method successfully identified all cough events and accurately localized the coughing person with an error of 604 mm or less. Finally, the proposed method was applied in the source control of person-to-person particle transport in a laboratory indoor environment with a robot equipped with an air cleaner to demonstrate the value of this method for infection control. The results show that, compared with the air cleaner off and the stationary air cleaner on cases, the air-cleaning robot with the proposed coughing person identification and localization method reduced the receptors’ exposure to exhaled particles by up to 75.8 %.

几十年来，空气传播的传染病一直威胁着人类的健康。在各种感染控制方法中，传染源控制是最直接、最有效的。在实施传染源控制措施时，准确识别室内环境中的指标人员及其位置至关重要。咳嗽是一个人可能获得呼吸道感染的指标之一，尽管健康人也可能咳嗽。因此，本研究开发了一种基于深度相机和麦克风传感器的方法来检测咳嗽事件并识别相应咳嗽人的位置。利用深度相机实现人体识别，获取室内环境中人的坐标。使用麦克风传感器收集音频样本，从而能够检测咳嗽事件并基于机器学习识别咳嗽发生的位置。实验验证了该方法的有效性。结果表明，该方法能够成功识别所有咳嗽事件，准确定位咳嗽人，误差在604 mm以下。最后，将该方法应用于实验室室内环境中人对人颗粒传输的源控制中，并使用配备空气净化器的机器人来验证该方法在感染控制中的价值。结果表明，与关闭空气净化器和固定空气净化器相比，采用所提出的咳嗽人识别和定位方法的空气净化器机器人可减少受体对呼出颗粒的暴露量高达75.8% %。

{"title":"Sensing a coughing person using a depth camera and microphones for effective infection control in indoor environments","authors":"Can Xiao , Chun Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Airborne infectious diseases have been a threat to human health for decades. Among various infection control methods, source control is the most direct and effective. To implement source control measures, it is crucial to accurately identify the index persons and their locations in the indoor environment. Coughing is one of the indicators that a person may have acquired a respiratory infection, although healthy persons may also cough. Therefore, this study developed a method based on depth camera and microphone sensors to detect cough events and identify the location of the corresponding coughing person. The depth camera was employed to achieve human recognition and obtain the coordinates of persons in the indoor environment. Microphone sensors were used to collect audio samples, enabling the detection of cough events and the identification of the location where the cough occurs based on machine learning. Experiments were conducted to validate the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method successfully identified all cough events and accurately localized the coughing person with an error of 604 mm or less. Finally, the proposed method was applied in the source control of person-to-person particle transport in a laboratory indoor environment with a robot equipped with an air cleaner to demonstrate the value of this method for infection control. The results show that, compared with the air cleaner off and the stationary air cleaner on cases, the air-cleaning robot with the proposed coughing person identification and localization method reduced the receptors’ exposure to exhaled particles by up to 75.8 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A multi-criteria decision analysis for building envelope design: Bridging moisture safety and health risks 建筑围护结构设计的多准则决策分析：桥接湿气安全和健康风险

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100134

Mohsen Bayat Pour

Developing a robust decision analysis framework for selecting appropriate building envelope assemblies is essential to ensure moisture safety, energy efficiency, and sustainability. Recently, Bayat Pour et al. introduced the inutility decision analysis (IDA) method, which integrates moisture safety criteria with sustainability considerations, including economic and environmental aspects. This study builds upon the IDA framework by addressing a previously identified gap: the lack of occupant health analyses. A new feature is incorporated into the method to assess health impacts, specifically related to mould exposure. Three case studies of timber-framed walls were analysed under Stockholm climate conditions. The probabilistic mould reliability analysis showed that the probability of exceeding the mould index threshold (MI = 3) was 2.3 % for CS1, 0 % for CS2, and 71.5 % for CS3. Health consequence calculations linked mould occurrence to asthma and allergic rhinitis, with potential lifetime costs of 22415 €/m² and 3403 €/m², respectively, under worst-case conditions. The inutility decision analysis further demonstrated the trade-offs between initial and health-related costs: CS1 (SPR = 0.14) combined initial costs (45.27 €/m²) with low health inutility (279.87 €/m²); CS2 (SPR = 0.50) required the highest initial costs (180.84 €/m²) but avoided health costs entirely; CS3 (SPR = 0.59) offered the lowest initial costs (34.05 €/m²) but incurred the largest health inutility (8815.39 €/m²). These findings illustrate how IDA can provide a transparent and balanced decision framework, moving beyond deterministic or initial costs-based assessments to explicitly address occupant health and long-term sustainability in building envelope design.

开发一个强大的决策分析框架来选择合适的建筑围护结构组件，对于确保湿度安全、能源效率和可持续性至关重要。最近，Bayat Pour等人介绍了无效决策分析（IDA）方法，该方法将水分安全标准与可持续性考虑（包括经济和环境方面）相结合。这项研究以国际开发协会框架为基础，解决了先前确定的差距：缺乏居住者健康分析。在评估健康影响的方法中纳入了一项新功能，特别是与霉菌暴露有关的影响。在斯德哥尔摩气候条件下，对木结构墙的三个案例进行了分析。概率模具可靠性分析表明，CS1超过模具指数阈值（MI = 3）的概率为2.3 %，CS2为0 %，CS3为71.5 %。健康后果计算将霉菌的发生与哮喘和过敏性鼻炎联系起来，在最坏情况下，潜在的终身成本分别为22415欧元/平方米和3403欧元/平方米。非效用决策分析进一步证明了初始成本和健康相关成本之间的权衡：CS1 （SPR = 0.14）将初始成本（45.27欧元/平方米）与低健康非效用（279.87欧元/平方米）相结合；CS2 （SPR = 0.50）需要最高的初始成本（180.84欧元/平方米），但完全避免了医疗成本；CS3 （SPR = 0.59）的初始成本最低（34.05欧元/平方米），但造成的健康损失最大（8815.39欧元/平方米）。这些发现说明了IDA如何能够提供透明和平衡的决策框架，超越确定性或基于成本的初步评估，明确解决建筑围护结构设计中的居住者健康和长期可持续性问题。

{"title":"A multi-criteria decision analysis for building envelope design: Bridging moisture safety and health risks","authors":"Mohsen Bayat Pour","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing a robust decision analysis framework for selecting appropriate building envelope assemblies is essential to ensure moisture safety, energy efficiency, and sustainability. Recently, Bayat Pour et al. introduced the inutility decision analysis (IDA) method, which integrates moisture safety criteria with sustainability considerations, including economic and environmental aspects. This study builds upon the IDA framework by addressing a previously identified gap: the lack of occupant health analyses. A new feature is incorporated into the method to assess health impacts, specifically related to mould exposure. Three case studies of timber-framed walls were analysed under Stockholm climate conditions. The probabilistic mould reliability analysis showed that the probability of exceeding the mould index threshold (MI = 3) was 2.3 % for CS1, 0 % for CS2, and 71.5 % for CS3. Health consequence calculations linked mould occurrence to asthma and allergic rhinitis, with potential lifetime costs of 22415 €/m² and 3403 €/m², respectively, under worst-case conditions. The inutility decision analysis further demonstrated the trade-offs between initial and health-related costs: CS1 (SPR = 0.14) combined initial costs (45.27 €/m²) with low health inutility (279.87 €/m²); CS2 (SPR = 0.50) required the highest initial costs (180.84 €/m²) but avoided health costs entirely; CS3 (SPR = 0.59) offered the lowest initial costs (34.05 €/m²) but incurred the largest health inutility (8815.39 €/m²). These findings illustrate how IDA can provide a transparent and balanced decision framework, moving beyond deterministic or initial costs-based assessments to explicitly address occupant health and long-term sustainability in building envelope design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effect of the ventilation rate on exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in a room with mixing ventilation 通风率对混合通风室内SARS-CoV-2暴露的影响

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100129

Timothy Foat , Benjamin Higgins , Suzie Abbs , Thomas Maishman , Liam Gray , Adrian Kelsey , Simon Coldrick , Alexander Edwards , Matthew J. Ivings , Simon T. Parker , Catherine J. Noakes

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, guidance was to increase ventilation as a way to reduce the risk of transmission. While the benefits of ventilation, when it is used to supply fresh air or to remove virus laden air from a space, is indisputable, we show that in some circumstances it can also enhance the transport of virus from the infected to the uninfected. We used computational fluid dynamics to study exposure to SARS-CoV-2 from a person coughing, in a mechanically ventilated room with mixing ventilation, over short time periods. Models were run with three ventilation rates and two definitions for how the virus is distributed within different size droplets. These showed that up to 3 m from the person (the largest distance assessed in this work), the median exposure had a statistically significant increase as the ventilation rate was increased. For example, as the room air change rate was increased from 0.5 h⁻¹ to 5 h⁻¹, the median exposure after 5 min increased by a factor of 7 or 134 depending on the model settings specified. The models showed that the negative impact of mixing ventilation on exposure (i.e. increased ventilation rate leading to increased exposure) reduced with time, which brings the predictions in line with the general guidance. Ventilation measures are therefore most likely to have the greatest impact on reducing transmission in spaces where people spend longer periods of time.

在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间，指导方针是增加通风，以减少传播风险。虽然通风的好处，当它被用来供应新鲜空气或从空间中清除带有病毒的空气时，是无可争辩的，但我们表明，在某些情况下，它也可以增强病毒从感染者到未感染者的传播。我们使用计算流体动力学来研究在短时间内，在混合通风的机械通风房间里，一个人咳嗽时暴露于SARS-CoV-2。用三种通风量和两种定义来运行模型，以确定病毒如何在不同大小的飞沫中分布。这些结果表明，在距离人体3米以内（本研究评估的最大距离），随着通风量的增加，中位暴露量有统计学上显著的增加。例如，当室内换气速率从0.5 h−1增加到5 h−1时，5分钟后的中位暴露量增加了7或134倍，具体取决于指定的模型设置。模型显示，混合通风对暴露的负面影响（即通风率增加导致暴露增加）随着时间的推移而减小，这使得预测符合一般指导。因此，通风措施最有可能对减少人们在较长时间停留的空间中的传播产生最大影响。

{"title":"The effect of the ventilation rate on exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in a room with mixing ventilation","authors":"Timothy Foat , Benjamin Higgins , Suzie Abbs , Thomas Maishman , Liam Gray , Adrian Kelsey , Simon Coldrick , Alexander Edwards , Matthew J. Ivings , Simon T. Parker , Catherine J. Noakes","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, guidance was to increase ventilation as a way to reduce the risk of transmission. While the benefits of ventilation, when it is used to supply fresh air or to remove virus laden air from a space, is indisputable, we show that in some circumstances it can also enhance the transport of virus from the infected to the uninfected. We used computational fluid dynamics to study exposure to SARS-CoV-2 from a person coughing, in a mechanically ventilated room with mixing ventilation, over short time periods. Models were run with three ventilation rates and two definitions for how the virus is distributed within different size droplets. These showed that up to 3 m from the person (the largest distance assessed in this work), the median exposure had a statistically significant increase as the ventilation rate was increased. For example, as the room air change rate was increased from 0.5h<sup>−1</sup> to 5h<sup>−1</sup>, the median exposure after 5 min increased by a factor of 7 or 134 depending on the model settings specified. The models showed that the negative impact of mixing ventilation on exposure (i.e. increased ventilation rate leading to increased exposure) reduced with time, which brings the predictions in line with the general guidance. Ventilation measures are therefore most likely to have the greatest impact on reducing transmission in spaces where people spend longer periods of time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Beyond the metrics: The discrepancy between indoor air quality benchmarks, outdoor access, and occupant satisfaction in U.S. office buildings 指标之外：美国办公大楼室内空气质量基准、室外通道和居住者满意度之间的差异

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100133

Elizabeth L. McCormick , Traci R. Rider , Jianxin Hu

Well-filtered air, biophilic design, and outdoor terraces are increasingly provided as workplace amenities intended to foster a connection to nature within the confines of urban infrastructure. Yet this mixed-methods study of four urban office spaces in the US Southeast and mid-Atlantic (Atlanta, Charlotte, Durham, and Washington, DC) reveals a persistent disconnect between design strategies and occupant experiences. Despite meeting or exceeding industry standards for ventilation, daylight, greenery, and access to outdoor space, study participants frequently expressed feeling “trapped,” “confined,” or “stuck in a cold box” during the workday, highlighting the gap between technical compliance and sensory satisfaction. Continuous air quality monitoring confirmed that average IAQ index values ranged from 34 to 50, CO₂ levels averaged 454–557 ppm, and PM₂.₅ concentrations rarely exceeded 15 μg/m³ . Nevertheless, behavioral and perceptual data from surveys, interviews, and QR-based tracking revealed limited terrace use and a persistent desire for “fresh air,” environmental variability, and sensory richness. When terraces were used, they functioned primarily as recreational or social spaces rather than work environments, constrained by glare, noise, poor ergonomics, and a lack of supportive infrastructure. These findings demonstrate that technical benchmarks, while necessary, are insufficient to ensure well-being. Instead, more effective workplace strategies must therefore move beyond narrowly defined performance metrics to embrace environmental diversity, occupant perception, and cultivate more porous boundaries between the indoors and nature.

过滤良好的空气、亲生物设计和室外露台越来越多地作为工作场所的便利设施，旨在促进城市基础设施范围内与自然的联系。然而，这项对美国东南部和大西洋中部（亚特兰大、夏洛特、达勒姆和华盛顿特区）四个城市办公空间的混合方法研究揭示了设计策略和居住者体验之间的持续脱节。尽管在通风、日光、绿化和室外空间方面达到或超过了行业标准，但研究参与者在工作日经常表达“被困”、“被限制”或“被困在冷盒子里”的感觉，突出了技术合规和感官满足之间的差距。连续监测的结果显示，平均室内空气质量指数为34 ~ 50，CO₂为454 ~ 557 ppm， PM₂为454 ~ 557 ppm。₅浓度很少超过15 μg/m³ 。然而，来自调查、访谈和基于qr的跟踪的行为和感知数据显示，露台的使用有限，对“新鲜空气”、环境变化和感官丰富的持续渴望。当露台被使用时，它们主要作为娱乐或社交空间，而不是工作环境，受到眩光、噪音、不良人体工程学和缺乏支持性基础设施的限制。这些发现表明，技术基准虽然必要，但不足以确保福祉。因此，更有效的工作场所策略必须超越狭义的绩效指标，以拥抱环境多样性、居住者的感知，并在室内和自然之间培养更多的多孔边界。

{"title":"Beyond the metrics: The discrepancy between indoor air quality benchmarks, outdoor access, and occupant satisfaction in U.S. office buildings","authors":"Elizabeth L. McCormick , Traci R. Rider , Jianxin Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Well-filtered air, biophilic design, and outdoor terraces are increasingly provided as workplace amenities intended to foster a connection to nature within the confines of urban infrastructure. Yet this mixed-methods study of four urban office spaces in the US Southeast and mid-Atlantic (Atlanta, Charlotte, Durham, and Washington, DC) reveals a persistent disconnect between design strategies and occupant experiences. Despite meeting or exceeding industry standards for ventilation, daylight, greenery, and access to outdoor space, study participants frequently expressed feeling “trapped,” “confined,” or “stuck in a cold box” during the workday, highlighting the gap between technical compliance and sensory satisfaction. Continuous air quality monitoring confirmed that average IAQ index values ranged from 34 to 50, CO₂ levels averaged 454–557 ppm, and PM₂.₅ concentrations rarely exceeded 15 μg/m³ . Nevertheless, behavioral and perceptual data from surveys, interviews, and QR-based tracking revealed limited terrace use and a persistent desire for “fresh air,” environmental variability, and sensory richness. When terraces were used, they functioned primarily as recreational or social spaces rather than work environments, constrained by glare, noise, poor ergonomics, and a lack of supportive infrastructure. These findings demonstrate that technical benchmarks, while necessary, are insufficient to ensure well-being. Instead, more effective workplace strategies must therefore move beyond narrowly defined performance metrics to embrace environmental diversity, occupant perception, and cultivate more porous boundaries between the indoors and nature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing the accuracy of predicted values of human CO2 generation rates for IAQ applications 评估室内空气质量应用中人类二氧化碳生成率预测值的准确性

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100132

Oluwatobi Oke , Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo , Adam Lowe , Laura Watson , Shanshan Chen , Stefan Flagner , Guy Plaqui , Andrew Persily

The fields of building ventilation and indoor air quality (IAQ) often use indoor CO₂ concentrations as indicators of ventilation and IAQ, though many of these applications involve technical misinterpretation. Many of these applications require estimates of CO₂ emission rates from building occupants (VCO₂), which can be predicted from body mass, sex, age, and activity level. In many cases, these parameters are difficult to determine, necessitating assumptions about the occupants and their activities. The determination of these values can be particularly challenging during the building design phase when no occupants are present or in occupied spaces where characterizing occupants is often impractical. This study utilizes data from experiments conducted by four research laboratories employing whole-room indirect calorimeter measurements of VCO₂ to evaluate the accuracy of two estimation approaches, ASHRAE and Persily and de Jonge. The experiments involved healthy adults performing various activities, including sleeping, cycling, and sedentary tasks such as reading. This validation exercise of VCO₂ predictions was conducted using two types of input values, measured data from the experiments and data from the literature. The results indicate that the ASHRAE approach consistently underestimated VCO₂, with absolute mean prediction errors ranging from 29 % to 58 %. The Persily and de Jonge approach exhibited lower prediction errors, particularly when measured inputs were used, with absolute mean differences ranging from 6 % to 21 %. These findings highlight the critical importance of accurate input data. When measured inputs are unavailable, literature-derived values should be used with an understanding of their uncertainty.

建筑通风和室内空气质量（IAQ）领域经常使用室内二氧化碳浓度作为通风和室内空气质量的指标，尽管许多这些应用涉及技术上的误解。许多此类应用都需要估算建筑物居住者的二氧化碳排放率（VCO2），这可以通过体重、性别、年龄和活动水平来预测。在许多情况下，这些参数很难确定，因此需要对居住者及其活动进行假设。在建筑物设计阶段，当没有居住者存在或在已占用的空间中，这些值的确定可能特别具有挑战性，在这些空间中，表征居住者通常是不切实际的。本研究利用四个研究实验室进行的实验数据，采用全室间接量热计测量VCO2，以评估ASHRAE和Persily and de Jonge两种估计方法的准确性。这些实验让健康的成年人进行各种各样的活动，包括睡觉、骑自行车和久坐不动的活动，比如阅读。VCO2预测的验证工作使用两种类型的输入值进行，实验测量数据和文献数据。结果表明，ASHRAE方法始终低估了VCO2，绝对平均预测误差在29 %至58 %之间。Persily和de Jonge方法显示出较低的预测误差，特别是当使用测量输入时，其绝对平均差异范围为6 %至21 %。这些发现强调了准确输入数据的重要性。当测量输入不可用时，应在理解其不确定性的情况下使用文献衍生值。

{"title":"Assessing the accuracy of predicted values of human CO2 generation rates for IAQ applications","authors":"Oluwatobi Oke , Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo , Adam Lowe , Laura Watson , Shanshan Chen , Stefan Flagner , Guy Plaqui , Andrew Persily","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fields of building ventilation and indoor air quality (IAQ) often use indoor CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations as indicators of ventilation and IAQ, though many of these applications involve technical misinterpretation. Many of these applications require estimates of CO<sub>2</sub> emission rates from building occupants (VCO<sub>2</sub>), which can be predicted from body mass, sex, age, and activity level. In many cases, these parameters are difficult to determine, necessitating assumptions about the occupants and their activities. The determination of these values can be particularly challenging during the building design phase when no occupants are present or in occupied spaces where characterizing occupants is often impractical. This study utilizes data from experiments conducted by four research laboratories employing whole-room indirect calorimeter measurements of VCO<sub>2</sub> to evaluate the accuracy of two estimation approaches, ASHRAE and Persily and de Jonge. The experiments involved healthy adults performing various activities, including sleeping, cycling, and sedentary tasks such as reading. This validation exercise of VCO<sub>2</sub> predictions was conducted using two types of input values, measured data from the experiments and data from the literature. The results indicate that the ASHRAE approach consistently underestimated VCO<sub>2</sub>, with absolute mean prediction errors ranging from 29 % to 58 %. The Persily and de Jonge approach exhibited lower prediction errors, particularly when measured inputs were used, with absolute mean differences ranging from 6 % to 21 %. These findings highlight the critical importance of accurate input data. When measured inputs are unavailable, literature-derived values should be used with an understanding of their uncertainty.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0