Indoor Environments最新文献_第2页

Corrigendum to “Energy retrofits: Factors affecting a just transition to better indoor air quality” [Indoor Environ. 1 (4) (2024) 100058] “能源改造：影响向更佳室内空气质素过渡的因素”的勘误表[室内环境，1 (4)(2024)100058]

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100067

Ann Marie Coggins , Victoria Hogan , Asit Kumar Mishra , Daniel Norton , Declan Foster , Nina Wemken , Hilary Cowie , Edel Doherty

引用次数: 0

Guidance to investigate university students’ bodily responses and perceptual assessments in sound exposure experiments 指导调查大学生在声音暴露实验中的身体反应和感知评估

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100066

Amneh Hamida , Alessandro D'Amico , AnneMarie Eijkelenboom , Philomena M. Bluyssen

Previous studies have shown that sound influences students both physiologically and perceptually. However, most of these studies focussed on the effects of sounds at group-level, ignoring individual differences. Therefore, we investigated which indicators can be used to identify differences in bodily responses and perceptual assessments of each individual when exposed to four different sounds. First, based on an audiometric test, the hearing acuity of 15 students (from five different profiles based on their acoustical preferences and needs) was measured. Then, two sound exposure experiments were conducted in the SenseLab: direct sound exposure using earbuds in a laboratory setting, and indirect sound exposure with speakers in a real room setting. During each experiment, the attention level (AL), mental relaxation level (MRL), heart rate (HR), and respiration rate (RR) were measured with wearable devices, and students made perceptual assessments of each condition. The percentage of change normalised the four bodily response measurements among students. Based on correlation analysis and t-tests, bodily responses, and perceptual assessments across experiments were compared, at group-level and individual-level. Six students, who suffered from mild hearing loss in low-frequency sounds, showed bodily responses such as increased HR during exposure to low-frequency sound conditions. Perceptual assessments of different sound types during both lab experiments substantiated the acoustical preferences of the students from the five profiles. Bodily responses showed no strong nor significant correlations with perceptual assessments during the direct sound exposure experiments. Differences in bodily responses and perceptual assessments between the two experiments and between group-level and individual-level were observed in AL. It is concluded that hearing acuity and type of sound (sound frequencies) are key indicators for identifying differences in bodily responses (such as HR and RR) and perceptual assessment. For future research, it is crucial to consider incorporating audiometric tests, bodily responses such as HR and RR, and perceptual assessments in this type of investigations.

以往的研究表明，声音对学生的生理和感知都有影响。然而，这些研究大多侧重于声音在群体层面的影响，忽略了个体差异。因此，我们研究了哪些指标可用于识别每个人在接触四种不同声音时的身体反应和感知评估差异。首先，在听力测试的基础上，测量了 15 名学生的听力敏锐度（根据他们的声学偏好和需求，分别来自五个不同的群体）。然后，在 SenseLab 中进行了两次声音暴露实验：在实验室环境中使用耳塞进行直接声音暴露，以及在真实房间环境中使用扬声器进行间接声音暴露。每次实验期间，都会使用可穿戴设备测量注意力水平（AL）、精神放松水平（MRL）、心率（HR）和呼吸频率（RR），并由学生对每种情况进行感知评估。变化百分比对学生的四种身体反应测量结果进行了归一化处理。根据相关性分析和 t 检验，对不同实验中的身体反应和感知评估进行了小组和个人层面的比较。六名学生患有轻度低频听力损失，他们在低频声音条件下表现出身体反应，如心率加快。在两次实验室实验中，对不同声音类型的感知评估证实了五名学生的声学偏好。在直接暴露于声音的实验中，身体反应与感知评估没有显示出强烈或显著的相关性。在 AL 实验中，观察到了两次实验之间以及小组和个人之间身体反应和感知评估的差异。结论是，听觉敏锐度和声音类型（声音频率）是确定身体反应（如心率和呼吸频率）和知觉评估差异的关键指标。在未来的研究中，考虑将听力测试、身体反应（如心率和呼吸频率）和知觉评估纳入此类调查至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Ventilation characteristics in a hospital where a COVID-19 outbreak occurred in the winter of 2020

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100065

Motoya. Hayashi, Sayaka. Murata, Koki. Kikuta

To clear the influences of ventilation performance on COVID-19 outbreaks in hospitals, the ventilation characteristics were investigated in a ward of an over-30-year-old hospital where a large outbreak occurred in the winter of 2020. At the early stage of the outbreak, nasal high-flow (NHF) was used in a treatment room for a week, and many patients stayed in multi-bed rooms during the outbreak. The viruses could expand not only with the infected staff or patients but also with the virus-contained air. To make an emergent ventilation measure plan, which the hospital requested, the actual performance of the air-conditioning and ventilation system and the ventilation characteristics were investigated using airflow volume meters, smoke testers, and a tracer gas CO₂. The results of the measurements and the analysis showed the following. The ventilation rates had decreased to 30 % of the design value in the ward. The ventilation rate was decreased to 10 % in the treatment room where NHF was used, and the ventilation rates were decreased to 4–31 % in the rooms with six beds. The room doors were usually opened, and the opening had the effect of increasing the ventilation rate of the room. However, the virus-contained air could expand to the corridor and the other spaces. The air supply is stopped to keep room temperature at night, and the ventilation is thought to be very poor, especially if the doors are closed. Inadequate ventilation in the old buildings may have affected the hospital outbreak cases. It is essential to check the ventilation characteristics regularly, especially in old buildings. The result contributed to the administrative notice “The Emergent Ventilation Measures to Control COVID-19 in Hospitals” in April 2021 in Japan.

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引用次数: 0

A field investigation on thermal comfort of kindergarten children in China’s hot summer and cold winter zone during winter 中国夏热冬冷地区幼儿园儿童冬季热舒适度实地调查

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100064

Weiming Chen , Ningrui Liu , Junrui Chang , Qin Wang , Hui Zhang , Yingxin Zhu , Bin Cao

Preschool children have different thermal characteristic from adults, while research on their thermal comfort within kindergartens remains scarce. This study conducted a survey among 205 children aged 4–6 years and 25 teachers in China, yielding a total of 6441 records. Although the survey area with most indoor temperatures falling below the comfort zone, a significant portion of the survey sessions in class (52 %) reported hot dissatisfaction. Children reported more hot sensations than adults, with almost no cold sensations reported. The mean Thermal Sensation (MTS) of children remained above the neutral point across the surveyed temperature range. The analysis suggests that a primary cause of children's discomfort is over-clothing. The average level of the investigated children’s clothing insulation was 1.78 clo, which was 0.19 clo more than that of the adults in the same environment, equivalent to adding a vest and a T-shirt. Moreover, the children have limited initiative to adjust their clothing. The excessive clothing likely stems from parental overconcern for cold environment, which leading to preventative dressing. Among the surveyed children, those wearing less clothing exhibited better thermal comfort status, underscoring the unnecessity of excessive clothing.

学龄前儿童具有不同于成人的热特征，而有关他们在幼儿园内热舒适度的研究却仍然很少。本研究对中国 205 名 4-6 岁儿童和 25 名教师进行了调查，共获得 6441 条记录。虽然调查区域的大部分室内温度低于舒适区，但在班级中，有相当一部分调查对象（52%）表示对热感到不满意。儿童的热感报告多于成人，几乎没有冷感报告。在整个调查温度范围内，儿童的平均热感（MTS）都保持在中性点以上。分析表明，造成儿童不适的主要原因是穿得太多。被调查儿童的平均衣物隔热水平为 1.78 clo，比相同环境下的成人高出 0.19 clo，相当于增加了一件背心和一件 T 恤。此外，儿童调整衣物的主动性有限。穿衣过多的原因可能是家长过于关注寒冷的环境，从而导致预防性穿衣。在接受调查的儿童中，穿衣较少的儿童热舒适度较高，这说明过多穿衣是不必要的。

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引用次数: 0

IAQ and ventilation measurements at the “ZEB Laboratory” office building in Norway 在挪威 "ZEB 实验室 "办公楼测量室内空气质量和通风情况

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100063

Maria Justo Alonso , Hilde Breesch , Thomas Elvrum Lassen , Quinten Carton , Hans Martin Mathisen

This study aims to assess indoor environmental quality (IEQ) within a Zero Emission Building (ZEB) office in Norway, focusing on occupant impact (CO₂, temperature, humidity) and materials/substances influence (formaldehyde, particulate matter (PM_2.5), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC)). It presents a detailed data collection spanning 14 months from March 30th, 2022, to June 1st, 2023. Occupancy varied significantly, affecting measured indoor air quality (IAQ) parameters, with the lowest temperatures recorded on the second floor and specific areas like the canteen experiencing temperature drops during low usage times. Relative humidity levels remained over 20 % in winter despite the building's low occupancy, a notable aspect given Norway's dry winters. PM_2.5 levels stayed below World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, indicating effective pollution management. The study also evaluates the impact of reducing the ventilation rates on IAQ, noting no significant IAQ compromise. An analysis correlating IAQ measurements with building occupants' satisfaction post-intervention revealed that temperature is the most significant factor affecting satisfaction levels, excluding acoustic satisfaction. Occupants generally reported satisfaction with the indoor environmental quality (IEQ), with specific dissatisfaction tied to thermal environment and IAQ, suggesting the importance of temperature control in occupant perception. This research not only provides valuable insights into IEQ management in Zero Energy and Zero Emission office buildings but also emphasizes the critical role of indoor temperature and the potential of wooden structures to stabilize humidity levels, contributing to occupant comfort and satisfaction.

本研究旨在评估挪威零排放建筑（ZEB）办公室内的室内环境质量（IEQ），重点关注对居住者的影响（二氧化碳、温度、湿度）以及材料/物质的影响（甲醛、颗粒物（PM2.5）、总挥发性有机化合物（TVOC））。报告提供了从 2022 年 3 月 30 日到 2023 年 6 月 1 日 14 个月的详细数据收集情况。占用率变化很大，影响了测量的室内空气质量（IAQ）参数，二楼温度最低，食堂等特定区域在使用率低时温度会下降。尽管大楼的使用率较低，但冬季的相对湿度仍保持在 20% 以上，这与挪威干燥的冬季有很大关系。PM2.5水平保持在世界卫生组织（WHO）的标准以下，表明污染管理卓有成效。研究还评估了降低通风率对室内空气质量的影响，结果表明室内空气质量没有受到明显影响。将室内空气质量测量结果与干预后建筑使用者的满意度相关联的分析表明，温度是影响满意度的最重要因素，声学满意度除外。住户普遍对室内环境质量（IEQ）表示满意，具体的不满意与热环境和室内空气质量有关，这表明温度控制在住户感知中的重要性。这项研究不仅为零能耗和零排放办公楼的室内环境质量管理提供了宝贵的见解，还强调了室内温度的关键作用以及木结构在稳定湿度水平方面的潜力，有助于提高居住者的舒适度和满意度。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of bedroom environment on average heart rate during sleep in temperate regions: Winter conditions in healthy males in their twenties with average BMI 卧室环境对温带地区睡眠期间平均心率的影响：二十多岁、体重指数一般的健康男性的冬季条件

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100062

Noriaki Oota , Yasuki Yamauchi , Gota Iwase , Masaru Abuku , Yasuhiro Hiraguri

The nocturnal average heart rate correlates more strongly with mortality rates than the resting heart rate or 24-hour average heart rate. Additionally, it has been suggested that as the average heart rate decreases, SDNN increases, indicating favorable autonomic function. This study aimed to identify the environmental factors that most significantly affect the day-to-day variability of average heart rate during sleep (SHR) in winter. Measurements were conducted in the participants' usual bedrooms of nine healthy male participants in their twenties with an average BMI, living in a temperate region. The measurement periods were from December 1, 2022, to March 8, 2023, and from December 1, 2023, to February 6, 2024. In addition to the heart rate, body movement, room, radiant, and bed microclimate temperatures, carbon dioxide concentration, relative humidity, and illuminance were measured. The results demonstrated that, when comparing across participants, the average room and radiant temperatures during the measurement period had a significant negative correlation with the average SHR during the measurement period, with correlation coefficients of −0.83 and −0.91, respectively. Using a multilevel structural equation model, no valid model was obtained at the between level, which examined differences between participants, while a valid model was found at the within level, which examined differences within participants. At the within level, the most explanatory factors for SHR were body movement, operative temperature, bed microclimate temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and the interaction term between the bed microclimate temperature and carbon dioxide concentration. Overall, a deeper understanding of the impact of environmental conditions on average sleep heart rate could facilitate the design of environments favorable for autonomic nervous system activity during sleep.

与静息心率或 24 小时平均心率相比，夜间平均心率与死亡率的相关性更强。此外，有研究表明，随着平均心率的降低，SDNN 会增加，这表明自律神经功能良好。本研究旨在找出对冬季睡眠时平均心率日变异性影响最大的环境因素（SHR）。研究人员在居住在温带地区的九名二十多岁、体重指数（BMI）中等的健康男性参与者平时的卧室中进行了测量。测量时间分别为 2022 年 12 月 1 日至 2023 年 3 月 8 日和 2023 年 12 月 1 日至 2024 年 2 月 6 日。除了心率、身体运动外，还测量了室内温度、辐射温度和床上微气候温度、二氧化碳浓度、相对湿度和照度。结果表明，在对所有参与者进行比较时，测量期间的平均室温和辐射温度与测量期间的平均 SHR 呈显著负相关，相关系数分别为-0.83 和-0.91。利用多层次结构方程模型，在考察参与者之间差异的 "之间 "层次上没有得到有效的模型，而在考察参与者内部差异的 "内部 "层次上找到了有效的模型。在内部层面，最能解释 SHR 的因素是身体运动、操作温度、病床微气候温度、二氧化碳浓度以及病床微气候温度和二氧化碳浓度之间的交互项。总之，深入了解环境条件对平均睡眠心率的影响有助于设计有利于睡眠期间自律神经系统活动的环境。

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引用次数: 0

Institutional distrust and levels of functional impairment related to indoor air-associated symptoms: A Finnish population-based study 与室内空气相关症状有关的机构不信任和功能障碍水平：一项基于芬兰人口的研究

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100061

Sanna Selinheimo , Einar Eidstø , Jussi Lampi , Anniina Salmela , Juha Pekkanen

Introduction

While distrust in social institutions has been linked with poor health outcomes, this association has not been examined in relation to indoor air (IA). We investigated the relationship between functional impairment due to IA-associated symptoms and distrust in social institutions, both in general and distrust particularly in IA-related questions.

Methods

The Finnish population-based Indoor Air and Health survey (n=1750) was utilized to assess any IA-associated symptoms and functional impairment due to these symptoms within the past 12 months. The associations between levels of functional impairment and distrust in social institutions (health care, juridical system, government officials, construction business, media, and social media) were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression adjusted for gender, age, and education.

Results

Of the respondents with symptoms (23.1 %), the level of functional impairment varied from severe (1.8 %) to no impairment (4.9 %). Distrust in social institutions was more common in IA-related questions than in general. Higher levels of functional impairment were associated with increased distrust particularized in IA-related questions in other institutions except for media and social media: higher levels of functional impairment were associated with increased trust in these institutions. The strongest associations were observed with distrust in health care and government officials (aOR 4.10, 95 %CI 1.97–8.53, and aOR 3.35, 95 %CI 1.62–6.94, for those with severe impairment compared to those with no IA-associated symptoms).

Conclusions

Higher levels of self-reported functional impairment due to IA-associated symptoms were associated with decreased trust in most social institutions, but with increased trust in media and social media. These findings should be considered in communication on and prevention of IA-associated health issues.

导言虽然对社会机构的不信任与不良的健康结果有关，但尚未研究过这种关联与室内空气（IA）的关系。我们研究了室内空气相关症状导致的功能障碍与对社会机构的不信任之间的关系，包括对社会机构的总体不信任和对与室内空气相关问题的不信任。方法利用基于芬兰人口的室内空气与健康调查（n=1750）来评估过去 12 个月内任何室内空气相关症状以及这些症状导致的功能障碍。在对性别、年龄和教育程度进行调整后，使用多项式逻辑回归分析了功能障碍程度与对社会机构（医疗保健、司法系统、政府官员、建筑企业、媒体和社交媒体）不信任之间的关联。结果在有症状的受访者（23.1%）中，功能障碍程度从严重（1.8%）到无障碍（4.9%）不等。在与精神障碍有关的问题中，对社会机构的不信任比一般问题更为常见。除媒体和社交媒体外，功能缺损程度越高，对其他机构的不信任程度也越高，因为功能缺损程度越高，对这些机构的信任程度也越高。与没有 IA 相关症状的人相比，有严重功能障碍的人对医疗保健和政府官员的不信任程度最高（aOR 4.10，95 %CI 1.97-8.53；aOR 3.35，95 %CI 1.62-6.94）。在宣传和预防 IA 相关健康问题时应考虑这些发现。

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引用次数: 0

Energy retrofits: Factors affecting a just transition to better indoor air quality 能源改造：影响公正过渡到更好室内空气质量的因素

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100058

Ann Marie Coggins , Victoria Hogan , Asit Kumar Mishra , Daniel Norton , Declan Foster , Nina Wemken , Hilary Cowie , Edel Doherty

In comparison with other European countries, Ireland has a disproportionately high number of poorly performing energy-inefficient buildings. Consequently, Ireland has one of the most ambitious energy retrofit programmes in Europe. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of deep energy renovation measures i.e. (replacement of heating system and upgrade to building envelope) on indoor air quality, thermal comfort and ventilation in a sample of primarily social housing in Ireland. A mixed methods approach including measurement of indoor air quality and a thermal comfort questionnaire survey was employed. Indoor concentration measurements of PM_2.5, carbon dioxide, formaldehyde, and radon along with measurements of air temperature and relative humidity were made (N=14). Occupants (n=56) completed a thermal comfort questionnaire survey pre- and post-retrofit. Data collection ran from autumn 2020 until autumn 2023.

Thermal comfort improved post-retrofit along with occupant satisfaction with the indoor thermal environment and heating-systems. Post-retrofit, higher bedroom CO₂, and higher PM_2.5 concentrations were recorded in both living areas and bedrooms. Occupant behaviours e.g. blocking wall vents were significant predictors of poorer ventilation while smoking indoors was related to higher concentrations of PM_2.5. In general, homes that had mechanical ventilation systems installed were better ventilated. Underventilation, as indicated by visible condensation or mould was observed in half of the social homes surveyed and reported by questionnaire respondents (26 %). Tailored communications to occupants regarding the important role of ventilation and indoor air quality is required as part of retrofit to optimise impacts on IEQ.

与其他欧洲国家相比，爱尔兰的低能效建筑数量过多。因此，爱尔兰制定了欧洲最雄心勃勃的能源改造计划之一。本研究旨在评估深度能源改造措施（即更换供热系统和升级建筑围护结构）对爱尔兰主要社会住房样本的室内空气质量、热舒适度和通风的影响。采用的混合方法包括室内空气质量测量和热舒适度问卷调查。测量了 PM2.5、二氧化碳、甲醛和氡的室内浓度，并测量了空气温度和相对湿度（14 人）。居住者（n=56）在改造前和改造后完成了热舒适度问卷调查。数据收集工作从 2020 年秋季开始，一直持续到 2023 年秋季。改造后，热舒适度得到了改善，居住者对室内热环境和供热系统的满意度也有所提高。改造后，起居室和卧室的二氧化碳浓度和 PM2.5 浓度都有所提高。居住者的行为（如堵塞墙壁通风口）是导致通风较差的重要预测因素，而室内吸烟则与 PM2.5 浓度较高有关。一般来说，安装了机械通风系统的家庭通风较好。在接受调查的社会住宅中，有一半（26%）的住宅通风不足，表现为可见的冷凝水或霉菌。作为改造的一部分，需要有针对性地向住户宣传通风和室内空气质量的重要作用，以优化对 IEQ 的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Moving the needle on home health: Reconceptualizing social problems in a multi-stakeholder system 推动家庭保健：在多方利益相关者系统中重新认识社会问题

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100060

Paige Ambord , Tami C. Bond , Paul W. Francisco , Sheryl Magzamen

Despite significant evidence that housing quality plays a key role in the overall health of the population, health risks that originate at home have failed to garner direct policy attention or intervention commensurate with their impact. Drawing on the sociology of social problems, we identify how causal and political responsibility for risks in the United States context is complicated when these environmental health risks are embedded in private homes. We argue that changing how home health is addressed by health and building practitioners requires a reconceptualization of home health whereby the multiple responsible parties and sources of exposure become leverage points for future research and interventions. This reframing includes identifying housing as an arena of health, representing a class of risks tied to place. We also contend that health is an essential element of homes as systems and must be embedded in how those in building science, construction, property management, and code design approach housing. Finally, we suggest the need for specialists to navigate home health issues, drawing on the hospitalist model of health provision. These proposals illustrate multiple points at which residents, researchers, and health and building professionals may intervene and home health risks can be addressed.

尽管有大量证据表明，住房质量对人口的整体健康起着关键作用，但源于家庭的健康风险却未能获得与其影响相称的直接政策关注或干预。通过对社会问题社会学的研究，我们发现在美国，当这些环境健康风险存在于私人住宅中时，风险的因果关系和政治责任是如何变得复杂的。我们认为，要改变卫生和建筑从业人员处理家庭健康问题的方式，就必须重新认识家庭健康，使多个责任方和暴露源成为未来研究和干预措施的杠杆点。这种重构包括将住房视为一个健康领域，代表着与地方相关的一类风险。我们还认为，健康是住宅系统的一个基本要素，必须纳入建筑科学、施工、物业管理和规范设计领域的人员处理住宅问题的方式中。最后，我们建议有必要借鉴医院专家提供医疗服务的模式，由专家来解决家庭健康问题。这些建议说明了居民、研究人员、卫生和建筑专业人员可以进行干预和解决家庭健康风险的多个要点。

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引用次数: 0

Evidence-based strategies for optimizing long-term temperature monitoring in offices 优化办公室长期温度监测的循证策略

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100059

Peixian Li , Xiangjun Zhao , Siyan Wang , Thomas Parkinson , Richard de Dear , Xing Shi

Long-term monitoring of the thermal environment in office buildings has become increasingly relevant with the rise of wireless sensor networks. However, there is a notable absence of explicit guidelines for implementing monitoring strategies in such contexts. This lack of direction can lead to inconsistent deployment of sensor networks, resulting in higher maintenance costs and inaccurate long-term assessments of thermal conditions. Based on data analyses of high-accuracy, high-frequency field measurements conducted over a year or longer across multiple offices in Sydney and Shanghai, this study proposes a strategy for long-term temperature monitoring. The strategy advises practitioners to prioritize considerations such as air-conditioning type, room size, and space function when selecting "representative" sensor locations. Typically, sampling every 30 min is deemed adequate for shared offices where an error margin of ±0.5°C is acceptable. For environments with stable indoor temperatures, less frequent sampling intervals suffice. A power regression model tailored for offices equipped with central AC and no operable windows was developed to predict the maximum allowable sampling interval based on several days of indoor temperature monitoring in winter. Regarding monitoring duration, the study advocates a preferred sampling period of one year to comprehensively capture seasonal variations. Alternatively, a minimum monitoring period of four to six months commencing in late spring or early summer is identified as potentially sufficient. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing long-term thermal monitoring practices in offices and may contribute to expanding the scope of thermal comfort standards.

随着无线传感器网络的兴起，对办公楼热环境的长期监测变得越来越重要。然而，在这种情况下实施监测策略显然缺乏明确的指导方针。这种缺乏指导的情况会导致传感器网络部署的不一致，从而造成维护成本的增加和热环境长期评估的不准确。本研究基于对悉尼和上海多个办事处进行的长达一年或更长时间的高精度、高频率实地测量数据分析，提出了长期温度监测策略。该策略建议从业人员在选择 "代表性 "传感器位置时，优先考虑空调类型、房间大小和空间功能等因素。通常情况下，对于共享办公室来说，每 30 分钟采样一次就足够了，误差范围在 ±0.5°C 之间是可以接受的。对于室内温度稳定的环境，采样间隔较短即可。根据冬季数天的室内温度监测结果，为配备中央空调且无可开启窗户的办公室量身定制了一个功率回归模型，以预测最大允许采样间隔。关于监测持续时间，该研究主张首选一年的采样期，以全面捕捉季节性变化。另外，从春末夏初开始的至少四到六个月的监测期也可能足够。这些研究结果为优化办公室长期热监测实践提供了宝贵的见解，并可能有助于扩大热舒适标准的范围。

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