Indoor Environments最新文献_第5页

Levels, distribution, sources and children's health risk of PBDEs in household dust from 2010 to 2022 in China 2010 - 2022年中国家庭粉尘中多溴二苯醚的含量、分布、来源及儿童健康风险

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100114

Xiaotong Zhang , Wenying Zhang , Tingting Liu , Fengjing Song , Chengyu Chen , Chao Wang , Weiyi Zhang , Xu Han , Xianliang Wang

Background

Polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are one of the most common flame retardants in household products. Given their broad-spectrum toxicity, monitoring PBDE levels in indoor environments and assessing their potential health risks are critical for residential health risk management.

Methods

Based on published literature data from 2010 to 2022, the concrete raw data regarding the concentration of PBDEs in actual dust samples from true household living conditions in China were collected exhaustively from 26 peer-reviewed papers after screening. Congeners with detection rates exceeding 80 % (BDE-28, −47, −99, −100, −153, −154, −183, −209) were selected for further analysis. Household dust PBDE levels were quantified using the weighted average concentration. Seasonal and regional variations were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests, while Spearman correlation analysis and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were applied for source apportionment. Health risks to children were assessed based on estimated daily intake (EDI) via ingestion and dermal absorption, using hazard indices (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR) models.

Results

The concentrations of PBDEs in household dust (HD-PBDEs)² in China ranged from 4.03 ng/g to 37333.58 ng/g, with a weighted average concentration of 3625.43 ng/g. The weighted average concentration was maximum in Zhejiang (27268.66 ng/g) and lowest in Shaanxi (4.03 ng/g). BDE-209 was the predominant congener of HD-PBDEs, ranging from 73.56 % to 99.78 %, followed by BDE-47 (6.84–62.08 %), BDE-99 (1.80–56.77 %), and BDE-153 (0–43.10 %). The weighted average concentrations of ∑₈PBDEs were 1419.97 ng/g in 2006–2009, 5886.15 ng/g in 2010–2014, and 1813.51 ng/g in 2015–2020. HD-PBDE concentration was significantly higher in winter than in spring and fall (P < 0.05). Families residing in rural areas, southern regions, or near e-waste-contaminated areas exhibited higher concentrations of HD-PBDEs (P < 0.05). Two principal components were extracted, accounting for 84.56 % of the total variance. The estimated daily intake of HD-PBDEs for children via ingestion (1.93 × 10¹ ng/kg BW/day) was higher than that via dermal absorption (8.93 ×10⁻¹ ng/kg BW/day). The non-carcinogenic risk of HD-PBDEs (1.01 ×10⁻¹) and the carcinogenic risk of BDE-209 (1.30 ×10⁻⁸) were below the standard criterion.

Conclusions

HD-PBDE concentrations in China ranked moderate-to-high globally, with clear regional variations. Both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of HD-PBDE exposure to Chinese children were acceptable. Future investigations should focus on longitudinal monitoring of PBDE trends in household environments and health impacts on vulnerable subpopulations.

多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）是家用产品中最常见的阻燃剂之一。鉴于多溴二苯醚的广谱毒性，监测室内环境中的多溴二苯醚水平并评估其潜在的健康风险对居民健康风险管理至关重要。方法基于2010 - 2022年已发表的文献数据，筛选26篇同行评议论文，详尽收集中国真实家庭生活条件下实际粉尘样本中多溴二苯醚浓度的具体原始数据。选择检出率超过80% %的同源基因（BDE-28, - 47, - 99, - 100, - 153, - 154, - 183, - 209）进行进一步分析。使用加权平均浓度对家庭粉尘多溴二苯醚水平进行量化。采用Mann-Whitney U检验和Kruskal-Wallis H检验评估季节和区域差异，采用Spearman相关分析和探索性因子分析（EFA）进行源分析。使用危害指数（HI）和致癌风险（CR）模型，根据通过摄入和皮肤吸收估计的每日摄入量（EDI）对儿童的健康风险进行评估。结果中国家庭粉尘中多溴二苯醚（HD-PBDEs）2的浓度范围为4.03 ng/g ~ 37333.58 ng/g，加权平均浓度为3625.43 ng/g。加权平均浓度以浙江最高（27268.66 ng/g），陕西最低（4.03 ng/g）。BDE-209是HD-PBDEs的优势同系物，分布范围为73.56 % ~ 99.78 %，其次是BDE-47（6.84 ~ 62.08 %）、BDE-99（1.80 ~ 56.77 %）和BDE-153（0 ~ 43.10 %）。2006-2009年∑8PBDEs的加权平均浓度为1419.97 ng/g， 2010-2014年为5886.15 ng/g， 2015-2020年为1813.51 ng/g。冬季HD-PBDE浓度显著高于春季和秋季（P <； 0.05）。居住在农村地区、南部地区或电子垃圾污染地区附近的家庭表现出更高的HD-PBDEs浓度（P <； 0.05）。提取两个主成分，占总方差的84.56 %。估计儿童每日通过食入摄入的多溴二苯醚（1.93 × 101 ng/kg BW/day）高于通过皮肤吸收（8.93 ×10−1 ng/kg BW/day）。HD-PBDEs的非致癌风险（1.01 ×10−1）和BDE-209的致癌风险（1.30 ×10−8）均低于标准标准。结论中国shd - pbde浓度在全球范围内处于中高水平，区域差异明显。中国儿童接触多溴二苯醚的非致癌性和致癌性风险均可接受。未来的调查应侧重于家庭环境中多溴二苯醚趋势的纵向监测以及对脆弱亚人群的健康影响。

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引用次数: 0

Exposure risk and source analysis of toxic metal(loid)s in indoor dust of Eastern Nigeria during COVID-19 lockdown 2019冠状病毒病封锁期间尼日利亚东部室内粉尘中有毒金属（样物质）的暴露风险和来源分析

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100113

Chideraa Courage Offor , John Kanayochukwu Nduka , Henrietta Ijeoma Kelle

Outbreak and emergency occasioned by coronavirus virus disease forcefully led to imposition of lockdown in Nigeria; a situation that consequently exposed humans to heavy metal(loid)s laden dust. Hence, this study measured the concentration of heavy metal(loid)s in indoor dust from households of three selected semi-urban areas (Rumuodomaya-Ogale, Ekwulobia and Awka) of Eastern Nigeria. Dust samples (n = 144) were collected from household’s windows and floors using clean brush, filtered, digested by standard method and analyzed for Cd, Co, Ni, Hg, As, Mn, Al, Pb, Cr, Zn, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (Model: Varian AA240, USA). Results show that Fe was dominant when compared to other metals assessed. Whereas the total heavy metal(loid)s concentration (THMC) of the floor dusts was higher than that of window dusts from Ekwulobia, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in total heavy metal(loid)s level in window and floor dust of the three semi-urban areas across the months. Awka showed the least THMC in the window (1.17 – 1.52 mg kg⁻¹) and floor (1.08 – 2.35 mg kg⁻¹) dusts in comparison with Ekwulobia (window: 1.23 mg/kg to 9.05 mg kg⁻¹; floor: 1.27 mg kg⁻¹ to 9.22 mg kg⁻¹) and Rumuodomaya-Ogale (window: 1.49 – 2.70 mg kg⁻¹; floor: 1.24 – 2.23 mg kg⁻¹). The cancer and non-cancer risk of exposure to the heavy metal(loid)s dusts was insignificant while most of the heavy metal(loid)s could be related to anthropogenic origin based on the Positive Matrix Factorization and Principal Component Analysis models.

冠状病毒病引发的疫情和紧急情况迫使尼日利亚实施封锁；这种情况导致人类暴露在重金属（类）粉尘中。因此，本研究测量了尼日利亚东部三个选定的半城市地区（Rumuodomaya-Ogale、Ekwulobia和Awka）家庭室内粉尘中重金属（loid）s的浓度。用干净的毛刷从家庭窗户和地板上收集粉尘样品（n = 144），过滤后用标准方法消化，用原子吸收光谱法分析Cd、Co、Ni、Hg、As、Mn、Al、Pb、Cr、Zn和Fe（型号：Varian AA240， USA）。结果表明，与其他金属相比，铁占主导地位。地尘中总重金属（loid）s浓度（THMC）高于窗尘，但3个半城市区域窗尘和窗尘中总重金属（loid）s浓度在各月份间无显著差异（p >； 0.05）。Awka在窗口粉尘（1.17 ~ 1.52 mg kg−1）和地板粉尘（1.08 ~ 2.35 mg kg−1）中THMC最低，而Ekwulobia在窗口粉尘（1.23 ~ 9.05 mg kg−1）中THMC最低；地板：1.27 mg kg−1至9.22 mg kg−1)和Rumuodomaya-Ogale(窗口：1.49 - 2.70 mg kg−1；地板：1.24 - 2.23 mg kg−1)。基于正矩阵分解和主成分分析模型，重金属粉尘暴露的致癌风险和非致癌风险均不显著，大部分重金属粉尘暴露与人为来源有关。

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引用次数: 0

Remediation of indoor environments impacted by wildfire smoke: A review of available information and research needs 受野火烟雾影响的室内环境的修复：对现有信息和研究需求的回顾

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100112

Hugo Destaillats, Wanyu R. Chan

There is growing interest in better understanding wildfire smoke contamination in the indoor environment, the associated human exposures and health impacts. Most efforts have been devoted to developing guidelines protecting occupants during a wildfire event, e.g., on the proper use of building ventilation and filtration. However, there is also a need to understand the long-term impacts of wildfires on indoor contamination, and which are the most effective mitigation options. We reviewed the scientific literature and additional available documentation to identify the main chemical contaminants found in buildings impacted by wildfire smoke. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace metals have been reported on indoor surfaces and dust after exposure to smoke, and are of particular concern due to the health effects associated with continuous exposures. Described mitigation approaches included cleaning using dry and wet media, vacuuming and ozonation. While little information is available on their effectiveness in long-term removal of wildfire smoke contaminants, similar remediation methods have been described to remove other types of persistent contamination indoors, including thirdhand tobacco smoke and mold, providing a reference to predict the expected efficacy and limitations of those methods. Gaps in the available information and research needs were identified to develop a research agenda addressing wildfire smoke’s persistent contamination and mitigation options.

人们对更好地了解室内环境中的野火烟雾污染、相关的人类暴露和健康影响越来越感兴趣。大多数努力都致力于制定在野火事件中保护居住者的指导方针，例如，正确使用建筑物通风和过滤。然而，还需要了解野火对室内污染的长期影响，以及哪些是最有效的缓解办法。我们回顾了科学文献和其他可用文件，以确定在受野火烟雾影响的建筑物中发现的主要化学污染物。多环芳烃（PAHs）和痕量金属已被报告在接触烟雾后的室内表面和灰尘上，由于持续接触对健康的影响，这些物质尤其令人关注。所描述的缓解方法包括使用干湿介质、真空和臭氧化进行清洁。虽然关于它们在长期去除野火烟雾污染物方面的有效性的信息很少，但已经描述了类似的补救方法来去除室内其他类型的持久性污染物，包括三手烟草烟雾和霉菌，为预测这些方法的预期功效和局限性提供了参考。确定了现有信息和研究需求方面的差距，以制定一项研究议程，解决野火烟雾的持续污染和缓解办法。

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引用次数: 0

Improving indoor air quality and mitigating health risks with sheep wool as a sustainable material 以羊毛为可持续材料，改善室内空气质量，降低健康风险

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100111

Katrin Kabun , Karin Reinhold

Sheep wool as a natural fiber is an increasingly important alternative to synthetic materials in the green economy. The study evaluates the effectiveness of sheep wool based materials in enhancing indoor air quality (IAQ) and mitigating health risks in occupational settings. Two test cabins - one with conventional synthetic materials and another with sheep wool based materials - were designed to compare the performance of these materials in terms of noise insulation, volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions, CO₂ levels and humidity regulation. A survey of the room occupants' perception of the material was also carried out. Results show that sheep wool panels provide sound insulation comparable to synthetic materials, especially at mid-range frequencies. Sheep wool's natural ability to regulate humidity contributed to a more stable indoor climate, while VOC levels remained low in both cabins, below the analytical determination limit for some parameters. The Synthetic cabin showed a slightly lower VOC level. The sheep wool cabin showed more rapid CO₂ fluctuations, demanding further study. User surveys indicated a preference for the sheep wool cabin, with participants noting comfort and an overall more pleasant environment. This novel approach, which simultaneously measures IAQ indicators and examines the room users' perception of IAQ, shows that sheep wool based materials, being both sustainable and biodegradable, provide a healthier alternative to synthetic materials, supporting the goals of reducing health risks and promoting environmental sustainability.

羊毛作为一种天然纤维，在绿色经济中日益成为合成材料的重要替代品。该研究评估了羊毛基材料在提高室内空气质量（IAQ）和减轻职业环境中健康风险方面的有效性。设计了两个测试舱——一个使用传统合成材料，另一个使用羊毛材料——以比较这些材料在隔音、挥发性有机化合物（VOC）排放、二氧化碳水平和湿度调节方面的性能。对房间里的人对材料的看法也进行了调查。结果表明，羊毛板的隔音效果与合成材料相当，尤其是在中频范围内。羊毛调节湿度的天然能力有助于更稳定的室内气候，而两个小屋的VOC水平仍然很低，低于某些参数的分析测定极限。合成机舱显示出稍低的VOC水平。羊毛小屋显示出更快的二氧化碳波动，需要进一步研究。用户调查表明，他们更喜欢羊毛小屋，参与者注意到舒适和总体上更令人愉快的环境。这种新方法同时测量室内空气质量指标并检查房间用户对室内空气质量的感知，表明羊毛基材料既可持续又可生物降解，是合成材料的更健康替代品，有助于降低健康风险和促进环境可持续性的目标。

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引用次数: 0

An efficient method for fabricating nanofiber air filters with minimized pressure drop for effective indoor particle removal 一种制造具有最小压降的纳米纤维空气过滤器以有效去除室内颗粒的有效方法

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-07-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100110

Zhuolun Niu , Chun Chen

Electrospun nanofiber air filters can achieve high particle filtration efficiency with lower pressure drop compared with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters. Therefore, they can potentially be used for effective indoor particle removal. To support practical applications, this study proposed an efficient method for producing electrospun nanofiber air filters that achieve a minimized pressure drop while meeting the target particle filtration efficiency. Specifically, this method decoupled the influence of applied voltage and electrospinning time, enabling the identification of the optimal applied voltage to minimize pressure drop and the calculation of the electrospinning time needed to achieve the target filtration efficiency. Compared with the previous approach, this method eliminated the need to measure structural parameters, thereby significantly simplifying the optimization process. Experimental measurements were conducted to validate the feasibility of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method can effectively achieve the target particle filtration efficiency with relative errors all less than 1% compared to the target values. Furthermore, the pressure drop of the optimized nanofiber air filters was up to 40.6% lower than that of the randomly selected filters in the verification cases. Finally, the benefits of using the optimized nanofiber air filters for indoor particle removal were numerically assessed. The results show that using the nanofiber air filters optimized by the proposed method in an air cleaner reduced indoor PM_0.3–0.4 of outdoor origin in a typical public housing apartment in Hong Kong by up to 22.7% compared to the randomly selected nanofiber air filters.

与高效微粒空气过滤器（HEPA）相比，静电纺丝纳米纤维空气过滤器的压降更小，过滤效率更高。因此，它们可以潜在地用于有效的室内颗粒去除。为了支持实际应用，本研究提出了一种有效的方法来生产静电纺纳米纤维空气过滤器，在满足目标颗粒过滤效率的同时实现最小的压降。具体而言，该方法解耦了施加电压和静电纺丝时间的影响，从而确定了使压降最小的最佳施加电压，并计算了达到目标过滤效率所需的静电纺丝时间。与之前的方法相比，该方法不需要测量结构参数，从而大大简化了优化过程。实验结果验证了该方法的可行性。结果表明，该方法能有效地达到目标粒子过滤效率，与目标值的相对误差均小于1%。在验证工况下，优化后的纳米纤维空气过滤器的压降比随机选择的过滤器降低了40.6%。最后，采用优化后的纳米纤维空气过滤器对室内颗粒去除效果进行了数值评估。结果表明，与随机选择的纳米纤维空气过滤器相比，在香港典型公共住房公寓的空气净化器中使用该方法优化的纳米纤维空气过滤器可将室内PM0.3-0.4的室外来源减少22.7%。

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引用次数: 0

Environmental investigation of the quantitative distribution of bioaerosols in public indoor spaces – A case study in Korea 公共室内空间生物气溶胶定量分布的环境调查——以韩国为例

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-06-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100109

Ji-You Kwoun, Seok Won Kang, Yanjun Wang, Tae Jung Lee, Young Min Jo

Bioaerosols, including airborne bacteria and fungi, are widely distributed in the indoor environments causing adverse effects on human health. Bioaerosols suspended in six types of public indoor spaces categorized by the government were investigated in 12 facilities in a large metropolitan area of Korea. A total of 245 samples provided evidence of a close dependency on indoor humidity in addition to the numbers of occupants. Childcare centers had high concentrations of bioaerosols (26 CFU/m³ to 2916 CFU/m³), indicating high risk of exposure with 120.2 CFU/kg. The indoor bioaerosol level was high mostly in summer rather than winter. The results of this study provide valuable information on air quality management and microbial pollution control in urban public spaces.

Implications and impacts

−
Bio-contamination of public indoor spaces is being of interests particularly in metro-cities.
−
Field identification of bioaerosol levels will help in establishing the preventive policy.
−
Consistent accumulation of field data is essential for improving the indoor environment.

生物气溶胶，包括空气传播的细菌和真菌，广泛分布在室内环境中，对人体健康造成不利影响。在首都圈的12个设施中，对政府分类的6种公共室内场所的悬浮物进行了调查。共有245个样本提供了除居住者人数外与室内湿度密切相关的证据。托儿中心生物气溶胶浓度较高（26 CFU/m3 ~ 2916 CFU/m3），暴露风险为120.2 CFU/kg。室内生物气溶胶水平以夏季居多，冬季居多。本研究结果为城市公共空间的空气质量管理和微生物污染控制提供了有价值的信息。影响和影响——公共室内空间的生物污染正引起人们的关注，尤其是在大城市。−现场识别生物气溶胶水平有助于制定预防政策。−现场数据的持续积累是改善室内环境的必要条件。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of Low-E glass on local skin temperature and thermal sensation in vehicle cabins under cold winter environments 低温冬季环境下Low-E玻璃对车内局部皮肤温度和热感觉的影响

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-06-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100108

Hikari Ryuzaki , Yoshiichi Ozeki , Akihisa Nomoto , Reika Miura , Kan Shindo , Yasuki Moriya , Hiromu Hiruma , Shin-ichi Tanabe

This study evaluated the effects of Low-E glass on the thermal environment inside a vehicle cabin under winter conditions and its impact on occupants’ thermal physiology and sensation. A human subject experiment was conducted, where participants seated near either Low-E or Normal glass and voted their local and whole-body thermal sensations. Their local skin temperatures and the thermal environment in the vehicle were measured. The plane radiant and equivalent temperatures near Low-E glass were 11.0 °C and 4.5 °C higher, respectively, than near Normal glass. Local skin temperatures decreased less in the Low-E condition compared to the Normal condition. Local thermal sensations were generally warmer in the Low-E condition, particularly for the cheek and hand, even though the impact on whole-body thermal sensation was limited. Females were more sensitive to the improved radiative environment provided by Low-E glass than males. These findings show the effectiveness of Low-E glass in enhancing radiant environment in the vehicle and occupant comfort, which could help improving energy efficiency of vehicles and innovative vehicle designs.

本研究评估了Low-E玻璃在冬季条件下对车内热环境的影响及其对乘员热生理和感觉的影响。研究人员进行了一项人体实验，参与者坐在Low-E或Normal玻璃附近，并对他们的局部和全身热感觉进行投票。测量了他们的局部皮肤温度和车内的热环境。Low-E玻璃附近的平面辐射温度和等效温度分别比普通玻璃高11.0°C和4.5°C。与正常条件相比，低e条件下局部皮肤温度下降较少。在低e条件下，局部热感觉通常更温暖，尤其是脸颊和手，尽管对全身热感觉的影响有限。女性对Low-E玻璃改善辐射环境的敏感性高于男性。这些发现表明Low-E玻璃在改善车内辐射环境和乘客舒适度方面的有效性，有助于提高车辆的能源效率和创新车辆设计。

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引用次数: 0

Predictability of time-resolved cross-envelope pressures driving natural infiltration in low-rise residential buildings 低层住宅中驱动自然渗透的时间分辨交叉围护结构压力的可预测性

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-06-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100106

Dominic Bledsoe , Will Clagett , Misael Soto , Ellison M. Carter , Paul W. Francisco , Tami C. Bond

Natural infiltration in residential buildings has two major drivers: indoor-outdoor temperature differences (stack effect) and wind effect. While residential infiltration models are long established, their validity has not been evaluated with measurements, and they have rarely been deployed to explain time-resolved indoor-outdoor exchange. Pressure differentials (ΔP) across building envelopes are an intermediate step in modeling; if they cannot be well predicted from the driving forces, then neither can infiltration. We report nearly 16,000 h of environmental and ΔP data, in nine homes, at one-minute resolution that reflects the transient nature of air exchange. Under conditions of low wind (less than 0.25 m/s) and heating (outdoor temperature below indoor), stack pressure is predicted exceptionally well. Biases between observed and predicted values average 0.11 Pa or less across all sites. Biases increase by about a factor of two under cooling conditions, but observations under these conditions were of insufficient length to diagnose the causes. Wind influence on pressure, and hence on infiltration, is not well predicted even with practical, site-based measurements. Airport and site wind speeds, and site wind and envelope pressure, are correlated only modestly, even accounting for wind direction. Simple terrain and shielding classifications cannot reproduce intersite variation. Infiltration models overestimate the influence of wind on pressure even when the most extreme shielding and terrain classes are used in scaling airport data. In addition to evaluating infiltration drivers, this study establishes the difference between time-resolved, cross-envelope pressure differentials at separate points in a single zone (Δ−ΔP) as a building diagnostic.

住宅建筑自然渗透主要有两大驱动因素：室内外温差（烟囱效应）和风效应。虽然住宅渗透模型建立已久，但其有效性尚未通过测量进行评估，并且很少用于解释时间解析的室内-室外交换。跨建筑围护结构的压差（ΔP）是建模的中间步骤；如果不能很好地预测它们的驱动力，那么渗透也不能。我们报告了9个家庭中近16,000个 h的环境和ΔP数据，以一分钟的分辨率反映了空气交换的短暂性。在低风速（小于0.25 m/s）和采暖（室外温度低于室内）条件下，堆压预测异常准确。所有站点的观测值和预测值之间的偏差平均为0.11 Pa或更小。在冷却条件下，偏差增加了大约两倍，但在这些条件下的观察时间不够长，无法诊断原因。风对气压的影响，进而对入渗的影响，即使使用实际的、基于现场的测量也不能很好地预测。机场和场地风速，场地风和围护结构压力，即使考虑风向，也只是适度相关。简单的地形和屏蔽分类不能再现站点间的变化。入渗模式高估了风对气压的影响，即使在机场数据中使用了最极端的屏蔽和地形等级。除了评估渗透驱动因素外，本研究还建立了单个区域（Δ−ΔP）中不同点的时间分辨跨围护结构压力差之间的差异，作为建筑物诊断。

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引用次数: 0

The association between indoor air pollution and inflammation in children – A scoping review 室内空气污染与儿童炎症之间的关系——范围综述

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-06-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100104

Alice Oloo , Vinh Vo , P.S. Ganesh Subramanian , Vishal Verma , Brenda D. Koester , Jenna L. Riis , Naiman Khan , Sheena E. Martenies

Indoor air pollutants (IAPs) significantly contribute to the global heath burden for children, in part due to their underdeveloped physiological systems. Despite the growing evidence of the health impacts of IAPs, the association between IAP and biomarkers of inflammation, which is involved in several disease processes, remains underexplored. The main objective of this scoping review is therefore to identify, evaluate, and summarize the current body of literature on the association between IAP exposures and biomarkers of inflammation among children. Additionally, this review examines the extent to which identified studies have explored the potential role of diet, nutrition, or weight status in modifying this relationship. A scoping review of the literature was conducted in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews) guidelines. Studies published in the last 20 years and that measured IAPs and inflammatory biomarkers in children under 18 years of age were included. In total, 22 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most of these studies indicated positive associations between IAPs, including particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide, and inflammatory biomarkers such as fraction exhaled of nitric oxide (FeNO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). While some studies suggested the potential modifying role of nutrition and weight status, and the findings suggests that anti-inflammatory nutrients such as omega-fatty acids can mitigate inflammation, whereas pro-inflammatory nutrients may exacerbate IAP-related inflammation, the evidence remains limited. Further research is needed to explore these relationships and their long-term health consequences.

室内空气污染物（IAPs）在很大程度上造成了儿童的全球健康负担，部分原因是他们的生理系统不发达。尽管有越来越多的证据表明IAP对健康有影响，但IAP与炎症生物标志物之间的关联仍未得到充分探索，炎症生物标志物涉及多种疾病过程。因此，本综述的主要目的是识别、评估和总结目前关于IAP暴露与儿童炎症生物标志物之间关系的文献。此外，本综述还考察了已确定的研究在多大程度上探讨了饮食、营养或体重状况在改变这种关系中的潜在作用。根据PRISMA（系统评价的首选报告项目）指南对文献进行范围审查。过去20年发表的研究，以及测量18岁以下儿童体内iap和炎症生物标志物的研究被纳入其中。总共有22项研究符合纳入标准。大多数研究表明，IAPs（包括颗粒物和二氧化氮）与炎症生物标志物(如一氧化氮呼出分数（FeNO）、肿瘤坏死因子α （TNF-α)和白细胞介素6 (IL-6)）之间存在正相关。虽然一些研究表明营养和体重状况的潜在调节作用，并且研究结果表明抗炎营养素如ω -脂肪酸可以减轻炎症，而促炎营养素可能会加剧iap相关炎症，但证据仍然有限。需要进一步的研究来探索这些关系及其对健康的长期影响。

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引用次数: 0

Rethinking heat in thousands of school classrooms through continuous monitoring and novel exposure metrics 通过持续监测和新颖的暴露指标，重新思考数千所学校教室的热量

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-06-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100105

M. Pilar Botana Martinez , Priam Dinesh Vyas , Katherine H. Walsh , Lauren Main , Lauren Bolton , Yirong Yuan , Masanao Yajima , M. Patricia Fabian

As global temperatures rise, heat exposure in classrooms is becoming a growing concern for the millions of students attending school, in particular those learning in buildings without air conditioning (AC). With limited resources and competing interests, school decision-makers need health-related data-based approaches to inform cooling solutions and prioritize investments. In collaboration with a large school district in Northeastern United States (US), we analyzed minute-level temperature data in > 3600 classrooms across 125 school buildings during the 2023 hot season. Using a first-of-its-kind commercial-grade indoor sensor network and data science methods, we quantified heat exposure through novel heat metrics capturing intensity, frequency, and duration, and characterized spatial variability within and across buildings with three types of AC. On average, intra-building temperature variability was 2.3 degrees Celsius (°C), with a maximum value of 14.3°C. On a hot day, classrooms exceeded extreme caution thresholds by 0.1 %, 1.1 %, and 8.4 % in schools with central, window, and no AC, respectively. Classrooms on the top floor were 0.3°C, 0.5°C, and 5.7°C warmer than classrooms on the first floor, for central, window, and no AC groups, respectively. Novel and traditional heat exposure metrics were weakly correlated, with implications for school rankings. Findings identified schools with the greatest cooling needs and investigated key predictors of classroom overheating. Our results underscore the need for continuous temperature monitoring in all classrooms and highlight the importance of access to mechanical cooling in locations that have historically not been prepared for extreme heat. Our work shows how data analyses informed by researcher-school partnerships can support critical climate resilience needs in schools.

随着全球气温上升，教室里的热暴露正成为数百万在校学生日益关注的问题，尤其是那些在没有空调的建筑里学习的学生。由于资源有限和利益冲突，学校决策者需要基于健康数据的方法，为制冷解决方案提供信息，并优先考虑投资。我们与美国东北部的一个大型学区合作，分析了2023年炎热季节125栋教学楼的3600间教室的分钟级温度数据。利用首个同类商业级室内传感器网络和数据科学方法，我们通过捕获强度、频率和持续时间的新型热度量来量化热暴露，并表征了三种类型交流的建筑物内部和建筑物之间的空间变异性。平均而言，建筑物内部温度变异性为2.3摄氏度（°C），最大值为14.3°C。在炎热的天气里，有中央空调的学校、有窗户的学校和没有空调的学校的教室分别超出极端警戒阈值0.1 %、1.1 %和8.4 %。顶楼教室的温度分别比一楼教室高0.3°C、0.5°C和5.7°C，分别适用于中央、窗户和无空调组。新的和传统的热暴露指标弱相关，与学校排名的影响。调查结果确定了最需要制冷的学校，并调查了教室过热的主要预测因素。我们的研究结果强调了对所有教室进行连续温度监测的必要性，并强调了在历史上没有为极端高温做好准备的地方使用机械冷却的重要性。我们的工作表明，由研究人员与学校合作伙伴关系提供的数据分析如何能够支持学校的关键气候适应能力需求。

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