Indoor Environments最新文献_第7页

School-informed risk calculator tool for reducing the spread of respiratory viral infection among school-aged children 减少呼吸道病毒感染在学龄儿童中传播的学校知情风险计算器工具

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100090

Amanda M. Wilson , Ashley A. Lowe , Nana Adwoa A. Amoh-Asante , Yang Zhan , Ahamed Ashraf , Lynn B. Gerald

School health staff need decision support for responding to respiratory viral outbreaks. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) tools are an inexpensive and fast resource. Our objectives were to engage school districts to inform the development of a risk-based calculator tool, test the tool across hypothetical cases, and elicit feedback among school health staff. We administered an online survey for Kindergarten (K) - Grade 5 teachers, school health professionals, and other school staff to gather data about respiratory viral disease interventions and model parameters. A risk calculator tool was developed in which users choose hypothetical scenarios to estimate infection risk per individual and compare interventions. Three case studies (CS) were explored: CS1 – Rhinovirus transmission in a general education classroom with "poor" vs. "great" air quality, CS2 – Influenza A virus transmission in a music classroom with vs. without a portable air purifier, CS3 – SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a special education classroom with vs. without open doors/windows. The prototype tool was presented at a national school nursing meeting, and attendees were surveyed on (dis)likes and anticipated tool uses. For the initial survey of Arizona school personnel (n = 132), the top respiratory viral outbreak strategies reported by teachers were hand (94 %) and surface hygiene (85.1 %). For all case studies, infection risks were above thresholds used in other contexts but were comparable to published student respiratory illness incidence data. At the national meeting, school nurses (n = 12) identified potential uses including advocating for interventions to administrators. This work reflects a unique application of community partnership and QMRA to address school health decision support.

学校卫生工作人员需要决策支持，以应对呼吸道病毒暴发。定量微生物风险评估（QMRA）工具是一种廉价、快速的资源。我们的目标是让学区为基于风险的计算器工具的开发提供信息，在假设的病例中测试该工具，并在学校卫生工作人员中获得反馈。我们对幼儿园(K) -五年级教师、学校卫生专业人员和其他学校工作人员进行了一项在线调查，以收集有关呼吸道病毒疾病干预措施和模型参数的数据。开发了一种风险计算器工具，用户可以选择假设情景来估计每个人的感染风险并比较干预措施。本研究探讨了三个案例研究：CS1 -普通教育教室中鼻病毒的传播与“差”vs。“良好”空气质量，CS2 -在有和没有便携式空气净化器的音乐教室中甲型流感病毒的传播，CS3 -在有和没有打开门窗的特殊教育教室中SARS-CoV-2的传播。原型工具在全国学校护理会议上提出，与会者被调查（不）喜欢和预期的工具使用。在对亚利桑那州学校人员（n = 132）的初步调查中，教师报告的呼吸道病毒爆发策略最高的是手（94% %）和表面卫生（85.1% %）。在所有案例研究中，感染风险高于其他情况下使用的阈值，但与已公布的学生呼吸道疾病发病率数据相当。在全国会议上，学校护士（n = 12）确定了潜在的用途，包括向管理人员倡导干预措施。这项工作反映了社区伙伴关系和QMRA在解决学校健康决策支持方面的独特应用。

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引用次数: 0

Performance evaluation of radon measurement techniques in single-family homes 单户住宅氡测量技术的性能评价

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100087

Joan F. Rey , Dusan Licina , Joëlle Goyette Pernot

Radon, a naturally occurring radioactive gas, poses a significant health risk as prolonged exposure indoors can lead to lung cancer. Current radon measurement techniques vary widely in methodology, device types, and exposure duration, posing challenges to accurately evaluate and benchmark radon concentrations. To comprehensively assess the performance of various radon measurement techniques, we conducted measurements in 20 single-family homes across diverse geographical regions of Western Switzerland. We deployed multiple types of passive dosimeters and three grades of real-time sensors for periods extending up to one year. Our results reveal that long-term passive measurements were only marginally influenced by measurement duration, demonstrating the reliability of passive measurements shorter than one year. Cross-comparisons of real-time sensors revealed performance discrepancies, with medium- and consumer-grade sensors exhibiting errors of 10 % and 18 %, respectively, when compared to reference research-grade devices. Furthermore, comparison of consumer- and medium-grade sensors to 3-, 6- and 12-month passive measurements underlined their capability to monitor radon levels accurately, with errors typically below 20 %. These results were consistent with previous laboratory-based performance testing, highlighting similar real-life performance of real-time radon sensors. Our findings suggest that short-term passive measurements and low-cost real-time measurements could reliably replace traditional radon assessment methods. This paper provides new insights into the reliability and performance of radon measurement techniques over various time periods and real-life conditions.

氡是一种天然存在的放射性气体，长期暴露在室内可导致肺癌，对健康构成重大威胁。目前的氡测量技术在方法、设备类型和暴露时间方面差异很大，这对准确评估和基准氡浓度构成了挑战。为了全面评估各种氡测量技术的性能，我们在瑞士西部不同地理区域的20个单户住宅中进行了测量。我们部署了多种类型的无源剂量计和三个等级的实时传感器，持续时间长达一年。我们的研究结果表明，长期被动测量仅受测量持续时间的轻微影响，证明了短于一年的被动测量的可靠性。实时传感器的交叉比较揭示了性能差异，与参考研究级设备相比，中等和消费级传感器分别表现出10 %和18 %的误差。此外，将消费级和中等级别传感器与3个月、6个月和12个月的被动测量进行比较，强调了它们准确监测氡水平的能力，误差通常低于20% %。这些结果与之前基于实验室的性能测试一致，突出了实时氡传感器在现实生活中的相似性能。我们的研究结果表明，短期被动测量和低成本实时测量可以可靠地取代传统的氡评估方法。本文提供了新的见解，可靠性和性能的氡测量技术在不同的时间段和现实生活条件。

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引用次数: 0

An indoor air pollution research strategy for the United Arab Emirates 阿拉伯联合酋长国室内空气污染研究战略

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-03-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100086

Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson , Rahaf Ajaj , Ahmed Al Khazraji , Latifa Al Shamsi , William P. Bahnfleth , Daniel Bonn , Katherine Bronstein , Rania Dghaim , Taher Eldanaf , Mohamed El Sadig , Moshood Olawale Fadeyi , Diana Francis , Grace Kilroy , Samrin Ahmed Kusum , Yuguo Li , Amal Mubarak Madhi , Mily Mathew , Shelly L. Miller , Jordan Peccia , Driss Samri , Fares H. Zaitoun MD

Clean indoor air is vital for health in all settings, especially in locations where extreme climates restrict outdoor activity, such as in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). UAE summer temperatures routinely exceed 42°C (108°F), discouraging outdoor activity and limiting natural ventilation of structures. Yet, little research is available on indoor air quality in the UAE. To inform the design of a new indoor air quality program, the Abu Dhabi Public Health Centre commissioned a study to characterize and prioritize knowledge gaps on indoor air quality and its relationship to health in the UAE and to identify potential partners for the program. Research gaps and priorities were identified by a panel of 16 international and local indoor air quality experts through a two-day structured, in-person workshop and follow-up survey. Key partners were identified through a stakeholder mapping exercise and e-mail survey of 79 government agencies and nongovernment organizations. The expert panel concluded that the most important short-term research need is to characterize the major sources of indoor air pollution and the most frequently occurring pollutants. The panel recommended establishing a national indoor air quality observatory encompassing a wide range of settings, including residences, schools, mosques, healthcare facilities, shopping malls, and other public spaces. Indoor air quality monitors would be permanently placed to establish baseline indoor air quality, provide data to estimate source contributions, and enable tracking of changes over time. The stakeholder mapping exercise identified ten agencies that should be involved in planning, including the Abu Dhabi Public Health Centre, Department of Health–Abu Dhabi, Environment Agency–Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi Department of Energy, and Emirates Public Health Association. While focused on the UAE, the methods and research priorities in this study may be useful for planning indoor air quality improvement campaigns in other high-income nations.

清洁的室内空气对所有环境中的健康都至关重要，特别是在极端气候限制户外活动的地方，如阿拉伯联合酋长国。阿联酋夏季气温通常超过42°C(108°F)，不利于室外活动，限制了建筑物的自然通风。然而，关于阿联酋室内空气质量的研究很少。为了为新的室内空气质量方案的设计提供信息，阿布扎比公共卫生中心委托进行了一项研究，以确定阿联酋室内空气质量及其与健康的关系方面的知识差距的特征和优先次序，并确定该方案的潜在合作伙伴。一个由16名国际和本地室内空气质量专家组成的小组通过为期两天的面对面研讨会和后续调查，确定了研究差距和优先事项。通过对79个政府机构和非政府组织进行利益相关者测绘和电子邮件调查，确定了关键合作伙伴。专家小组的结论是，最重要的短期研究需要是确定室内空气污染的主要来源和最经常发生的污染物的特征。该小组建议建立一个涵盖广泛环境的国家室内空气质量观测站，包括住宅、学校、清真寺、医疗设施、购物中心和其他公共场所。室内空气质量监测器将永久放置，以建立室内空气质量基线，提供数据以估计源贡献，并能够跟踪随时间的变化。利益攸关方测绘工作确定了应参与规划的十个机构，包括阿布扎比公共卫生中心、卫生部、阿布扎比环境署、阿布扎比能源部和阿联酋公共卫生协会。虽然本研究的重点是阿联酋，但本研究的方法和研究重点可能对其他高收入国家的室内空气质量改善运动的规划有用。

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引用次数: 0

Indoor laundry drying: Full-scale determination of water emission rate and impact on thermal comfort 室内洗衣烘干：全面测定水排放率和对热舒适的影响

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-03-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100089

Frédéric Thevenet , Florent Caron , Vincent Gaudion , Mélanie Nicolas , Marie Verriele

To save energy, passive drying is encouraged by environmental agencies. Depending on seasons, climates and dwellings, laundry drying is performed indoors. Passive laundry drying is an indoor practice with high cultural variability. This work provides real-scale experimental data on water transfer to indoor environment and thermal impacts of laundry drying on rack. Representative laundries and drying practices are defined to validate a full-scale experimental methodology. Laundry and drying scenarios are explored using the 40-m³ experimental room IRINA. Among typical cotton and polyester laundries, cotton is selected as clothing of interest, with ca. 2000 g of water to be evaporated for specific laundry scenario. The simultaneous monitoring of water mass loss from laundry rack and humidity over the drying period allows for determination of water emission rate from laundry. During the first 2-hours of drying, water emission rate exceeds 100 g h⁻¹ (maximum 360 g h⁻¹.) Three different emission regimes over time are discussed in terms of water concentration gradient at the air and laundry interface. Consequences on indoor temperature are quantitated over drying. Initial relative humidity of indoor environment impacts the kinetics of water transfer and drives the thermal impacts: temperature drops from 0.5 to 3.8 °C are recorded. Based on these full-scale hygrothermal data, the impact of laundry drying on indoor thermal comfort is discussed. Two indoor comfort scenarios allow for assessing the magnitude of the impact of laundry drying. This work provides full-scale methodology with hygrothermal experimental datasets and a new insight on an impactful indoor practice.

为了节约能源，被动式干燥受到环保机构的鼓励。根据季节、气候和住所的不同，洗衣是在室内进行的。被动式洗衣烘干是一种具有高度文化可变性的室内实践。本研究提供了洗衣架干燥过程中水向室内环境传递和热影响的真实实验数据。代表性的洗衣和干燥实践定义，以验证一个全面的实验方法。使用40立方米的实验房间IRINA来探索洗衣和烘干场景。在典型的棉和聚酯洗衣店中，棉花被选为感兴趣的衣服，大约2000 克的水被蒸发用于特定的洗衣场景。同时监测洗衣架的水质量损失和干燥期间的湿度，可以确定洗衣的水排放率。干燥前2小时，出水量大于100 g h−1（最大360 g h−1）。根据空气和洗衣界面的水浓度梯度，讨论了三种不同的随时间的排放制度。过度干燥对室内温度的影响是定量的。室内环境初始相对湿度影响水传递动力学并驱动热影响：记录到0.5 ~ 3.8°C的温度下降。在此基础上，讨论了衣物烘干对室内热舒适的影响。两个室内舒适场景允许评估洗衣烘干的影响程度。这项工作提供了全面的方法与湿热实验数据集和一个有影响力的室内实践的新见解。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluating statistical methods to predict indoor black carbon in an urban birth cohort 评价预测城市出生队列室内黑碳的统计方法

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-03-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100084

Sherry WeMott , Grace Kuiper , Sheena E. Martenies , Matthew D. Koslovsky , William B. Allshouse , John L. Adgate , Anne P. Starling , Dana Dabelea , Sheryl Magzamen

Most air pollution epidemiology studies rely on outdoor exposure data from various sources, such as reference monitors, low-cost monitors, models, or Earth observations. However, people spend 90 % of their time indoors, with 70 % of that time spent at home, which may result in misclassification of air pollution exposure when using data reflecting ambient concentrations. In this study, we evaluated methods to predict residential indoor black carbon (BC) from outdoor BC, PM2.5, and housing characteristics to support future efforts in estimating personal air pollution exposure. Households from the Healthy Start cohort in Denver, CO hosted paired indoor/outdoor low-cost air samplers for one-week periods during spring 2018, summer 2018, and winter 2019. Participants completed questionnaires about housing characteristics like building type, flooring, and heating and cooling methods. Filters were analyzed for BC using transmissometry. Ridge, LASSO and ordinary least squares regression (OLS) techniques were used to build predictive models of indoor BC given the available set of covariates. Leave-one-out cross-validation was used to assess the predictive accuracy of each model. We hypothesized that Ridge and LASSO will obtain improved predictive performance over the OLS model due to regularization. A total of 27 households participated, with 39 paired measurements available after data cleaning. All winter data were excluded due to high variability and incomplete sampling times for outdoor measurements. Performance issues suggested insufficient weatherproofing of monitors for low temperatures. The Ridge regression showed the best predictive performance. The final inference model included outdoor PM_2.5, hard floors, and the presence of pets in the home, accounting for approximately 28 % of the variability in indoor BC concentrations measured in participant homes. In the absence of indoor monitoring, household characteristics like flooring and the presence of pets can help predict indoor levels of BC.

大多数空气污染流行病学研究依赖于各种来源的室外暴露数据，如参考监测仪、低成本监测仪、模型或地球观测。然而，人们90% %的时间在室内度过，70% %的时间在家中度过，这可能导致在使用反映环境浓度的数据时对空气污染暴露进行错误分类。在这项研究中，我们评估了从室外黑碳、PM2.5和住房特征预测住宅室内黑碳（BC）的方法，以支持未来估算个人空气污染暴露的努力。来自科罗拉多州丹佛市“健康起步”队列的家庭在2018年春季、2018年夏季和2019年冬季举办了为期一周的成对室内/室外低成本空气采样器。参与者完成了关于房屋特征的问卷调查，如建筑类型、地板、供暖和制冷方式。用透射法对滤光片进行了分析。使用Ridge、LASSO和普通最小二乘回归（OLS）技术建立室内BC的预测模型，给定一组可用的协变量。使用留一交叉验证来评估每个模型的预测准确性。我们假设由于正则化，Ridge和LASSO将比OLS模型获得更好的预测性能。共有27个家庭参与，数据清洗后可获得39对测量结果。由于室外测量的高变异性和不完整的采样时间，所有冬季数据都被排除在外。性能问题表明显示器对低温的防风雨性不足。Ridge回归的预测效果最好。最终的推断模型包括室外PM2.5、硬地板和家中宠物的存在，约占参与家庭室内BC浓度变化的28% %。在没有室内监测的情况下，地板和宠物等家庭特征可以帮助预测室内BC水平。

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引用次数: 0

Estimating air exchange rates in thousands of elementary school classrooms using commercial CO2 sensors and machine learning 利用商用二氧化碳传感器和机器学习技术估算数千个小学教室的空气交换率

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100083

Yirong Yuan , Masanao Yajima , Jinho Lee , Katherine H. Walsh , Brenden Tong , Lauren Main , Lauren Bolton , M. Patricia Fabian

In the post-COVID-19 pandemic era, maintaining clean air in school classrooms has become critical for ensuring student health and safety. Air exchange rate (AER), which measures the number of air replacements in a room per hour, is a standard metric for assessing ventilation, with recommended targets provided by organizations worldwide. Installing comprehensive carbon dioxide (CO₂) monitoring in schools has expanded opportunities for automating AER estimation, but most schools have limited computational resources and analytical capacity. To address this, we developed a cost-effective and scalable method to estimate AER by leveraging end-of-school day carbon dioxide concentrations recorded with thousands of commercial sensors in classrooms. This method assumes well-mixed conditions and replicates the tracer gas technique, leveraging statistical machine learning and knowledge of classroom operations to automate AER calculations at the end of occupied periods. We analyzed data from 3206 sensors across 125 schools in a large urban school district in the Northeastern United States and identified 648,956 CO₂ decay curves over one school year. After applying data screening criteria, we calculated 323,776 AER values, averaging 84 values (SD = 40) per classroom. Calculated AER ranged from < 0.1–64 h⁻¹, averaging 3.0 h⁻¹ (SD = 2.9). The average AER in schools with central mechanical ventilation was 1.8 times higher than in schools without mechanical ventilation. The method is optimized to use parallel and high-performance computing resources, and calculates daily air exchange rates for an entire classroom over an academic school year in a few seconds, an entire school in a few minutes, and the entire school district in a few hours. To our knowledge, this is the largest deployment of commercial CO₂ sensors in schools that publicly share data. The AER calculation method is scalable and efficient, and automates cleaning, selection, and processing of CO₂ data from commercial sensors, with methods and code transferable to other schools collecting similar large-scale data.

在后covid -19大流行时代，保持学校教室的清洁空气对于确保学生的健康和安全至关重要。空气交换率（AER）衡量的是房间内每小时更换空气的次数，是评估通风的标准指标，世界各地的组织都提供了推荐的目标。在学校安装全面的二氧化碳（CO2）监测系统扩大了自动化AER估计的机会，但大多数学校的计算资源和分析能力有限。为了解决这个问题，我们开发了一种经济有效且可扩展的方法，通过利用教室中数千个商用传感器记录的放学后二氧化碳浓度来估计AER。该方法假设了良好的混合条件，并复制了示踪气体技术，利用统计机器学习和课堂操作知识，在占用期结束时自动计算AER。我们分析了美国东北部一个大型城市学区125所学校的3206个传感器的数据，确定了一学年的648,956条CO₂衰减曲线。在应用数据筛选标准后，我们计算了323,776个AER值，平均每个教室84个值（SD = 40）。计算的AER范围为<； 0.1-64 h−1，平均值为3.0 h−1 （SD = 2.9）。有中心机械通气学校的AER平均值是无中心机械通气学校的1.8倍。该方法利用并行和高性能计算资源进行了优化，并在几秒钟内计算出整个教室在一个学年中的每日空气交换率，在几分钟内计算出整个学校的空气交换率，在几小时内计算出整个学区的空气交换率。据我们所知，这是在公开共享数据的学校中最大的商用二氧化碳传感器部署。AER计算方法具有可扩展性和高效率，可自动清洗、选择和处理来自商用传感器的CO2数据，方法和代码可移植到收集类似大规模数据的其他学校。

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引用次数: 0

Exposure of children and adolescents to volatile organic compounds in indoor air: Results from the German Environmental Survey 2014–2017 (GerES V) 儿童和青少年暴露于室内空气中挥发性有机化合物：2014-2017年德国环境调查结果（GerES V）

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100082

Annika Fernandez Lahore , Robert Bethke , Anja Daniels , Konrad Neumann , Stefan Ackermann , Nadine Schechner , Klaus-Reinhardt Brenske , Enrico Rucic , Aline Murawski , Marike Kolossa-Gehring , Wolfram Birmili

Indoor air concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC) were determined in the living environments of German children and adolescents between 2014 and 2017 during the German Environmental Survey (GerES) V. Passive sampling on Tenax TA tubes over 7 days and subsequent thermodesorption/gas chromatographic analysis yielded concentrations of 61 compounds from the groups of alcohols, alkanes, aromatics, carboxylic acid esters, glycol ethers, halogenated hydrocarbons, siloxanes, and terpenes as well as a value for total VOC (TVOC). The most abundant single compounds were decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), limonene, α-pinene, butyl acetate, toluene, and 2-ethylhexanol, with geometric mean concentrations ranging between 12 and 4.5 µg/m³ . The guideline values established by the German Committee on Indoor Guidance Values (AIR) were exceeded in less than 1.3 % of participants when considered as a sum parameter for cyclic dimethylsiloxanes, monocyclic monoterpenes, bicyclic terpenes, C9-C14 alkanes, and xylenes. The concentrations of most compounds were lower in GerES V (2014/17) compared to the previous cycle GerES IV (2003/06). The concentrations of individual compounds showed moderate associations with exposure factors as identified from questionnaire data including the socio-economic status of the household, migration background, smoking status, the presence of wooden furniture, renovations in the test room, the age of the house, outdoor pollution (proximity to road traffic), as well as the age and sex of the participants.

在2014年至2017年德国环境调查（GerES） v期间，在德国儿童和青少年的生活环境中测定了室内空气中挥发性有机化合物（VOC）的浓度。在Tenax TA管上进行了7天的被动采样，随后进行了热解吸/气相色谱分析，产生了61种化合物的浓度，这些化合物来自醇、烷烃、芳烃、羧酸酯、乙二醇醚、卤化烃、硅氧烷、和萜烯以及总挥发性有机化合物（TVOC）的值。最丰富的单一化合物是十甲基环戊硅氧烷（D5）、柠檬烯、α-蒎烯、乙酸丁酯、甲苯和2-乙基己醇，几何平均浓度在12 ~ 4.5 µg/m³ 之间。当考虑到环二甲基硅氧烷、单环单萜烯、双环萜烯、C9-C14烷烃和二甲苯的总和参数时，德国室内指导值委员会（AIR）确定的指导值超过了不到1.3 %的参与者。与上一个周期GerES IV（2003/06）相比，GerES V（2014/17）中大多数化合物的浓度较低。单个化合物的浓度显示出与暴露因素的适度关联，这些暴露因素从问卷数据中确定，包括家庭的社会经济地位、移民背景、吸烟状况、有无木制家具、试验室的装修情况、房屋的年龄、室外污染（靠近道路交通）以及参与者的年龄和性别。

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引用次数: 0

Causal effects estimation: Using natural experiments in observational field studies in building science 因果效应估计：在建筑科学的实地观察研究中使用自然实验

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100080

Ruiji Sun , Stefano Schiavon , Gail Brager , Haiyan Yan , Thomas Parkinson

Correlational analysis, such as linear regression, does not imply causation. This paper introduces and applies a causal inference framework and a specific method, regression discontinuity, to thermal comfort field studies. The method utilizes policy thresholds in China, where the winter district heating policy is based on cities' geographical locations relative to the Huai River. The approximate latitude of the Huai River can be considered as a natural, geographical threshold, where cities near the threshold are quite similar, except for the availability of district heating in cities north of the threshold, creating a situation similar to a randomized experiment. Using the regression discontinuity method, we quantify the causal effects of the experiment treatment (district heating) on the physical indoor environments and subjective responses of building occupants. We found that mean indoor operative temperatures were 4.3 °C higher, and mean thermal sensation votes were 0.6 warmer due to the district heating. In contrast, using conventional correlational analysis, we demonstrate that the correlation between indoor operative temperature and thermal sensation votes does not accurately reflect the causal relationship between the two. We also show that the indoor operative temperature could be either positively or negatively correlated with occupants’ thermal satisfaction. However, we cannot conclude that increasing the indoor operative temperature in these circumstances will necessarily lead to higher or lower thermal satisfaction. This highlights the importance of causal inference methods in thermal comfort field studies and other observational studies in building science, where the regression discontinuity method might apply.

相关分析，如线性回归，并不意味着因果关系。本文介绍并应用了一个因果推理框架和一种具体的方法，即回归不连续，来进行热舒适领域的研究。该方法利用了中国的政策阈值，在中国，冬季区域供热政策是基于城市相对于淮河的地理位置。淮河的大致纬度可以被认为是一个自然的地理阈值，在阈值附近的城市非常相似，除了阈值以北的城市区域供暖的可用性，造成类似于随机实验的情况。利用回归不连续方法，我们量化了实验处理（区域供热）对室内物理环境和建筑居住者主观反应的因果关系。我们发现，由于区域供热，平均室内操作温度升高了4.3°C，平均热感觉投票升高了0.6°C。相比之下，使用传统的相关分析，我们证明室内操作温度和热感觉投票之间的相关性并不能准确反映两者之间的因果关系。我们还发现，室内工作温度与居住者的热满意度可能呈正相关或负相关。然而，我们不能得出结论，在这些情况下，增加室内工作温度一定会导致更高或更低的热满意度。这突出了因果推理方法在热舒适领域研究和建筑科学中的其他观察研究中的重要性，其中回归不连续方法可能适用。

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引用次数: 0

Demonstration of a novel tracer gas method to investigate indoor air mixing and movement 一种新型示踪气体方法的演示，用于研究室内空气混合和运动

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100081

Chai Yoon Um , William W. Delp , Rowan C. Blacklock , Brett C. Singer

This paper reports on equipment and procedures that enable the application of the pulsed tracer method to study air movement, contaminant transport, and mixing in rooms. We use ethanol as a non-toxic tracer and a network of low-cost, fast response (2 s) metal oxide sensors to measure airborne concentrations at high frequency. The method was demonstrated in a 158 m³ room of the FLEXLAB facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, with an overhead HVAC system with controllable supply airflow and temperature. The room was configured as a meeting space with 8 simulated occupants. The sensors were mounted in a 3 × 4 grid in the upper room (0.3 m from the 2.74 m ceiling), in the middle height of the room at 1.1–1.4 m, and at several locations 0.1–0.4 m from the floor. Vaporized ethanol was released in pulses of 20 s. Sensors were cross-calibrated in-situ to provide quantitative information about relative concentrations and exposures. Results show that the method provides quantitative information about air movement patterns and mixing. For example, mixing throughout the room took 3–4 min with high supply airflow at neutral temperature and 7.5–9 min with heated supply air provided at a lower rate. The test can be used to evaluate whether air movement from the occupied zone to the upper room is fast enough to achieve the extremely high air cleaning rates that are possible with upper room germicidal ultraviolet disinfection (GUV) systems under ideal mixing conditions.

本文报道了能够应用脉冲示踪法研究室内空气运动、污染物输送和混合的设备和程序。我们使用乙醇作为无毒示踪剂和低成本、快速响应（2 s）的金属氧化物传感器网络，以高频测量空气中的浓度。该方法在劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室FLEXLAB设施的158 m3房间中进行了演示，该房间具有可控制供应气流和温度的架空HVAC系统。这个房间被配置为一个有8个模拟居住者的会议空间。传感器安装在上部房间（距离2.74 米的天花板0.3 米）的3 × 4网格中，在房间的中间高度1.1-1.4 米，在距离地板0.1-0.4 米的几个位置。蒸发的乙醇以20 s的脉冲释放。传感器在现场交叉校准，以提供有关相对浓度和暴露的定量信息。结果表明，该方法提供了空气运动模式和混合的定量信息。例如，在中性温度下，在高送风情况下，整个房间的混合时间为3-4 min，而在低送风速度下，在加热送风情况下，混合时间为7.5-9 min。该测试可用于评估空气从占用区到上层房间的运动是否足够快，以实现在理想混合条件下上层房间杀菌紫外线消毒（GUV）系统可能实现的极高空气清洁率。

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引用次数: 0

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Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100076

Motoya Hayashi , Sayaka Murata , Koki Kikuta

引用次数: 0