Indoor Environments最新文献_第3页

Characterizing indoor air quality and identifying factors influencing air quality at home microenvironment in Dhaka city 描述达卡市室内空气质量特征并确定影响家庭微环境空气质量的因素

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100056

Afsana Yasmin , Imran Ahmed , Maria Haider , Md. Kamal Hossain , Mohammad Abdul Motalib , Md. Shakhaoat Hossain

In low- and middle-income countries, indoor air pollution stands as a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality, prompting research into the factors influencing exposure at home in urban environments. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the indoor air quality and identifying factors influencing indoor air quality which help in targeting intervention to reduce indoor home air quality. The study conducted in Dhaka city involved 43 homes, where continuous monitoring of PM_2.5 concentration was carried out over a 24-h period. Various factors related to home characteristics (i.e., home area and cooking fuel type), ventilation practices (i.e., duration of window opening), and indoor activities (i.e., cooking frequency, daily average cooking duration per meal, cleaning, smoking and use of mosquito coil and spray) were assessed to explore their impact on indoor air quality. Through the multiple linear regression model, the relationship between the factors and indoor pollutant concentrations was analyzed. The average PM_2.5 concentration recorded in this investigation was five time higher in comparison to the World Health Organization's (WHO) 24-h guideline level for ambient air pollution. Four factors including outdoor air, home area, cooking duration and cleaning frequency were found to be significantly linked to indoor concentrations, collectively explaining 64 % of the variability in indoor PM_2.5 levels. Outdoor air infiltration emerged as the most influential predictor of indoor levels, contributing significantly to indoor concentrations. The identified factors could assist in targeting interventions to reduce microenvironmental PM_2.5 concentration at home.

在中低收入国家，室内空气污染是导致发病和死亡的一个重要因素，这促使人们对城市环境中影响室内空气污染的因素进行研究。因此，本研究旨在调查室内空气质量，并确定影响室内空气质量的因素，从而帮助有针对性地采取干预措施，降低家庭室内空气质量。这项研究在达卡市进行，涉及 43 个家庭，对 PM2.5 浓度进行了 24 小时的连续监测。研究评估了与家庭特征（即家庭面积和烹饪燃料类型）、通风方式（即开窗时间）和室内活动（即烹饪频率、每餐每日平均烹饪时间、清洁、吸烟以及使用蚊香和喷雾剂）有关的各种因素，以探讨它们对室内空气质量的影响。通过多元线性回归模型，分析了这些因素与室内污染物浓度之间的关系。本次调查记录的 PM2.5 平均浓度比世界卫生组织（WHO）的环境空气污染 24 小时指导水平高出五倍。研究发现，室外空气、住宅面积、烹饪时间和清洁频率等四个因素与室内浓度有显著联系，它们共同解释了室内 PM2.5 水平变化的 64%。室外空气渗透是对室内浓度水平影响最大的预测因素，对室内浓度的影响很大。所确定的因素有助于有针对性地采取干预措施，以降低家庭微环境中的 PM2.5 浓度。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of dust loading on the long-term performance of portable HEPA air cleaner to woodsmoke – A laboratory investigation 灰尘负荷对便携式高效空气净化器长期性能的影响 - 实验室调查

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100057

Ching-Hsuan Huang, Ningrui Liu, Jeffry Shirai, Martin Cohen, Elena Austin, Edmund Seto

Portable air cleaners (PACs) equipped with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are recommended to reduce indoor particulate matter (PM) exposure from wildfire smoke, particularly in regions like the Pacific Northwest, where seasonal wildfires affect air quality. While many studies have evaluated the long-term effectiveness of HEPA PACs, few have focused on the effects of dust loading and their performance in filtering woodsmoke over extended periods. This study investigated the impact of filter dust loading on the performance of a HEPA PAC (Winix C535, Winix America) in reducing woodsmoke particles. Filters were pre-loaded with varying amounts of ASHRAE ISO 12103–1 A2 fine test dust, and an exposure chamber was used to assess clean air delivery rate (CADR), airflow rate, and power consumption. Results indicated a significant decline in PAC performance with increasing filter loading, highlighting the importance of regular filter replacements to maintain effective operation. Based on simulations considering dynamic indoor PM_2.5 concentration, in a typical scenario with a 90-m² room, baseline PM_2.5 emission rates, and continuous operation at fan speed Level 2 (5-year mean indoor PM_2.5: 2.99 μg/m³), it would take over 5 years for the PAC filters to accumulate 46 g of dust – an amount associated with a significant drop in CADR observed in the study. These findings suggest that the commonly recommended 1-year replacement schedule by manufacturers may be overly conservative for such conditions. By utilizing indoor air quality sensors to monitor PM concentrations, users can tailor filter replacement schedules to maintain optimal PAC performance in real-world environments.

建议使用配备高效微粒空气过滤器（HEPA）的便携式空气净化器（PAC）来减少野火烟雾造成的室内微粒物质（PM）暴露，尤其是在西北太平洋等季节性野火影响空气质量的地区。虽然许多研究都对高效空气过滤器的长期有效性进行了评估，但很少有研究关注粉尘负荷的影响及其长期过滤木烟的性能。本研究调查了过滤器粉尘负载对高效空气过滤器（Winix C535，Winix America）减少木烟颗粒性能的影响。过滤器预装了不同数量的 ASHRAE ISO 12103-1 A2 微尘测试粉尘，并使用暴露室来评估洁净空气输送率 (CADR)、气流率和功耗。结果表明，随着过滤器负荷的增加，PAC 性能明显下降，这突出表明了定期更换过滤器以保持有效运行的重要性。根据对室内 PM2.5 动态浓度的模拟，在一个 90 平方米的房间、PM2.5 基准排放率和风扇速度为 2 级（5 年平均室内 PM2.5：2.99 μg/m3）的连续运行的典型情况下，PAC 过滤器需要 5 年以上的时间才能积累 46 克灰尘，而这一数量与研究中观察到的 CADR 显著下降有关。这些研究结果表明，制造商通常建议的 1 年更换计划在这种条件下可能过于保守。通过利用室内空气质量传感器监测可吸入颗粒物的浓度，用户可以定制过滤器更换计划，以保持 PAC 在实际环境中的最佳性能。

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引用次数: 0

Fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) emission rates from new and old rain jackets to air determined by iodide high-resolution chemical ionization mass spectrometry 利用碘化物高分辨率化学电离质谱测定新旧雨衣向空气中排放氟代醇（FTOH）的速率

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100055

Clara M.A. Eichler , Michael J. Davern , Jason D. Surratt , Glenn C. Morrison , Barbara J. Turpin

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which include fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), are synthetic chemicals used in consumer products because of their water-, stain-, and grease-repellent properties; thus, PFAS are commonly found in functional clothing such as rain jackets. To date, emissions of PFAS from products to indoor air have not been well characterized, although many PFAS-containing products are used and stored indoors. We used a test chamber connected to a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer equipped with iodide as a reagent ion (I-HR-ToF-CIMS) to measure emission rates for four FTOHs from 10 rain jackets and one backpack cover. The materials were categorized as old/used, new, or “PFAS-free”, and they were tested under two different scenarios, i.e., immediately out of package and after airing out. We observed real-time FTOH emissions from all materials. Under the out-of-package scenario, emissions of 6:2, 8:2 and 10:2 FTOH showed characteristics that indicate mass transfer is limited by internal diffusion, with a high initial peak followed by a lower steady-state emission rate. Peak emission rates correlated well with material-phase concentrations determined by an offline extractive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Our results further suggest that the old, used jackets had, on average, higher peak emission rates and higher material-phase concentrations than the new jackets, largely driven by 8:2 FTOH. “PFAS-free” materials had the overall lowest emission rates and material-phase concentrations. After airing out, emission rates were on average an order of magnitude lower than peak emission rates. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering consumer products like rain jackets as sources of indoor exposure to PFAS.

全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 包括氟代醇 (FTOH)，是消费品中使用的合成化学品，具有防水、防污和防油脂的特性；因此，PFAS 常见于雨衣等功能性服装中。迄今为止，尽管许多含 PFAS 的产品都在室内使用和储存，但产品向室内空气中排放 PFAS 的情况还没有得到很好的描述。我们使用了一个与配备碘离子试剂的高分辨率飞行时间化学电离质谱仪（I-HR-ToF-CIMS）相连接的试验箱，测量了 10 件雨衣和一个背包罩中四种 FTOHs 的排放率。这些材料被分为旧/使用过的、新的或 "不含全氟辛烷磺酸 "的，并在两种不同的情况下进行了测试，即刚从包装中取出和晾干后。我们观察到所有材料都实时排放了 FTOH。在包装外情况下，6:2、8:2 和 10:2 FTOH 的排放显示出质量转移受内部扩散限制的特征，初期峰值较高，随后稳态排放率较低。峰值发射率与离线萃取气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）方法测定的物质相浓度密切相关。我们的研究结果进一步表明，与新夹克相比，旧夹克的平均峰值发射率更高，材料相的浓度也更高，这主要是由 8:2 FTOH 引起的。"不含 PFAS 的 "材料的总体排放率和材料相浓度最低。晾干后，排放率平均比峰值排放率低一个数量级。我们的研究结果强调了将雨衣等消费品视为室内接触 PFAS 的来源的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

An architectural design framework to promote healthy indoor-outdoor connections in Arctic housing 促进北极地区住房室内外健康联系的建筑设计框架

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100053

Tarlan Abazari , André Potvin , Claude M.H. Demers , Louis Gosselin

This research proposes biophilic intermediate spaces as a promising architectural solution to improve indoor-outdoor connections, occupant well-being, and energy efficiency in Arctic housing. Basic examples of intermediate spaces in Arctic housing models include porches and vestibules. However, the architecture of these spaces has not yet been optimized to adress extreme climatic conditions and occupants’ needs. Therefore, this research develops an architectural design framework to optimize the architecture of intermediate spaces for Arctic housing to meet occupants’ well-being needs and improve housing energy efficiency. The research methodology combines an archetypal approach, exploratory case study analysis, and scoping literature review. The archetypal study examines the historical development of Canadian Arctic housing models in Nunavut, revealing the typological evolution, features, potentials, and deficiencies of intermediate spaces in the Arctic. The study identifies of the main design variables and performance indicators of intermediate spaces corresponding to healthy and positive indoor-outdoor connections, thermal and visual comfort, and energy efficiency. A conceptual model of an intermediate space is then simulated as an exploratory case study for a public Canadian Arctic residential building. The architectural design framework is established based on findings from the literature, archetypal studies of Arctic housing, and simulation results of an integrated model for an intermediate space and a public Arctic housing model in Nunavut. The proposed framework includes main architectural variables such as physical adjacency, material, orientation, space depth, and transparency ratio which impact thermal, lighting, and energy performance. This design framework can serve as a reference for creating policies and decision-making processes that integrate biophilic intermediate spaces with Arctic building practices, contributing to Canada's strategic plan for energy efficiency and vegetable production in the Arctic.

这项研究提出，亲生物中间空间是一种很有前景的建筑解决方案，可以改善北极地区住房的室内外联系、居住者的幸福感和能源效率。北极住宅模型中中间空间的基本例子包括门廊和前庭。然而，这些空间的建筑尚未针对极端气候条件和居住者的需求进行优化。因此，本研究开发了一个建筑设计框架，以优化北极住房中间空间的建筑，从而满足居住者的幸福需求并提高住房能效。研究方法结合了原型研究法、探索性案例研究分析和范围性文献综述。原型研究考察了努纳武特地区加拿大北极住房模式的历史发展，揭示了北极地区中间空间的类型演变、特点、潜力和不足。研究确定了中间空间的主要设计变量和性能指标，这些变量和指标与健康积极的室内外联系、热舒适度和视觉舒适度以及能源效率相关。然后模拟了一个中间空间的概念模型，作为加拿大北极地区公共住宅建筑的探索性案例研究。建筑设计框架是在文献研究、北极住宅原型研究以及中间空间综合模型和努纳武特地区北极公共住宅模型模拟结果的基础上建立的。建议的框架包括主要的建筑变量，如物理毗邻关系、材料、朝向、空间深度和透明度比，这些变量对热能、照明和能源性能都有影响。该设计框架可作为制定政策和决策过程的参考，将亲生物中间空间与北极建筑实践相结合，为加拿大北极地区的能源效率和蔬菜生产战略计划做出贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Gender differences in the perception of the indoor environment: Findings from residential buildings in a nordic climate 室内环境感知中的性别差异：北欧气候下住宅楼的研究结果

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100052

Theofanis Psomas , Paul O.’ Sullivan , Pavlos Kolias , Adam O.’ Donovan , Pawel Wargocki

Current research suggests gender (“sex assigned at birth”) differences with respect to indoor environmental conditions, indicating females are more critical and demanding towards satisfaction and preferences. The present paper analyzes the results of a subsample of a national survey completed in 375 representative dwellings in Sweden. The survey collected information on twelve comfort factors and satisfaction aspects concerning thermal comfort, indoor air quality, acoustic comfort, satisfaction with daylight, size, standard, layout, appearance, well-being, cost, and neighborhood. Advanced statistical analyses were used to investigate whether the responses of occupants experiencing similar indoor conditions (cohabitation) were different with respect to gender. The analysis did not observe any significant gender differences with respect to the ratings of indoor environments in dwellings. Males reported slightly higher satisfaction, while thermal and acoustic comfort exhibited the highest gender variability. Satisfaction aspects were generally very high, with the costs and acoustic comfort registering the highest levels of dissatisfaction. Additional analyses across various building characteristics and individual attributes (variables levels) confirmed no differences. Several hypotheses were put up to explain these results, including the extreme climatic conditions and the collaborative use of dwellings. The findings suggest that Swedish dwelling designs can provide some best practice guidance for stakeholders and practitioners elsewhere in similar climatic conditions. Future studies should confirm the present observations and the social and cultural aspects of the findings.

目前的研究表明，在室内环境条件方面存在性别（"出生时的性别分配"）差异，这表明女性对满意度和喜好的要求更为严格和苛刻。本文分析了在瑞典 375 个代表性住宅中完成的一项全国性调查的子样本结果。调查收集了有关热舒适度、室内空气质量、声学舒适度、日照满意度、面积、标准、布局、外观、幸福感、成本和邻里关系等 12 个舒适因素和满意度方面的信息。我们采用了先进的统计分析方法，以研究室内环境相似（同居）的居住者的反应是否存在性别差异。分析结果表明，在对住宅室内环境的评分方面，性别差异并不明显。男性的满意度略高，而热舒适度和声舒适度的性别差异最大。满意度普遍很高，不满意度最高的是成本和声学舒适度。对各种建筑特征和个人属性（变量水平）的其他分析表明没有差异。为了解释这些结果，我们提出了一些假设，包括极端的气候条件和住宅的合作使用。研究结果表明，瑞典的住宅设计可以为其他地方类似气候条件下的利益相关者和从业人员提供一些最佳实践指导。未来的研究应确认目前的观察结果以及研究结果的社会和文化方面。

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引用次数: 0

An analytical model to predict the mass loading of air cleaners in typical indoor environments and to estimate the service interval from standardized filter loading tests 一个分析模型，用于预测典型室内环境中空气净化器的质量负荷，并根据标准化过滤器负荷测试估算服务周期

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100054

Stefan Schumacher, Christof Asbach

For indoor air cleaners, especially those using electret filters, it is known that the clean air delivery rate (CADR) can strongly decrease over time due to loading of the filters with particles. Standardized tests like in GB/T 18801 are used to determine the mass of test aerosol particles leading to a reduction of the initial CADR by 50 % (cumulative clean mass), but this method does not allow to draw conclusions on when this reduction is reached in a typical indoor environment. However, a good estimate would help manufactures to give reasonable recommendations in which intervals a service of the air cleaner becomes necessary. Therefore, we developed an analytical model including the most relevant parameters of a typical indoor environment and assumed different courses for the time-dependent decay of the CADR. We show that consistent estimates for the service interval can be derived, which do only slightly depend on the exact choice of the model. However, we partially find pronounced differences between scenarios dominated by either indoor or outdoor sources. We compare the new model to the model of GB/T 18801 and show that the standard overestimates the service interval for a given set of parameters by about 30 %. We finally propose a method for estimating the service interval from only one loading and one discharging step and give perspectives for further applications of the model.

对于室内空气净化器，尤其是使用驻极体过滤器的净化器，众所周知，由于过滤器的颗粒负载，洁净空气输送率（CADR）会随着时间的推移而大幅降低。GB/T 18801 等标准测试用于确定导致初始 CADR 降低 50%（累积洁净度）的测试气溶胶颗粒的质量，但这种方法无法得出在典型的室内环境中何时会降低 CADR 的结论。不过，一个好的估计值将有助于制造商给出合理的建议，说明在多长时间内有必要对空气净化器进行维修。因此，我们开发了一个分析模型，其中包括典型室内环境中最相关的参数，并假设了 CADR 随时间变化的不同衰减过程。我们的研究表明，可以得出一致的服务间隔估算值，该值仅略微取决于模型的确切选择。不过，我们也发现了室内或室外辐射源主导情况下的明显差异。我们将新模型与 GB/T 18801 的模型进行了比较，结果表明，对于给定的参数集，该标准高估了服务间隔约 30%。最后，我们提出了一种仅通过一个加载和一个卸载步骤来估算服务间隔的方法，并为该模型的进一步应用提供了展望。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of bedroom environment on average heart rate during sleep in temperate regions: A nonlinear analysis of annual variations in healthy males in their twenties with average BMI 卧室环境对温带地区睡眠期间平均心率的影响：对 20 多岁健康男性平均体重指数年变化的非线性分析

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100050

Noriaki Oota , Yasuki Yamauchi , Gota Iwase , Masaru Abuku , Yasuhiro Hiraguri

Models obtained in our previous studies were adapted from a linear model. In these models, the operative temperature has a positive coefficient with respect to the average heart rate during sleep (SHR) in summer and a negative coefficient in winter. Therefore, there are limitations to using linear models to examine annual variations. This study attempted nonlinear modeling and conducted an analysis. The participants were nine healthy males in their twenties, with an average body mass index, living in a temperate region. The objective variable was SHR. The explanatory variables were the body movement rate during sleep (BM), room temperature, radiant temperature, bed microclimate temperature, and carbon dioxide concentration. In addition, the interaction effects between the bed microclimate temperature and CO₂ concentration were considered because they showed significant correlations in the linear model. Results showed that the BM and SHR exhibited a positive linear correlation throughout the year. Radiant temperature showed a higher importance than room temperature in winter, as evaluated by permutation importance. SHR was lowest when room and radiant temperatures were approximately 25 [℃] to 26 [℃]; under higher or lower temperatures, the SHR increased. Additionally, when temperatures fell below 10 [℃], the trend shifted to a positive correlation. Bed microclimate temperature and SHR showed a positive correlation when exceeding 30 [℃]. The CO₂ concentration and SHR exhibited a positive correlation below 1000 [ppm] during autumn and winter. Overall, a greater understanding of how environmental conditions affect SHR could enable the design of environments that promote a lower heart rate during sleep.

我们之前研究中获得的模型是根据线性模型改编的。在这些模型中，工作温度与夏季睡眠时平均心率（SHR）的关系为正系数，而与冬季睡眠时平均心率的关系为负系数。因此，使用线性模型来研究年度变化存在局限性。本研究尝试使用非线性模型并进行了分析。参与者为九名二十多岁的健康男性，体重指数平均，生活在温带地区。目标变量是 SHR。解释变量为睡眠时的身体运动速率（BM）、室温、辐射温度、床铺微气候温度和二氧化碳浓度。此外，还考虑了床铺微气候温度和二氧化碳浓度之间的交互效应，因为它们在线性模型中显示出显著的相关性。结果表明，BM 和 SHR 全年都呈正线性相关。根据排列重要性评估，冬季辐射温度的重要性高于室温。当室温和辐射温度约为 25 [℃]至 26 [℃]时，SHR 最低；当温度较高或较低时，SHR 增加。此外，当温度低于 10 [℃]时，趋势转为正相关。床面小气候温度超过 30 [℃]时与 SHR 呈正相关。秋冬季二氧化碳浓度低于 1000 [ppm]时，二氧化碳浓度与 SHR 呈正相关。总之，进一步了解环境条件对 SHR 的影响，可以设计出有助于降低睡眠时心率的环境。

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引用次数: 0

Methanol and ethanol in indoor environments 室内环境中的甲醇和乙醇

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100049

William W Nazaroff , Charles J. Weschler

Although rarely the subject of focused research, methanol (CH₃OH) and ethanol (C₂H₅OH) are among the most abundant organic compounds in indoor air. We review the state of knowledge about these alcohols as constituents of indoor air, first summarizing their physical, chemical, biological, and toxicological characteristics. Central tendencies of concentrations measured in ordinary indoor environments are 35 ppb for methanol (median; mean = 34 ppb) and 44 ppb for ethanol (median; mean = 163 ppb), much higher than in outdoor air. Concentration variability can be large both among indoor environments and over time within a given environment. Indoor ethanol concentrations above 1 ppm have been reported. Emissions from occupants contribute substantially to indoor concentrations. Other important indoor sources of methanol include wooden building materials and furnishings. Methanol emissions indoors exhibit substantial increases with increasing temperature. Indoor ethanol concentrations are strongly influenced by episodic emission events, including cooking, cleaning activities, and alcoholic beverage consumption. Homogeneous oxidation pathways appear slow as a removal mechanism relative to ventilation. Evidence regarding the importance of sorption to indoor surfaces is not fully resolved, with known sorptive reservoirs indicating little importance of this process, but a variable-ventilation experiment suggesting substantial reversible sorption for ethanol. Photocatalytic oxidation devices, intended to control indoor levels of volatile organic compounds, have a demonstrated tendency to convert ethanol to acetaldehyde, a more toxic indoor air contaminant. Ethanol transported outdoors from indoor sources may contribute to urban and regional photochemical smog.

甲醇（CH3OH）和乙醇（C2H5OH）是室内空气中含量最高的有机化合物，尽管它们很少成为重点研究的对象。我们回顾了有关这两种醇类作为室内空气成分的知识现状，首先总结了它们的物理、化学、生物和毒理学特征。在普通室内环境中测得的浓度中心趋势为：甲醇 35 ppb（中位数；平均值 = 34 ppb），乙醇 44 ppb（中位数；平均值 = 163 ppb），远高于室外空气中的浓度。室内环境之间以及特定环境内不同时间段的浓度变化都很大。据报道，室内乙醇浓度超过 1 ppm。居住者排放的气体在很大程度上增加了室内浓度。甲醇的其他重要室内来源包括木质建筑材料和家具。室内的甲醇排放量会随着温度的升高而大幅增加。室内乙醇浓度受偶发性排放事件的影响很大，包括烹饪、清洁活动和酒精饮料消费。相对于通风而言，均相氧化途径似乎是一种缓慢的清除机制。关于室内表面吸附的重要性的证据尚未完全确定，已知的吸附库表明这一过程的重要性不大，但可变通风实验表明乙醇的吸附作用是可逆的。用于控制室内挥发性有机化合物含量的光催化氧化装置已证明有将乙醇转化为乙醛的趋势，乙醛是一种毒性更强的室内空气污染物。从室内排放到室外的乙醇可能会造成城市和地区光化学烟雾。

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引用次数: 0

Personalized low-cost thermal comfort monitoring using IoT technologies 利用物联网技术进行个性化低成本热舒适度监测

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100048

Carlos Chillón Geck , Hayder Alsaad , Conrad Voelker , Kay Smarsly

Thermal comfort plays an essential role in the well-being and productivity of occupants. Typically, thermal comfort is assessed either through surveys completed by building occupants or through sensor data that is analyzed using thermal comfort models. Automating comfort surveys and data collection processes reduce the risk of information loss, providing more accurate and personalized thermal comfort assessments over longer periods of time. To this end, this paper presents the design and implementation of a thermal comfort monitoring system consisting of low-cost hardware components and using IoT technologies. The system consists of intelligent wireless sensor nodes that collect and process environmental data, a portable main station that integrates and stores data, and a digital survey that provides feedback from building occupants. To ensure accuracy, the low-cost hardware components of the intelligent sensor nodes are calibrated in a climate chamber, using high-precision sensors for reference. After calibration, the system is deployed in a field test where several intelligent sensor nodes collect environmental data in an office, while occupants complete the digital thermal comfort survey. In addition, thermal comfort indexes are computed by the intelligent sensor nodes and compared with the feedback of each building occupant. The results indicate that the low-cost thermal comfort monitoring system successfully collects and integrates thermal comfort data from the intelligent sensor nodes and the digital survey, being able to create personalized thermal comfort profiles. In future work, the system can be used in large-scale thermal comfort surveys, to develop personalized thermal comfort models and to control personalized comfort systems.

热舒适度对居住者的健康和工作效率起着至关重要的作用。通常情况下，热舒适度是通过建筑使用者完成的调查或使用热舒适度模型分析的传感器数据来评估的。舒适度调查和数据收集过程的自动化可降低信息丢失的风险，在更长的时间内提供更准确和个性化的热舒适度评估。为此，本文介绍了一种热舒适度监测系统的设计和实施，该系统由低成本的硬件组件组成，并采用了物联网技术。该系统由收集和处理环境数据的智能无线传感器节点、整合和存储数据的便携式主站以及提供建筑使用者反馈的数字调查表组成。为确保准确性，智能传感器节点的低成本硬件组件在气候室中进行校准，并使用高精度传感器作为参考。校准后，系统被部署到现场测试中，由多个智能传感器节点收集办公室内的环境数据，同时由用户完成数字热舒适度调查。此外，智能传感器节点还计算了热舒适度指数，并将其与每个建筑使用者的反馈进行比较。结果表明，低成本热舒适度监测系统成功地收集并整合了来自智能传感器节点和数字调查的热舒适度数据，能够创建个性化的热舒适度档案。在未来的工作中，该系统可用于大规模热舒适度调查、开发个性化热舒适度模型和控制个性化舒适度系统。

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引用次数: 0

Air pollutant exposure concentrations from cooking a meal with a gas or induction cooktop and the effectiveness of two recirculating range hoods with filters 使用燃气灶或电磁炉烹饪食物时的空气污染物暴露浓度，以及两种带过滤器的循环式抽油烟机的效果

Indoor Environments

Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100047

Jiayu Li , Haoran Zhao , Marion L. Russell , William W. Delp , Alexandra Johnson , Xiaochen Tang , Iain S. Walker , Brett C. Singer

This study compares air pollutant concentrations resulting from cooking with gas or induction cooktops, with or without either of two recirculating range hoods with filters. A meal of pasta, plant-based “meat” sauce and stir-fried broccoli was cooked three times for each cooktop and hood combination in a 158 m³ room. Time-resolved measurements were made of nitrogen oxides (NO_X), carbon dioxide (CO₂), size-resolved particles, and speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during cooking and 30 minutes after cooking. Cooking with induction used half as much energy, produced no discernible NO_X, and significantly reduced ultrafine particles (UFP, diameter < 100 nm) and CO₂ compared to gas cooktops. Induction produced statistically higher PM_2.5 when calculated using size-resolved particle measurements from one pair of instruments, but the difference was not discernible when calculating from another pair. With gas cooktops, roughly half of the PM_2.5 was in particles smaller than 0.3 μm and thus below the lower quantitation threshold for many optical particle instruments; optical devices may thus substantially under-report PM_2.5 from gas cooking. VOCs did not significantly differ between gas and induction. Both recirculating range hoods substantially reduced all particle sizes when cooking with either fuel, and the reductions were larger for gas cooking. One of the range hoods also substantially lowered some of the VOCs.

这项研究比较了使用燃气灶或电磁炉烹饪时产生的空气污染物浓度，以及是否使用两种带过滤器的循环式抽油烟机中的任何一种。在一个 158 立方米的房间里，用每种灶具和抽油烟机组合烹饪了三次意大利面、植物 "肉 "酱和炒西兰花。在烹饪过程中和烹饪后 30 分钟内，对氮氧化物 (NOX)、二氧化碳 (CO2)、大小分辨颗粒和特定挥发性有机化合物 (VOC) 进行了时间分辨测量。与燃气灶相比，电磁炉烹饪使用的能量是燃气灶的一半，不产生明显的氮氧化物，并显著减少了超细粒子（UFP，直径< 100 nm）和二氧化碳。在使用一对仪器的粒度分辨测量结果进行计算时，电磁炉产生的 PM2.5 在统计学上更高，但在使用另一对仪器进行计算时，则无法辨别两者之间的差异。在燃气灶中，大约一半的 PM2.5 是小于 0.3 μm 的颗粒，因此低于许多光学颗粒仪器的较低定量阈值；因此，光学设备可能会大大低估燃气烹饪产生的 PM2.5。燃气灶和电磁炉的挥发性有机化合物没有明显差异。在使用任何一种燃料烹饪时，两种循环式抽油烟机都能大幅减少所有颗粒大小，而燃气烹饪的减少幅度更大。其中一台抽油烟机还大幅减少了部分挥发性有机化合物。

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