Intelligent Pharmacy最新文献

Indazole is a very significant group of heterocyclics. Aim of the research was thus planned to synthesize novel derivatives of indazole and evaluate their anti-inflammatory activity. Novel compounds of indazole were first synthesized from reaction of 2-chlorobenzonitrile with phenylhydrazine in presence of catalyst potassium t-butoxide (t-BuOK) and the solvent diglyme. Synthesized derivatives of indazole were analyzed by ¹H-NMR and MS spectroscopic techniques. All the synthesized derivatives of indazole were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity in Sprague Dawley rats by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method. All the synthesized derivatives of indazole had shown very good activity in both docking and anti-inflammatory activity in rats in comparison to the standard etoricoxib. Compound 1a in a dose of 30 ​mg/kg body weight had shown most significant inhibition of edema as compared to toxic group and the inhibition was comparable to that of the standard drug, etoricoxib in a dose of 10 ​mg/kg body weight. A convenient means for the synthesis of derivatives of indazole was developed which may find applications in heterocyclic synthesis of derivatives of indazole. Compound 1a i.e., 3-(4-carboxyphenyl)amino-1-phenyl-1H-indazole had shown best anti-inflammatory activity amongst all the synthesized compounds.

Arthritis is a widespread joint disorder globally, the patient completely dependent on NSAIDs which are administered after a fixed interval to subside the pain. This work aims to establish a preprogrammed drug delivery system of aceclofenac with a predetermined lag time for the treatment of arthritis. This new preprogrammed formulation microsphere reduces the time-dependent dose administration as it steadily releases the drug in the blood circulation reducing side effects and increasing patient compliance. Aceclofenac (ACF) loaded polymer microspheres were prepared by a new emulsification and crosslinking method using glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent. Microspheres were prepared in 6 batches using different polymers like sodium alginate, guar gum and chitosan, alone, as well as in combinations. The type and quantity of polymers were changed in every batch while the amount of aceclofenac was unvarying. The microspheres were then evaluated for the particle size, drug content, percentage yield, percentage entrapment efficiency and percentage drug release followed by noting the lag time. The microsphere loaded with aceclofenac were formulated and evaluated, the result showed that all the preparations showed a good lag time (2–3 ​h), but chitosan (alone) gave the highest lag time, which fulfills the aim of pre-programmed drug delivery system. Preprogrammed drug release has been achieved from the microspheres over a period of 0–7 ​h, consistent with the demand for chronotherapeutic drug delivery for the treatment of arthritis. The major signification of the preparation technique includes short processing time and the lack of exposure of the ingredients to high temperatures. Aceclofenac-loaded microspheres offer a promising avenue for arthritis treatment, ensuring sustained drug release. Their potential clinical implications include enhanced therapeutic efficacy, reduced side effects, and improved patient compliance. Future directions may involve personalized formulations, targeted delivery systems, and exploring applications beyond arthritis, expanding the scope of this innovative drug delivery approach.

Preterm delivery is a considerable burden on prenatal healthcare and a major risk factor for neurological impairment and disability. A study looked at whether an aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini (AESC) bark could stop rats from giving birth too early. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of AESC in vitro, and the results showed that this extract possesses free radical scavenging activity, which helps to prevent premature labour. A piece of an isolated rat uterus was used for in-vitro pharmacological testing of the AESC at 25 ​mg/ml and 50 ​mg/ml. The extract showed free radical scavenging activity, effectively suppressing uterine contractions by 45.7% and 66.9%, respectively. The researchers concluded that AESC has considerable tocolytic activity, resulting in a decrease in the rate of premature birth. The extract showed no significant adverse effects on mothers or their infants, suggesting it may be a safe option for pregnant individuals seeking to prevent preterm labor. The extract also exhibited a dose-dependent effect, with higher doses resulting in a greater reduction in premature birth rates, further supporting its efficacy as a tocolytic agent.

Background

Human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (M^pro) have been established as the prime targets to restrict viral invasion and replication inside the host, respectively.

Methods

The current study delineated the SARS-CoV-2 M^pro as well as human ACE-2 inhibitory potential of carotenoids and polyphenols from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) via in-silico interaction studies.

Results

Our drug-likeness studies showed that the selected carotenoids and polyphenols exhibited acceptable Lipinski’s score and ADME determinants. Further, in-silico molecular modelling studies revealed that β-carotene, among other carotenoids, topped the binding score (ΔG: −6.75 ​kcal/mol; Ki: 11.32 ​μM) against SARS-CoV-2 M^pro, whereas, cyanidin was the best inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 M^pro (−7.24 ​kcal/mol; Ki: 4.92 ​μM) amongst polyphenols. Similarly, α-carotene from carotenoids exhibited strongest human ACE-2 inhibitory activity (ΔG: −8.85 ​kcal/mol; Ki: 326.13 ​μM), whereas, cyanidin from polyphenols showed best binding affinity against human ACE-2 (ΔG: −7.24 ​kcal/mol; Ki: 4.89 ​μM). In contrast, 6-(ethylamino)-pyridine-3-carbonitrile, standard inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 M^pro, exhibited comparatively weaker binding (ΔG: −4.78 ​kcal/mol; Ki: 267.49 ​μM), whereas, telmisartan (reference ACE-2 inhibitor) also exhibited lesser affinity (ΔG: −6.40 ​kcal/mol; Ki: 20.40 ​μM). Further exploration via MDS studies also validated the dynamic behavior and stability of protein-ligand complexes as evident by desirable RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and SASA.

Conclusion

The current study established carotenoids and polyphenols from S. lycopersicum L. as finer substitutes of reference standards against SARS-CoV-2 M^pro and human ACE-2 activity in combating SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The plant species Ziziphus mauritiana, recognized by its common name Indian jujube, is classified within the Rhamnaceae family. It has been widely used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties, including the treatment of asthma, anxiety, depression, fever, inflammation, and ulcers. Z. mauritiana parts, such as leaves and fruits, have been traditionally used to treat diarrhea, wounds, abscesses, swelling, gonorrhea, liver diseases, and asthma. Z. mauritiana fruits are widely recognized and valued for their nutritional and nutraceutical properties and are consumed in various forms such as dried, candied, pickled, and juice. The plant exhibits antioxidant activity, and extracts from its fruits, leaves, and seeds have shown promising results in terms of their antioxidant and anticancer activities. Phytochemical studies have identified various compounds in Z. mauritiana, including cyclopeptide alkaloids and lupane and ceanothane triterpenes. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the ethnobotanical uses, traditional medicinal uses, and phytochemical profile of Z. mauritiana, highlighting its potential as a valuable medicinal plant. Further research is warranted to explore its therapeutic potential and develop new pharmaceutical applications based on its bioactive compounds.

Breast cancer, a deadly disease among women, demands effective interventions due to its global impact, with over one million annual cases. Current anti-breast cancer drugs displays several side effects, also most patients resists to these drugs during early treatment stage. Hence, global search for better drugs with less side effects became necessary. The objective of this study is to identify potential inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), a critical target in breast cancer treatment. Molecular docking-based virtual screening of 45 benzoxazole/thiazole derivatives was conducted, followed by molecular dynamics simulations to explore ligand-protein interactions. Seven ligands (compounds 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, 20, and 26) demonstrated superior binding affinities ranging from −157.85 to −173.88 ​kcal/mol (MolDock scores) and −109.96 to −129.23 ​kcal/mol (Re-rank scores) compared to Sorafenib (−156.35 ​kcal/mol MolDock score and −102.63 ​kcal/mol Re-rank score). Compound 7, identified as a potential hit, exhibited stability in a 100-ns dynamic simulation. It was chosen as a template for designing novel inhibitors, resulting in five compounds with improved binding affinities ranging from −177.84 to −184.69 ​kcal/mol (MolDock scores) and −137.34 to −143.44 ​kcal/mol (Re-rank scores). Pharmacological profiling confirmed the drug-like properties of both the potential hit molecules and the designed compounds, with 0–1 violations against Lipinski's rule of five and favorable pharmacokinetics status. Density functional theory (DFT) studies illustrated the reactive nature of the designed compounds. These findings suggest the potential of these molecules as novel VEGFR-2 inhibitors for breast cancer treatment, providing promising prospects for future drug development.

Due to the unavailability of effective vaccines and treatments, mosquito-borne diseases continue to pose a threat to global public health. Insecticide-treated mosquito nets and room sprays have both been successfully treated with plant-based biopesticides to protect people from mosquito bites. The extensive use of chemical pesticides is known to cause serious harm to human and animal health. From this point of view, the demand for plant extracts has recently increased worldwide. The aim of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of a Solanum torvum (Sw.) leaf extract as a larvicidal, adulticidal and in silico study against the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The plant extract from S. torvum was obtained using a simple method. Preliminary qualitative analysis shows the presence of steroids, saponins, phenol, flavonoids, tannins, and anthraquinones in the aqueous leaf extract of S. torvum. A total, 15 compounds were identified using GC–MS. The larvicidal activity, observed during 24-h and 48-h exposure cycles of 4^th instar larvae, exhibits a maximum (100 ​%) mortality rate at 200 ​μg/ml. The adulticidal activity, observed during the 24-h exposure cycle of adult mosquitoes, exhibits a maximum (92 ​%) mortality rate at 2 ​mg/mL. The molecular docking observation of Protease Sterol Carrier Protein-2 (IPZ4) was noted campesterol had the most favourable docking score with a value of −10. This finding suggests that campesterol may have a high affinity for the target molecule under study. Based on the results, the current study suggests that the use of S. torvum leaf extract could serve as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical insecticides in controlling mosquito populations and controlling mosquito bone diseases.

The emergence of multi-drug-resistant autoimmune diseases poses a significant risk to human health and has garnered global attention. In this study, metformin and sulfasalazine have been used as starting materials or control. This research has successfully designed a hundred compounds, to assess their efficacy against two autoimmune disease pathogens: type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. The DFT method was engaged to calculate the vibrational frequencies and Frontier Molecular orbitals (FMOs) of the selected compounds. The reactivity and selectivity of the selected compounds are analyzed using parameters like MEP and global reactivity descriptors, which are calculated and interpreted. The Density of state (DOS) of the molecule has been plotted and interpreted. Furthermore, docking results showed favorable interactions of the designed compound D385 with catalytically important amino acid residues. The interactions of the best active D385 when compared with the template and the standard drugs show similar binding sites. DFT studies further confirm the presence of HOMO orbital centered on the isoxazole ring further highlighting its importance for receptor-ligand hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions. The molecular dynamics simulations and MM/GBSA analysis reveal that the inhibitory nature of the designed compound D385 is a proven inhibitor of diabetes type 1 and rheumatoid arthritis inhibitor activities. Our study suggested that the designed compounds showed comparable results to that of metformin and sulfasalazine and may be used for further experimental studies. It can also be used as a pipeline to search for and design new potential autoimmune disease inhibitors. The most promising candidates from computational trials can be examined in a wet laboratory experiment before moving on to clinical trials.