Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems最新文献_第5页

Development and characterization of sustainable AA7075 aluminium alloy based composites reinforced with date palm ash through stir casting 搅拌铸造法增强AA7075铝合金基复合材料的研究

Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100210

Ansar Kareem , Anasmon Koderi Valappil , Jaber Abu Qudeiri , Asarudheen Abdudeen , Abdul Kareem Kalathil Soopy

A sustainable approach to improve the material properties of AA7075 aluminium alloy by reinforcing with heat treated date palm ash (DPA) powder is presented in this study. Date palm waste derived ash was used as a low-cost reinforcement after heat treating at 700 °C for 6 h to eliminate volatile matter and enhance its thermal stability. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction techniques confirmed that the heat-treated DPA can be effectively incorporated as a reinforcement in AA7075 alloy matrix. Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) were fabricated through stir casting process with varying weight fractions of DPA (1 wt%, 2 wt%, and 3 wt%). Microstructural analysis revealed homogenous dispersion of reinforcement particles, grain refinement and good interfacial bonding between matrix and reinforcement up to 2 wt% DPA addition. Consequently, these composites exhibited significant improvement in ultimate tensile strength (UTS), compression strength and hardness values compared to base alloy. However, further increase in reinforcement content resulted in non-uniform distribution of particulates, particle clustering, and poor wetting, which degraded the mechanical properties of AA7075- 3 wt% DPA composite. Among the composites fabricated, AA7075- 2 wt% DPA samples exhibited the highest improvement in mean Vickers hardness (27.74 %), UTS (66.91 %) and compression strength (34.17 %) compared to the corresponding values of as-cast alloy. Utilizing DPA reinforcement in AMCs enhances the material properties, valorizes agricultural waste, and offers a sustainable alternative to high-cost synthetic ceramic reinforcements.

研究了用热处理过的枣灰（DPA）粉增强AA7075铝合金材料性能的可持续方法。枣椰树废灰分经700℃6 h热处理后，作为低成本的增强剂，去除挥发分，提高热稳定性。热重分析（TGA）、扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱分析（EDS）和x射线衍射技术证实，热处理后的DPA可以有效地作为增强剂掺入AA7075合金基体中。采用搅拌铸造工艺制备了不同重量分数的DPA（1 wt%， 2 wt%和3 wt%）铝基复合材料。显微组织分析表明，当DPA添加量达到2 wt%时，增强剂颗粒分散均匀，晶粒细化，基体与增强剂界面结合良好。因此，与基合金相比，这些复合材料在极限抗拉强度（UTS）、抗压强度和硬度值方面表现出显著的改善。然而，进一步增加增强量会导致颗粒分布不均匀，颗粒聚集，润湿性差，从而降低AA7075- 3 wt% DPA复合材料的力学性能。在制备的复合材料中，AA7075- 2 wt% DPA样品的平均维氏硬度（27.74 %）、UTS（66.91 %）和抗压强度（34.17 %）较铸态合金的相应值有最大的提高。在AMCs中使用DPA增强材料可以提高材料性能，使农业废物增值，并为高成本的合成陶瓷增强材料提供可持续的替代方案。

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引用次数: 0

Laser welding crack suppression of ultra-high strength aluminum alloys based on filled slats 基于填充板条的超高强度铝合金激光焊接裂纹抑制

Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100202

Xiaocai Yang, Xueying Chong, Min Chen, Yanxia Liu

Although laser welding improves the welding quality and productivity of aluminum alloys, it also faces the problem of weld cracks and other defects, which seriously affects the safe use of welded parts. For this reason, the study proposes a method of suppressing welding cracks based on laser welding filler using liquid phase backfilling theory to analyze the formation mechanism of aluminum alloy welding cracks. This study selected 6 measuring points along the x-axis of the solder joint, spaced 0.1 mm from the edge to the center. The results indicated that weld cracks were present at the center of the weld for a wide range of process parameters. The closer to the edge position of the weld joint, the higher the crack sensitivity of the measurement point. When the height of the slat was 1.2 mm, the cooling rate at the edge position was 7.55 × 10³ °C/s, and the crack sensitivity of measurement points 1–3 was higher. However, the crack sensitivity at measurement point 4 was improved compared to the welding process without utilizing the filled slat. When the height of the slat was 1.8 mm, the cooling rate at the edge position was 4.82 × 10³°C/s, and the crack sensitivity was lower at all measurement points.

激光焊接虽然提高了铝合金的焊接质量和生产率，但也面临着焊缝裂纹等缺陷的问题，严重影响被焊件的安全使用。为此，本研究提出了一种基于激光焊接填料的焊接裂纹抑制方法，利用液相回填理论分析铝合金焊接裂纹的形成机理。本研究沿焊点x轴方向选取6个测量点，从边缘到中心间隔0.1 mm。结果表明，在较宽的工艺参数范围内，焊缝中心均存在裂纹。越靠近焊缝边缘位置，测点的裂纹灵敏度越高。当板条高度为1.2 mm时，边缘位置的冷却速率为7.55 × 103℃/s，测点1 ~ 3的裂纹敏感性较高。然而，测点4处的裂纹敏感性与未使用填充板条的焊接工艺相比有所提高。当板条高度为1.8 mm时，边缘位置的冷却速率为4.82 × 103℃/s，各测点的裂纹敏感性都较低。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of welding thermal cycle on corrosion rate in the bottom area of AISI 308 L deposits fabricated by WAAM-GTAW 焊接热循环对AISI 308 WAAM-GTAW熔覆L镀层底部腐蚀速率的影响

Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100196

Moch Chamim , Teguh Dwi Widodo , Anindito Purnowidodo , Djarot B. Darmadi

This study investigates the impact of welding thermal cycles on the corrosion rate in the first layer deposite of AISI 308 L produced using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) with GTA Welding (GTAW). Seven specimens, each representing a different thermal cycle, were fabricated and evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution and 10 % HCl solution for weight loss test. The corrosion rate varied significantly across the specimens, ranging from 3.67 × 10⁻⁸ mmpy (specimen 7) to 3.99 × 10⁻⁶ mmpy (specimen 3). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that specimen 3 contained a high proportion of chromium iron carbide (Cr₂Fe₁₄C), which contributed to its poor corrosion resistance. In contrast, specimens subjected to lower peak temperatures (specimen 5–7) exhibited higher levels of chromium oxides (CrO, Cr₃O, CrO₃), which improved resistance to passivation and corrosion. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS) further confirmed the redistribution of chromium elements mapping and microstructural changes, particularly the increase in Cr concentration at the grain boundaries of δ-ferrite. These findings underscore the important influence of thermal cycling in the WAAM process on the phase composition and corrosion performance of stainless steel components, offering insights for optimizing additive manufacturing parameters for durability in corrosive environments.

本研究研究了焊接热循环对采用电弧增材制造（WAAM）和GTA焊接（GTAW）生产的AISI 308 L第一层镀层腐蚀速率的影响。在3.5 wt% NaCl溶液和10 % HCl溶液中，制作了7个代表不同热循环的样品，并使用动电位极化进行了失重试验。不同样品的腐蚀速率差异很大，范围从3.67 × 10⁻⁸mmpy（样品7）到3.99 × 10⁻⁶mmpy（样品3）。x射线衍射（XRD）分析表明，样品3含有高比例的碳化铁铬（Cr₂Fe₁₄C），导致其耐腐蚀性较差。相比之下，受到较低峰值温度的样品（样品5-7）表现出更高水平的铬氧化物（CrO, Cr₃O, CrO₃），这提高了对钝化和腐蚀的抵抗力。场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）和能量色散光谱（EDS）进一步证实了铬元素的重分布和微观结构的变化，特别是δ-铁氧体晶界处Cr浓度的增加。这些发现强调了WAAM工艺中热循环对不锈钢部件相组成和腐蚀性能的重要影响，为优化增材制造参数以提高腐蚀环境下的耐久性提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Applying particle swarm optimization algorithm and support vector machine for optimizing metal flow in extrusion 应用粒子群优化算法和支持向量机对挤压过程中的金属流动进行优化

Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100198

Gang Xu , Qiang He

Aluminum alloy profiles constitute a critical material for aviation structural components, and their die quality significantly impacts the reliability of these parts. In response to the current problems of cracking and twisting in profile quality, this study analyzes the flow characteristics of metal billets during the extrusion forming process from the perspective of energy consumption, combined with improved support vector machine and particle swarm algorithms. A multi-objective metal extrusion process parameter optimization model has been established. The results showed that the model’s predictive accuracy was above 0.9 on both the training and validation sets. The improved support vector machine and particle swarm optimization algorithms had better recall and average accuracy than the compared algorithms, and could be applied to research on multi-objective metal extrusion process parameter optimization. Meanwhile, compared with the initial plan, the optimized plan resulted in more uniform metal flow in the product thickness and width directions for the extended forming of aluminum alloy. The results show that the improved velocity field is obtained under the research method, which can promote the improvement of product quality, reduce the energy consumption of extrusion forming, and provide a reference for the setting of process parameters for the production of new types of profiles.

铝合金型材是航空结构件的关键材料，其模具质量对航空结构件的可靠性影响很大。针对当前型材质量存在的开裂和扭转问题，本研究结合改进的支持向量机和粒子群算法，从能耗的角度分析了金属坯料在挤压成形过程中的流动特性。建立了多目标金属挤压工艺参数优化模型。结果表明，该模型在训练集和验证集上的预测准确率均在0.9以上。改进的支持向量机和粒子群优化算法具有更好的召回率和平均准确率，可应用于多目标金属挤压工艺参数优化研究。同时，与初始方案相比，优化后的方案在产品厚度和宽度方向上的金属流动更加均匀，有利于铝合金的延伸成形。结果表明：采用该研究方法得到了改进的速度场，促进了产品质量的提高，降低了挤压成形的能耗，为新型型材的生产工艺参数的设定提供了参考。

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引用次数: 0

Wear behavior of SiC-reinforced AZ31B magnesium alloy surface composites fabricated by friction stir processing sic增强AZ31B镁合金表面复合材料的搅拌摩擦磨损性能

Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100207

Parkhe Ravindra , Markad Kanif , Fuse Kishan , Badheka Vishvesh

This research successfully produced surface composites of AZ31B magnesium alloy reinforced with silicon carbide particles, utilizing the Friction Stir Processing hole method. To evaluate the influence of key processing variables—tool rotational speed, traverse speed, hole diameter, and tool pin profile—on the composite's wear performance, a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was designed. Wear testing was then conducted on cylindrical samples extracted from the stir zone, adhering to ASTM G99 standards using the Pin-on-Disk method across sliding distances of 500 m, 1000 m, and 1500 m. The results indicated that incorporating SiC significantly improved both the wear resistance and microhardness of the AZ31B alloy. Optimized samples demonstrated reduced weight loss and wear rate, attributed to the uniform dispersion of reinforcement particles, grain refinement, and robust interfacial bonding. Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis confirmed that specimens with inadequate particle distribution exhibited delamination and abrasive wear, whereas well-processed composites displayed minimal surface damage. These results suggest that the FSP-hole method offers a feasible approach for modifying the surface characteristics of lightweight magnesium alloys for applications requiring high tribological performance.

本研究利用搅拌摩擦加工孔法成功制备了碳化硅颗粒增强AZ31B镁合金表面复合材料。为了评估刀具转速、横摆速度、孔直径和刀销轮廓等关键加工变量对复合材料磨损性能的影响，设计了田口L9正交阵列。然后对搅拌区提取的圆柱形样品进行磨损测试，遵循ASTM G99标准，使用Pin-on-Disk方法在500 m， 1000 m和1500 m的滑动距离上进行磨损测试。结果表明，SiC的加入显著提高了AZ31B合金的耐磨性和显微硬度。优化后的样品显示，由于增强颗粒均匀分散、晶粒细化和牢固的界面结合，重量损失和磨损率降低。扫描电镜分析证实，颗粒分布不充分的样品会出现分层和磨粒磨损，而加工良好的复合材料表面损伤最小。这些结果表明，fsp孔法为改善轻质镁合金表面特性提供了一种可行的方法，可用于要求高摩擦学性能的应用。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of quenching temperature on the mechanical properties of Fe-25Cr-5Al-Ti-RE ferritic stainless steel 淬火温度对Fe-25Cr-5Al-Ti-RE铁素体不锈钢力学性能的影响

Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100191

Xiaojian Du , Zhen Lin , Taotao Li , Fei Yang , Chengzhi Liu , Jianghua Ma

In this study, in order to solve the brittle fracture dilemma that occurs during the production and application of Fe-25Cr-5Al-Ti-RE ferritic stainless steel, the mechanical properties of materials under different quenching temperatures and rolling states were analyzed. After being subjected to quenching heat treatments at temperatures of 600°C, 700°C, 800°C, 900°C, and 1000°C, the Fe-25Cr-5Al-Ti-RE alloy showed minimal differences in tensile strength among the treatments at 600°C, 700°C, 800°C, and 900°C. The values were around 580 MPa, which was slightly higher than the tensile strength of 541 MPa in the rolled state. However, at 1000°C, the tensile strength significantly decreased to 510 MPa, representing a reduction of 12.62 % compared to the treatment at 900°C. Regarding elongation, it increased with rising temperature and reached its peak at 800°C. Beyond this temperature, it decreased as the temperature continued to rise. The elongation at 800°C was 27.5 %, which was a 245 % increase compared to that in the rolled state, where it was 7.96 %. The effect of precipitation on the relative elongation was relatively minor. In contrast, the grain size and orientation had the most significant impact on the mechanical properties. At 600 °C and 700 °C, the grains exhibited a relatively small size, and their orientation was markedly dispersed. When the temperature reached 800 °C, large grains were generated, accompanied by a highly consistent grain orientation. At 900 °C and 1000 °C, large grains were formed, and a certain degree of deviation in grain orientation became apparent. For the Fe-25Cr-5Al-Ti-RE ferritic stainless-steel composition in this study, the equilibrium quenching temperature was approximately 800°C.

为了解决Fe-25Cr-5Al-Ti-RE铁素体不锈钢在生产和应用过程中出现的脆性断裂难题，本研究对材料在不同淬火温度和轧制状态下的力学性能进行了分析。在600°C、700°C、800°C、900°C和1000°C的淬火热处理后，Fe-25Cr-5Al-Ti-RE合金在600°C、700°C、800°C和900°C的拉伸强度差异很小。数值在580 MPa左右，略高于轧制状态下541 MPa的抗拉强度。然而，在1000°C时，拉伸强度显著下降到510 MPa，与900°C处理相比降低了12.62 %。伸长率随温度升高而升高，在800℃时达到峰值。超过这个温度后，随着温度的继续升高，它会下降。800℃时的延伸率为27.5% %，比轧制时的7.96 %提高了245 %。析出对相对伸长率的影响相对较小。晶粒尺寸和取向对力学性能的影响最为显著。在600°C和700°C时，晶粒尺寸较小，取向明显分散。当温度达到800℃时，形成大晶粒，晶粒取向高度一致。在900℃和1000℃时，晶粒形成较大，晶粒取向出现一定程度的偏差。本研究中Fe-25Cr-5Al-Ti-RE铁素体不锈钢成分的平衡淬火温度约为800℃。

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引用次数: 0

Investigation of dissimilar weld joint between stainless steel grades 204 L and 214, focusing on microstructure, mechanical properties, and pitting corrosion behavior 204 L和214不锈钢异种焊接接头的微观结构、力学性能和点蚀行为研究

Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100192

Wichan Chuaiphan , Nut Kaewsakul , Santirat Nansaarng , Somchai Wonthisong

This study aimed to characterize dissimilar welding of 200 series austenitic stainless steels (low nickel) between grades AISI 204 L and 214. The welds were produced using the GTAW process for the root side and the GMAW process for the face side, utilizing two types of filler materials: Incoloy 65 and 304 L. The study examined the macrostructure and microstructure, mechanical properties, and pitting corrosion resistance. The macrostructure revealed that the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the partially melted zone (PMZ) on the 214 base metal side were wider than on the 204 side. The weld metal size was the same for both filler metals. Microstructural analysis showed the formation of delta-ferrite in an austenite matrix in the weld metal using the 304 L filler metal, with solidification occurring in the FA mode. In contrast, the weld metal using the Incoloy 65 filler metal exhibited full austenite, with solidification in the A mode. Microhardness of the Incoloy 65 weld metal was higher than that of the 304 L weld metal for both the face and root sides. Additionally, the root side exhibited higher hardness than the face side for both filler metals. Tensile test results followed a similar trend to the hardness tests. However, the impact toughness of the 304 L weld was better than that of the Incoloy 65 weld, with root sides showing higher toughness than face sides. All fracture toughness tests showed ductile fracture behavior. Regarding pitting corrosion resistance, the Incoloy 65 weld performed better than the 304 L weld, with root sides exhibiting higher resistance than face sides. Pitting initiation occurred at the interface zone between the delta-ferrite and austenite phases, likely due to the low chromium content. This study demonstrates that combining GTAW and GMAW welding processes with a high-nickel alloy filler metal is more quality weldment than using a high-chromium alloy filler metal when welding dissimilar grades of stainless steel from the 200 series.

本研究旨在表征200系列奥氏体不锈钢（低镍）在AISI 204 L和214之间的异种焊接。焊缝根部采用GTAW工艺，端面采用GMAW工艺，采用两种填充材料：铬合金65和304 L。研究了合金的宏观组织、微观组织、力学性能和抗点蚀性能。宏观组织表明，214侧母材的热影响区（HAZ）和部分熔化区（PMZ）比204侧宽。两种填充金属的焊缝金属尺寸相同。显微组织分析表明，使用304 L填充金属的焊缝金属在奥氏体基体中形成了δ -铁素体，并以FA模式凝固。相比之下，使用铬合金65填充金属的焊缝金属表现出完全的奥氏体，并以A模式凝固。表面和根部的显微硬度均高于304 L焊缝金属。此外，两种填充物的根侧硬度均高于面侧。拉伸试验结果与硬度试验结果有相似的趋势。但304 L焊缝的冲击韧性优于incoly 65焊缝，根侧韧性高于面侧韧性。所有断裂韧性试验均显示出韧性断裂行为。在抗点蚀性方面，incoly 65焊缝优于304 L焊缝，根侧的抗点蚀性高于面侧。点蚀发生在δ -铁素体和奥氏体相的界面区，可能是由于低铬含量造成的。研究表明，在焊接200系列不同牌号的不锈钢时，GTAW和GMAW焊接工艺与高镍合金钎料相结合的焊件质量优于使用高铬合金钎料的焊件。

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引用次数: 0

Pitting corrosion studies on SS316L wall fabricated by directed energy deposition based wire arc process 定向能沉积电弧法制备SS316L壁的点蚀研究

Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100179

John Solomon I , D. Raguraman , Dhivakar Poosapadi , Nalla Bhanu Teja , Rupesh Kushwah , Surrya Prakash Dillibabu , Joshuva Arockia Dhanraj , Gourav Kalra , T.S. Senthil

This study investigates the pitting corrosion behavior of SS316L walls fabricated using the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT)-based Directed Energy Deposition (DED) process. Corrosion testing was conducted by immersing specimens in a chloride-rich ferric chloride solution at 50°C for different durations (24, 48, and 72 h). The results demonstrated a progressive increase in pitting severity, with weight loss increasing from 0.1520 g at 24 h to 0.4620 g at 72 h, highlighting significant localized material degradation. SEM analysis revealed that pit diameters increased from approximately 30.2 μm after 24 h to 42.0 μm after 72 h, confirming the breakdown of the passive Cr₂O₃ layer and intensified metal dissolution. The calculated corrosion rate escalated from 0.80 mm/year at 24 h to 2.40 mm/year at 72 h, indicating an accelerating corrosion mechanism with prolonged exposure. Pitting corrosion density, quantified through SEM image analysis, increased from 120 pits/cm² at 24 h to 250 pits/cm² at 72 h, showing the continuous formation and deepening of pits over time. EDS analysis confirmed localized depletion of chromium and molybdenum, with elevated oxygen and chloride concentrations within pits, verifying the aggressive localized attack. These findings underscore the susceptibility of CMT-DED SS316L to pitting corrosion in chloride environments, emphasizing the need for optimized post-processing techniques such as annealing, passivation, and surface coatings to enhance corrosion resistance for industrial applications.

本文研究了基于冷金属转移（CMT）的定向能沉积（DED）工艺制备的SS316L壁的点蚀行为。腐蚀测试是通过将样品浸泡在50°C的富氯化物氯化铁溶液中不同时间（24、48和72 h）来进行的。结果表明，点蚀严重程度逐渐增加，重量损失从24 h时的0.1520 g增加到72 h时的0.4620 g，突出了显著的局部材料降解。SEM分析表明，在24 h后，凹坑直径从约30.2 μm增加到72 h后的42.0 μm，证实了钝化Cr₂O₃层被击穿，金属溶解加剧。腐蚀速率从24 h时的0.80 mm/年上升到72 h时的2.40 mm/年，表明腐蚀机制随着暴露时间的延长而加速。通过SEM图像分析量化的点蚀密度，从24 h时的120个坑/cm²增加到72 h时的250个坑/cm²，表明随着时间的推移，坑不断形成和加深。EDS分析证实了铬和钼的局部耗竭，坑内氧和氯化物浓度升高，证实了积极的局部攻击。这些发现强调了CMT-DED SS316L在氯化物环境中对点蚀的敏感性，强调了优化后处理技术（如退火、钝化和表面涂层）以提高工业应用的耐腐蚀性的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of the microstructure on the premature fatigue failure of decarburized SAE 9254 spring steel 组织对sae9254脱碳弹簧钢过早疲劳失效的影响

Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100182

Jéssica Cristina Costa de Castro Santana , Silvano Leal dos Santos , Renato Altobelli Antunes , Sydney Ferreira Santos

Fatigue life is a key issue on the performance of alloys employed in mechanical components manufacturing such as Si-Mn spring steels used in the automotive industry. In these alloys, the fatigue life is strongly affected by surface defects and microstructure. In this paper, the effect of total decarburization depth and nanohardness profile on the premature fatigue failure of the SAE 9254 spring steel is reported. Decarburization layer was developed during heat treatment (austenitization at 850 °C and oil quenching). Heat treated specimens with different decarburized layer thickness and controlled surface roughness were investigated to evaluate the interplay between the decarburized layer depth and fatigue behavior. Stress-controlled fatigue tests up to 400,000 cycles and fractographic analysis allowed determining that fully decarburized layers (ferrite layers) with thickness up to 25 μm did not fracture. Above this critical thickness, premature fatigue fracture took place. Microstructural characterization and nanohardness profile measurements indicated that premature crack nucleation during the fatigue tests is associated with an abrupt hardness variation at the interface between total and partial decarburization regions.

疲劳寿命是机械部件制造中使用的合金性能的关键问题，例如汽车工业中使用的Si-Mn弹簧钢。在这些合金中，表面缺陷和微观组织对疲劳寿命有很大影响。本文研究了总脱碳深度和纳米硬度分布对sae9254弹簧钢过早疲劳失效的影响。热处理（850℃奥氏体化和油淬）形成脱碳层。研究了不同脱碳层厚度和控制表面粗糙度的热处理试样，以评价脱碳层深度与疲劳行为的相互作用。经过40万次循环的应力控制疲劳测试和断口分析，可以确定厚度达25 μm的完全脱碳层（铁素体层）没有断裂。在此临界厚度以上，发生过早疲劳断裂。显微组织表征和纳米硬度剖面测量表明，疲劳试验中过早的裂纹形核与全脱碳区和部分脱碳区界面处的突然硬度变化有关。

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引用次数: 0

Modulating thermo-mechanical properties of lead-free Sn-30Bi TIM by adding In-3Ag alloy 添加In-3Ag合金对无铅Sn-30Bi TIM热机械性能的调节

Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100185

Munim Shahriar Jawad , Md. Asif Mahmud Noman , Ridwan Radit Ahsan, Md. Muktadir Billah

This research work is focused on studying the effect of indium (In) and silver (Ag) addition on the thermo-mechanical properties of lead-free Sn-Bi solder alloy. Sn-30B is a potential solder to be used as thermal interface material; however, its enhanced thermo-mechanical properties are yet to be explored. In this study, authors therefore investigated the effect of In-3Ag alloy addition to tailoring the thermo-mechanical properties of the Sn-30Bi solder alloy. The microstructural evolution with progressive alloying was studied using both optical and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Elemental analysis to confirm the alloying was done using the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Simultaneous thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (STA/TG-DSC) was used to study the thermal behavior of all the solder alloys. To assess the mechanical properties, microhardness and tensile properties were also measured. Finally, the effect of low-temperature ageing was also studied to evaluate the performance of the newly developed solder alloy as thermal interface material at the operating temperature. From these results, it was found that the Sn-30Bi-3(In-3Ag) alloy has superior properties among all the solder alloys.

这项研究工作的重点是研究添加铟（In）和银（Ag）对无铅锡铋焊料合金热机械性能的影响。Sn-30B 是一种有潜力用作热界面材料的焊料；然而，其增强的热机械性能还有待探索。因此，在本研究中，作者研究了添加 In-3Ag 合金对调整 Sn-30Bi 焊料合金热机械性能的影响。使用光学和场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）研究了渐进合金化的微观结构演变。使用能量色散光谱（EDS）进行了元素分析，以确认合金化。同时采用热重-差示扫描量热法（STA/TG-DSC）研究所有焊料合金的热行为。为了评估机械性能，还测量了显微硬度和拉伸性能。最后，还研究了低温老化的影响，以评估新开发的焊料合金作为热界面材料在工作温度下的性能。从这些结果中可以发现，在所有焊料合金中，Sn-30Bi-3(In-3Ag) 合金具有更优越的性能。

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