Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Exploring synergistic effects of bioactive compounds and pharmaceuticals in therapeutic applications","authors":"Idayat Adeola Akinwumi ,&nbsp;Owoola Azeezat Ambali","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2026.02.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2026.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Synergy arises when the combined effect of multiple agents exceeds the sum of their individual activities. Pharmacological and bioactive chemical synergy offers a promising approach to enhance therapeutic efficacy, reduce toxicity, and overcome drug resistance. This review explores the mechanisms underlying drug synergy, focusing on pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions, enhanced efficacy, and potential toxicity risks. It also highlights key gaps, challenges, and future research directions. This review integrates published findings on bioactive–drug interactions, with emphasis on mechanistic pathways and therapeutic applications. Literature was retrieved using keywords on synergy and pharmacological interactions from databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, last accessed on September 30, 2025, covering studies up to 2025. Evidence indicates that synergy occurs through complementary pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms. Pharmacodynamic effects include multi-target modulation, receptor co-activation, and inhibition of resistance pathways, while pharmacokinetic mechanisms involve improved absorption, metabolism, and excretion. Natural sources such as plants, microbes, and marine organisms provide a rich reservoir of compounds capable of enhancing conventional treatments. Curcumin and epigallocatechin gallate have been shown to increase the efficacy of antibiotics and antifungals against resistant microorganisms. Berberine combined with metformin improves glucose regulation in metabolic disorders through overlapping mechanisms. Similarly, green tea catechins, resveratrol, and curcumin enhance chemotherapy effectiveness while reducing adverse effects in oncology. The integration of natural bioactive compounds with conventional drugs represents a powerful strategy for developing next-generation therapies. However, there are still limitations, including challenges with bioavailability, safety profiles, and consistency across studies. Future research should prioritize pharmacokinetic modeling, advanced delivery systems, and systems biology approaches to optimize bioactive–drug synergy and translate laboratory findings into effective clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 102-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147406502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut–brain axis in neurological disorders: mechanistic links and regulatory role of Chinese herbal medicines","authors":"Seema Sharma,&nbsp;Sampat Singh Tanwar","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2026.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2026.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gut–brain axis (GBA) is a bidirectional communication network integrating neural, immune, endocrine, and metabolic pathways that link the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. Increasing evidence implicates gut microbiota dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorders, depression, and schizophrenia. This review synthesizes preclinical and clinical evidence to elucidate GBA-mediated mechanisms of neurological dysfunction and critically evaluates the therapeutic potential of Traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCHMs). We highlight how dysbiosis disrupts immune signaling, microbial metabolite production, intestinal and blood–brain barrier integrity, and neurotransmitter pathways involving serotonin, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate, thereby driving neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal injury. Particular emphasis is placed on the ability of TCHMs to restore microbial homeostasis, enhance short-chain fatty acid production, strengthen gut barrier function, and regulate neuroendocrine pathways, notably the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axes. These multi-target actions are consistently associated with improved cognitive, behavioral, and neuroinflammatory outcomes across experimental models. The review further identifies emerging synergistic strategies combining TCHMs with microbiota-targeted interventions, such as probiotics and dietary modulation, which enhance correction of dysbiosis and attenuation of neuroinflammatory cascades. Nonetheless, heterogeneity in study design, herbal formulations, and microbiome profiling limits clinical translation. Future progress will require standardized methodologies, multi-omics integration, and precision-based approaches. Overall, this review positions Chinese herbal medicines as promising systems-level modulators of the gut–brain axis for neurological disease management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 66-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147406196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From traditional herb to modern therapeutics: phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical translation challenges of Cyperus rotundus L","authors":"Yuyang Wang ,&nbsp;Mengyuan Lv ,&nbsp;Yingfei Liu ,&nbsp;Yongfu Wang ,&nbsp;Nan Zhang ,&nbsp;Di Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2026.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2026.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cyperus rotundus</em> L. (<em>C. rotundus</em>.), widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions, is a perennial herb with a long history of application in traditional medical systems for treating emotional disturbances, digestive disorders, and gynecological diseases. Despite its extensive traditional use, a systematic integration of its modern phytochemistry and pharmacology is essential for its further development. This review summarizes the research progress over the past decade regarding the chemical constituents, pharmacological mechanisms, and toxicological profile of <em>C. rotundus</em>. Phytochemical investigations have revealed a diverse array of bioactive compounds, primarily volatile oils (e.g., <em>α</em>-cyperone, cyperotundone) and non-volatile constituents such as flavonoids and phenolic acids. Pharmacological studies have corroborated its broad therapeutic potential, demonstrating significant antitumor, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and reproductive-regulating activities. Toxicological assessments indicate that aqueous and ethanolic extracts possess a favorable safety profile with high LD₅₀ values, although systematic clinical safety data remain limited. Finally, future perspectives are proposed to facilitate the clinical translation of this herb, emphasizing the importance of standardized quality control, structure-activity relationship (SAR) elucidation, nanotechnology-based delivery, and rigorous randomized controlled trials (RCTs).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 11-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147406193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polysaccharides from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. improve glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic rats via the PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway","authors":"Xinyu Zhu,&nbsp;Wen Rui,&nbsp;Yanmei Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We aim to investigate the therapeutic effects of polysaccharides from <em>Anemarrhena asphodeloides</em> Bge. (DT) on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) rats and explore its underlying mechanisms, with a focus on the modulation of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) expression.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The T2DM rat model was established using a high-fat and high-sucrose diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The T2DM rats were randomly divided into the model control (DM) group and different DT administration groups. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting serum insulin (FINS), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were measured. Then, serum inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were quantified. Hepatic histopathology was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. PPAR-γ expression in adipose tissue was detected via immunohistochemistry, while hepatic TGF-β1 and NF-κB mRNA levels were analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot (WB).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>DT significantly reduced the FBG, FINS, and dyslipidemia, such as TC, TG, and LDL-C levels in T2DM rats, along with decreased serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels. HE staining revealed attenuated hepatic damage in DT-treated groups. Mechanistically, DT downregulated hepatic TGF-β1 and NF-κB expression while upregulating PPAR-γ in adipose tissue.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>DT may ameliorate glucose and lipid metabolic disorders in T2DM rats by modulating the PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway, with suppressing hepatic inflammatory responses via TGF-β1/NF-κB inhibition and enhancing adipose tissue metabolic regulation via PPAR-γ activation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 4","pages":"Pages 407-414"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptome analysis of Commelina maculata between the aboveground and underground parts","authors":"Zhenyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Ni Ye ,&nbsp;Xiuying Zhang ,&nbsp;Ningning Han ,&nbsp;Huijie Li ,&nbsp;Xuhao Gong ,&nbsp;Boyao Wang ,&nbsp;Zhaoxing Zhang ,&nbsp;Ye Guo ,&nbsp;Lidan Zhao ,&nbsp;Jinhua Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to clarify the biosynthesis related genes of <em>Commelina maculata</em>, perform transcriptome sequencing on <em>Commelina maculata</em>, and provide more data for the further research of <em>Commelina maculata</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>RNA was extracted from fresh tissues and library based sequencing was performed. The data were assembled and sequenced. By analyzing the expression levels, expression differences, and GO analysis of transcriptome data of <em>Commelina maculata</em>, the basic biological information of transcriptome was explained.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>This study completed transcriptome sequencing of <em>Commelina maculata</em> and detected 27546 expressed genes, including 24286 known genes and 3260 new genes; There are a total of 39340 expressed transcripts, including 23182 known transcripts and 16158 new transcripts. There are certain differences between the aboveground and underground parts.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The transcriptome data of <em>Commelina maculata</em> is complete and contains a large number of new genes, making it an important gene dataset for studying synthetic biology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 4","pages":"Pages 469-479"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating pharmacokinetics and network pharmacology to reveal mechanism of Shuangxia decoction in the treatment of insomnia","authors":"Ke Meng ,&nbsp;Miao Xu ,&nbsp;Yanping Liu ,&nbsp;Ying Li ,&nbsp;Wei Zhang ,&nbsp;Yue He ,&nbsp;Chenning Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Shuangxia Decoction is a traditional Chinese medicine classic formula used clinically to treat insomnia, consisting of <em>Pinellia ternata</em> (Banxia) and <em>Prunella vulgaris</em> (Xiakucao). The aim of this study is to explore the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the main core components in Shuangxia Decoction based on Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, as well as to preliminarily investigate its mechanisms of action in treating insomnia using quantitative targeted network pharmacology.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this research, an LC-MS/MS method was established to analyze four main core components in Shuangxia Decoction: rosmarinic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyllactic acid (HMLA), danshensu, and liquiritigenin. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of these phenolic compounds were investigated after oral administration of Shuangxia Decoction in rats. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to identify the underlying mechanism of Shuangxia Decoction in treating insomnia.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results showed that the analysis of the four components was completed within 6 ​min. The T_max for danshensu, HMLA, rosmarinic acid, and liquiritigenin were 0.79 ​± ​0.09, 0.63 ​± ​0.12, 0.51 ​± ​0.21, and 0.38 ​± ​0.19 ​h, respectively; their C_max were 110.83 ​± ​10.98, 25.20 ​± ​4.13, 37.57 ​± ​7.70, and 22.27 ​± ​8.75 ​μg/L, respectively; and their T_1/2 were 1.20 ​± ​0.24, 0.79 ​± ​0.26, 4.93 ​± ​1.08, and 2.85 ​± ​0.11 ​h, respectively. Danshensu exhibited the highest peak concentration (C_max: 110.83 ​± ​10.98 ​μg/L), while liquiritigenin showed the lowest C_max (37.57 ​± ​7.70 ​μg/L), likely due to hydrolysis by intestinal carboxylesterases. Network pharmacology results indicated that the main active components of Shuangxia Decoction exert their effects primarily through neuro-signaling pathways such as the dopaminergic synapse and glutamatergic synapse.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study is the first to explore the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the four core components in Shuangxia Decoction and to provide preliminary predictions of its mechanisms in treating insomnia, laying a foundation for further exploration of its pharmacological mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 4","pages":"Pages 389-397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus and fermented Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus on improvement in glucolipid metabolic diseases","authors":"Taisheng Liu ,&nbsp;Ruting Xia ,&nbsp;Wenjuan Chen ,&nbsp;Man Chang ,&nbsp;Lu Wang ,&nbsp;Pandi Niu ,&nbsp;Lin Zhou ,&nbsp;Hui Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Glucolipid metabolic disorders have become a major public health concern. This study aims to investigate the potential of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus and fermented Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus extracts to regulate glucolipid metabolic disorders in mice, elucidate their underlying mechanisms, and provide innovative insights for the prevention and treatment of glucolipid metabolic diseases.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Strains were screened, and the fermentation process was optimized by measuring changes in total flavonoid content in the fermented Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus extracts. The antioxidant capacity of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus extracts and fermented Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus extracts was investigated via <em>in vitro</em> free radical scavenging efficiency assays. A mouse model of lipid metabolism disorders was established through a high-fat diet, with metformin serving as the positive control. The efficacy of high-dose and low-dose Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus extracts and fermented Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus extracts was evaluated via glucose tolerance tests, biochemical indicators, and histological section staining.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The outcomes of the <em>in vitro</em> experiments demonstrate that combined fermentation of <em>Enterococcus faecium</em> and <em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em> can effectively increase the flavonoid content in the Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus fermentation supernatant and enhance its antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, at the animal experiment level, we found that Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus extracts and fermented Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus extracts improved insulin resistance, enhanced fat metabolism, and alleviated liver damage caused by oxidative stress.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our research demonstrates that fermented Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus exhibits a stronger effect than Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus in improving insulin resistance, fat metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation, potentially due to increased levels of active ingredients such as total flavonoids. This finding provides a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of glucolipid metabolic diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 4","pages":"Pages 480-490"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ToC","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2707-3688(26)00003-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2707-3688(26)00003-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 4","pages":"Pages i-ii"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress on the application of Pleuropterus multiflorus in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia","authors":"Bixian Han ,&nbsp;Mingzhu Xiao ,&nbsp;Tianze Xin ,&nbsp;Hui Hu ,&nbsp;Quansheng Liu ,&nbsp;Bingqiang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common form of hair loss, affecting approximately 21.3% of men and 6% of women in China, with an increasing trend among younger individuals. Currently, finasteride and minoxidil are the only two non-surgical medications approved for the treatment of AGA, but both face limitations in efficacy and safety concerns. <em>Polygoni multiflori radix</em> (PMT) has been traditionally used to treat premature graying and hair loss since ancient times. Its effects align with certain clinical manifestations of modern AGA, leading to extensive recent exploration for its application in AGA prevention and treatment. Compared to other chemical drugs, PMT offers more comprehensive therapeutic effects with a potentially favorable safety profile and acceptable tolerability, making it more readily accepted by patients. This review synthesizes findings from multiple databases to summarize the active components, mechanisms of action, and current applications of PMT in AGA. It provides a reference basis for in-depth research and new drug development regarding the use of PMT in AGA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 4","pages":"Pages 443-453"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan–2D nanocomposites: A convergence of nature, nanotech, and sustainability","authors":"Saranya Balasubramaniyam ,&nbsp;Thirumalaikumaran Rathinam ,&nbsp;Mohanakrishnan Srinivasan ,&nbsp;Aswini Rajendran ,&nbsp;Sharmila Sakthisivanandhan","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of natural biopolymers with two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials has opened new avenues for designing multifunctional, sustainable, and high-performance materials. Chitosan, a biodegradable and biocompatible polysaccharide, holds significant promise in biomedical and environmental applications but is limited by weak mechanical strength, poor electrical conductivity, and restricted functional versatility. To overcome these challenges, recent studies have focused on chitosan–2D nanocomposites incorporating materials such as graphene, MoS₂, and MXenes. These hybrids demonstrate remarkable enhancements in structural, thermal, electrical, and biological properties through strong interfacial interactions. This review systematically summarizes the state-of-the-art fabrication strategies—including solution casting, electrospinning, and layer-by-layer assembly—and highlights their impact on material performance. The synergistic properties of these composites enable advanced applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, antimicrobial coatings, and environmental remediation. Furthermore, we discuss the role of interfacial chemistry and nanostructure organization in dictating functional outcomes. Finally, key challenges related to scalability, regulatory approval, and biosafety are examined, along with emerging directions such as stimuli-responsive systems and AI-assisted material design. This review collectively highlights the potential of chitosan–2D nanocomposites as next-generation sustainable platforms at the nexus of nanotechnology, biotechnology, and green innovation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 4","pages":"Pages 454-468"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}