Pub Date : 2024-12-21DOI: 10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100091
Mathilde Lafont, Christophe Castel, Romain Privat, Eric Favre
A new process call Membrane Piston is proposed to investigate the possible energy efficiency improvement by combining compression and gas separation under unsteady state. The membrane on the piston-head acts as a permeable moving barrier between the two compartments. The movement of the membrane initiates the compression, triggering the mass transfer. The decreasing amount of substance at high pressure leads to lower work requirement. A model based on mass and energy balances provides the temporal evolution of the parameters. This new concept is presented through an air separation case study, operated in isothermal and non-isothermal modes. Compared to a steady-state classical membrane separation at identical purity in and pressure ratio, this process shows breakthrough energy efficiency improvements, such as 33 to 63 % decrease for 95 to 97 % N2 purity.
{"title":"Membrane gas separations and energy efficiency: Exploring the selective membrane-piston concept","authors":"Mathilde Lafont, Christophe Castel, Romain Privat, Eric Favre","doi":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A new process call Membrane Piston is proposed to investigate the possible energy efficiency improvement by combining compression and gas separation under unsteady state. The membrane on the piston-head acts as a permeable moving barrier between the two compartments. The movement of the membrane initiates the compression, triggering the mass transfer. The decreasing amount of substance at high pressure leads to lower work requirement. A model based on mass and energy balances provides the temporal evolution of the parameters. This new concept is presented through an air separation case study, operated in isothermal and non-isothermal modes. Compared to a steady-state classical membrane separation at identical purity in <span><math><msub><mi>N</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> and pressure ratio, this process shows breakthrough energy efficiency improvements, such as 33 to 63 % decrease for 95 to 97 % N<sub>2</sub> purity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science Letters","volume":"5 1","pages":"Article 100091"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143127861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100090
Mohammad Allouzi , Mor Avidar , Liat Birnhack , Razi Epsztein , Anthony P. Straub
Understanding the transport mechanisms in salt-rejecting membranes is critical for improving their separation efficiency and selectivity. Examining transmembrane permeation in terms of energy barriers using the Arrhenius or Eyring approach provides valuable insights into molecular transport within the membrane and at the solution-membrane interfaces. Although useful insights have been gained using the energy barriers framework, which is based on measuring permeability at different temperatures, the method can sometimes show counterintuitive and inconsistent results. In this study, we examine methods to improve the reliability of experimentally obtained energy barriers for transport in salt-rejecting membranes. We first compile energy barrier results for the transport of various solutes in loose and tight salt-rejecting membranes, observing data variability across studies and a weak correlation between energy barriers and membrane type. Next, we demonstrate the importance of thermally stabilizing membranes prior to experimentally evaluating energy barriers, showing that membranes equilibrated at high temperatures and tested with descending temperature produce more stable and reliable trends. In addition to thermal stabilization, we identify that comparing energy barrier values based on a similar concentration polarization modulus is critical when analyzing trends between different solutes and membranes. Following these recommendations, we obtain energy barriers for ion permeation that align with the performance of loose and tight salt-rejecting membranes. We conclude by demonstrating consistent and rational energy barrier measurements in two independent laboratories using the principles discussed. Overall, this study provides important guidelines for the experimental quantification of energy barriers for transport in salt-rejecting membranes.
{"title":"Reliable methods to determine experimental energy barriers for transport in salt-rejecting membranes","authors":"Mohammad Allouzi , Mor Avidar , Liat Birnhack , Razi Epsztein , Anthony P. Straub","doi":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the transport mechanisms in salt-rejecting membranes is critical for improving their separation efficiency and selectivity. Examining transmembrane permeation in terms of energy barriers using the Arrhenius or Eyring approach provides valuable insights into molecular transport within the membrane and at the solution-membrane interfaces. Although useful insights have been gained using the energy barriers framework, which is based on measuring permeability at different temperatures, the method can sometimes show counterintuitive and inconsistent results. In this study, we examine methods to improve the reliability of experimentally obtained energy barriers for transport in salt-rejecting membranes. We first compile energy barrier results for the transport of various solutes in loose and tight salt-rejecting membranes, observing data variability across studies and a weak correlation between energy barriers and membrane type. Next, we demonstrate the importance of thermally stabilizing membranes prior to experimentally evaluating energy barriers, showing that membranes equilibrated at high temperatures and tested with descending temperature produce more stable and reliable trends. In addition to thermal stabilization, we identify that comparing energy barrier values based on a similar concentration polarization modulus is critical when analyzing trends between different solutes and membranes. Following these recommendations, we obtain energy barriers for ion permeation that align with the performance of loose and tight salt-rejecting membranes. We conclude by demonstrating consistent and rational energy barrier measurements in two independent laboratories using the principles discussed. Overall, this study provides important guidelines for the experimental quantification of energy barriers for transport in salt-rejecting membranes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science Letters","volume":"5 1","pages":"Article 100090"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-30DOI: 10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100089
Du Ru Kang , Gi Hyo Sim , Minjoong Kim , Jae Hun Lee , Jong Hak Kim
While nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) is widely recognized as an established method for creating porous polymer membranes, this study uniquely employs a nonsolvent to produce a dense, nonporous membrane instead. Specifically, the membranes were rapidly fabricated at low temperatures using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a high-boiling-point solvent, and water as the nonsolvent. We successfully prepared a series of crosslinked poly(quaterphenyl piperidine) (PQP-BM) network membranes with high crosslinking degrees (up to 47.2 %). By combining a hydrophobic extended polyaromatic backbone with a hydrophilic piperidine-based crosslinker, we achieved distinct microphase separation, which enhanced ion transport, dimensional stability, and thermal and mechanical properties compared to the linear uncrosslinked membranes. The optimized AEM exhibited exceptional mechanical strength (tensile strength >63 MPa), high ion conductivity (151.5 mS cm⁻¹ at 80 °C), and excellent alkaline durability. In single-cell water electrolyzer tests, the PQP-BM membrane demonstrated a remarkable current density of 3.99 A cm⁻² at 2.0 V in 1 M KOH at 50 °C, outperforming the commercial FAA-3–50 membrane by 126 %. This study highlights the potential of the energy-efficient NIFF process as a scalable method for producing advanced AEMs for energy conversion applications.
虽然非溶剂诱导相分离（NIPS）被广泛认为是制造多孔聚合物膜的既定方法，但本研究独特地采用非溶剂来生产致密的非多孔膜。具体来说，该膜是在低温下快速制备的，使用二甲基亚砜（DMSO），一种高沸点溶剂，水作为非溶剂。我们成功地制备了一系列交联度高（达47.2%）的聚季苯基哌啶（PQP-BM）网络膜。通过将疏水扩展多芳骨架与亲水性哌啶交联剂结合，我们实现了明显的微相分离，与线性非交联膜相比，增强了离子传输、尺寸稳定性以及热力学性能。优化后的AEM具有优异的机械强度（抗拉强度>；63 MPa），高离子电导率（80°C时151.5 mS cm⁻¹）和良好的碱性耐久性。在单细胞水电解槽测试中，PQP-BM膜在2.0 V, 1 M KOH， 50°C下表现出3.99 a cm⁻²的电流密度，比商用的fa -3 - 50膜高出126%。这项研究强调了节能的NIFF工艺作为一种可扩展的方法来生产用于能量转换应用的先进AEMs的潜力。
{"title":"Low-temperature rapid fabrication of crosslinked poly(quaterphenyl piperidine) membrane for anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers","authors":"Du Ru Kang , Gi Hyo Sim , Minjoong Kim , Jae Hun Lee , Jong Hak Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) is widely recognized as an established method for creating porous polymer membranes, this study uniquely employs a nonsolvent to produce a dense, nonporous membrane instead. Specifically, the membranes were rapidly fabricated at low temperatures using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a high-boiling-point solvent, and water as the nonsolvent. We successfully prepared a series of crosslinked poly(quaterphenyl piperidine) (PQP-BM) network membranes with high crosslinking degrees (up to 47.2 %). By combining a hydrophobic extended polyaromatic backbone with a hydrophilic piperidine-based crosslinker, we achieved distinct microphase separation, which enhanced ion transport, dimensional stability, and thermal and mechanical properties compared to the linear uncrosslinked membranes. The optimized AEM exhibited exceptional mechanical strength (tensile strength >63 MPa), high ion conductivity (151.5 mS cm⁻¹ at 80 °C), and excellent alkaline durability. In single-cell water electrolyzer tests, the PQP-BM membrane demonstrated a remarkable current density of 3.99 A cm⁻² at 2.0 V in 1 M KOH at 50 °C, outperforming the commercial FAA-3–50 membrane by 126 %. This study highlights the potential of the energy-efficient NIFF process as a scalable method for producing advanced AEMs for energy conversion applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science Letters","volume":"5 1","pages":"Article 100089"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores the development of a thermostable and bio-inert PVDF membrane by grafting poly(acrylamide-r-N-vinylpyrrolidone) (P(AA-r-NVP)) onto a styrene-co-maleic anhydride (SMA)-functionalized PVDF substrate. The fabrication process involved blending SMA into the PVDF matrix followed by vapor-induced phase separation process to form the porous membrane. P(AA-r-NVP) was then grafted onto the membrane through the ring-opening of maleic anhydride groups. Characterization through ATR-FTIR and XPS confirmed successful surface modification. Antifouling performance of the membranes were assessed through bacterial adhesion tests before and after steam sterilization. Before sterilization, SMA3_A3V7 effectively resisted up to 97 % of E. coli adhesion. After steam sterilization, SMA3_A3V7 demonstrated excellent thermal stability, with a minimal 1.25 % increase in bacterial adhesion, compared to a 250 % increase in the unmodified PVDF membrane. These findings feature the effectiveness of utilizing SMA in simplifying the grafting process and the contribution of the thermostable and bio-inert polymer in imparting high-temperature resistance and antifouling resistance to the membrane, enabling versatile applications.
本研究通过将聚丙烯酰胺-r- n -乙烯基吡咯烷酮（P(AA-r-NVP)）接枝到苯乙烯-共马来酸酐（SMA）功能化的PVDF底物上，探索了一种耐热性和生物惰性的PVDF膜的开发。制备过程包括将SMA混合到PVDF基体中，然后进行气相分离过程以形成多孔膜。P（AA-r-NVP）通过马来酸酐基团的开环接枝到膜上。通过ATR-FTIR和XPS表征证实表面改性成功。通过蒸汽灭菌前后的细菌粘附试验对膜的防污性能进行了评价。灭菌前，SMA3_A3V7可有效抵抗高达97%的大肠杆菌粘附。蒸汽灭菌后，SMA3_A3V7表现出优异的热稳定性，与未改性的PVDF膜相比，细菌粘附性增加了1.25%，增加了250%。这些发现表明，SMA在简化接枝过程中的有效性，以及热稳定性和生物惰性聚合物在赋予膜耐高温和抗污性方面的贡献，使其具有广泛的应用前景。
{"title":"Engineering bio-inert and thermostable poly(vinylidene difluoride) membranes by grafting thermal-tolerant copolymers via ring-opening reaction","authors":"Irish Valerie Maggay, Ying-Tzu Chiu, Hao-Tung Lin, Antoine Venault, Yung Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the development of a thermostable and bio-inert PVDF membrane by grafting poly(acrylamide-<em>r</em>-N-vinylpyrrolidone) (P(AA-<em>r</em>-NVP)) onto a styrene-<em>co</em>-maleic anhydride (SMA)-functionalized PVDF substrate. The fabrication process involved blending SMA into the PVDF matrix followed by vapor-induced phase separation process to form the porous membrane. P(AA-<em>r</em>-NVP) was then grafted onto the membrane through the ring-opening of maleic anhydride groups. Characterization through ATR-FTIR and XPS confirmed successful surface modification. Antifouling performance of the membranes were assessed through bacterial adhesion tests before and after steam sterilization. Before sterilization, SMA3_A3V7 effectively resisted up to 97 % of <em>E. coli</em> adhesion. After steam sterilization, SMA3_A3V7 demonstrated excellent thermal stability, with a minimal 1.25 % increase in bacterial adhesion, compared to a 250 % increase in the unmodified PVDF membrane. These findings feature the effectiveness of utilizing SMA in simplifying the grafting process and the contribution of the thermostable and bio-inert polymer in imparting high-temperature resistance and antifouling resistance to the membrane, enabling versatile applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science Letters","volume":"5 1","pages":"Article 100088"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-28DOI: 10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100087
Jonathan Aubuchon Ouimet, Faraj Al-Badani, Xinhong Liu, Laurianne Lair, Zachary W. Muetzel, Alexander W. Dowling, William A. Phillip
Self-driving laboratories and automated experiments can accelerate the design workflow and decrease errors associated with experiments that characterize membrane transport properties. Within this study, we use 3D printing to design a custom stirred cell that incorporates inline conductivity probes in the retentate and permeate streams. The probes provide a complete trajectory of the salt concentrations as they evolve over the course of an experiment. Here, automated diafiltration experiments are used to characterize the performance of commercial NF90 and NF270 polyamide membranes over a predetermined range of KCl concentrations from 1 to 100 mM. The measurements obtained by the inline conductivity probes are validated using offline post-experiment analyses. Compared to traditional filtration experiments, the probes decrease the amount of time required for an experimentalist to characterize membrane materials by more than 50× and increase the amount of information generated by 100×. Device design principles to address the physical constraints associated with making conductivity measurements in confined volumes are proposed. Overall, the device developed within this study provides a foundation to establish high-throughput, automated membrane characterization techniques.
自动驾驶实验室和自动化实验可以加快设计工作流程，减少与表征膜传输特性的实验相关的误差。在这项研究中，我们使用 3D 打印技术设计了一个定制的搅拌池，在回流液和渗透液中加入了在线电导探针。探针可提供盐浓度在实验过程中演变的完整轨迹。在这里，自动重滤实验用于鉴定商用 NF90 和 NF270 聚酰胺膜在 1 至 100 mM 氯化钾浓度预定范围内的性能。在线电导探头获得的测量结果通过离线实验后分析进行验证。与传统的过滤实验相比，该探头使实验人员表征膜材料所需的时间减少了 50 倍以上，所产生的信息量增加了 100 倍。针对在密闭体积内进行电导率测量的相关物理限制，提出了设备设计原则。总之，本研究开发的设备为建立高通量、自动化的膜表征技术奠定了基础。
{"title":"Automated membrane characterization: In-situ monitoring of the permeate and retentate solutions using a 3D printed permeate probe device","authors":"Jonathan Aubuchon Ouimet, Faraj Al-Badani, Xinhong Liu, Laurianne Lair, Zachary W. Muetzel, Alexander W. Dowling, William A. Phillip","doi":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Self-driving laboratories and automated experiments can accelerate the design workflow and decrease errors associated with experiments that characterize membrane transport properties. Within this study, we use 3D printing to design a custom stirred cell that incorporates inline conductivity probes in the retentate and permeate streams. The probes provide a complete trajectory of the salt concentrations as they evolve over the course of an experiment. Here, automated diafiltration experiments are used to characterize the performance of commercial NF90 and NF270 polyamide membranes over a predetermined range of KCl concentrations from 1 to 100 mM. The measurements obtained by the inline conductivity probes are validated using offline post-experiment analyses. Compared to traditional filtration experiments, the probes decrease the amount of time required for an experimentalist to characterize membrane materials by more than 50× and increase the amount of information generated by 100×. Device design principles to address the physical constraints associated with making conductivity measurements in confined volumes are proposed. Overall, the device developed within this study provides a foundation to establish high-throughput, automated membrane characterization techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science Letters","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100087"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142417297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100086
Xinyi Wang , Minhao Xiao , Sungsoon Kim , Jeffrey Zhang , Minju Cha , Anya Dickinson-Cove , Fan Yang , Kenji Lam , Sungju Im , Ziwei Hou , Jishan Wu , Zhiyong Jason Ren , Christos T. Maravelias , Eric M.V. Hoek , David Jassby
Phosphate recovery from wastewater is vital for both environmental sustainability and resource conservation, offering the dual benefit of reducing phosphate pollution while providing a valuable source of this essential nutrient. We previously reported an approach for synthesizing hydrous manganese oxide (HMO) nanoparticles within a polymeric cation-exchange membrane (CEM) to achieve a phosphate-selective mixed-matrix membrane (PhSMMM); however, the phosphate flux was lower than desired. Herein, we demonstrate a next-generation PhSMMM membrane with enhanced phosphate flux and selectivity. Experimental results confirm the successful incorporation of up to 28 wt% HMO nanoparticles into the polymeric CEM. The new PhSMMM exhibits a phosphate flux of 1.57 mmol∙m–2.hr–1 (an 8.5X enhancement), with selectivity over chloride, nitrate, and sulfate ions of 9, 11, and 104, respectively. This significant enhancement in phosphate flux marks a promising advancement in a sustainable solution for phosphate removal and recovery from wastewater.
{"title":"Enhanced phosphate anion flux through single-ion, reverse-selective mixed-matrix cation exchange membrane","authors":"Xinyi Wang , Minhao Xiao , Sungsoon Kim , Jeffrey Zhang , Minju Cha , Anya Dickinson-Cove , Fan Yang , Kenji Lam , Sungju Im , Ziwei Hou , Jishan Wu , Zhiyong Jason Ren , Christos T. Maravelias , Eric M.V. Hoek , David Jassby","doi":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphate recovery from wastewater is vital for both environmental sustainability and resource conservation, offering the dual benefit of reducing phosphate pollution while providing a valuable source of this essential nutrient. We previously reported an approach for synthesizing hydrous manganese oxide (HMO) nanoparticles within a polymeric cation-exchange membrane (CEM) to achieve a phosphate-selective mixed-matrix membrane (PhSMMM); however, the phosphate flux was lower than desired. Herein, we demonstrate a next-generation PhSMMM membrane with enhanced phosphate flux and selectivity. Experimental results confirm the successful incorporation of up to 28 wt% HMO nanoparticles into the polymeric CEM. The new PhSMMM exhibits a phosphate flux of 1.57 mmol∙m<sup>–2.</sup>hr<sup>–1</sup> (an 8.5X enhancement), with selectivity over chloride, nitrate, and sulfate ions of 9, 11, and 104, respectively. This significant enhancement in phosphate flux marks a promising advancement in a sustainable solution for phosphate removal and recovery from wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science Letters","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100086"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142417298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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