Next Materials最新文献_第2页

Parametric optimization and performance prediction of stainless-steel ER308L cladding on mild steel via gas metal arc welding using RSM 不锈钢ER308L低碳钢气相保护电弧焊包层参数优化及性能预测

Next Materials

Pub Date : 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101670

Shiv Kumar , Shahnwaz Alam , Gagan Bansal

The study is centered around the optimization of parameters and performance prediction for ER308L stainless steel welding on mild steel substrates using the Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The systematic alterations of the process variables (welding current, arc voltage, and travel speed) accompanied by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) grounded on Central Composite Design (CCD) aim at enhancing not only the surface characteristics but also the strength of the bond. The effect of factors on the critical reactions was determined by clad hardness, tensile strength, and dilution using statistical modeling and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The experimental validation confirmed that the regression models in question were extremely precise, as indicated by the correlation coefficients (R² > 0.97) between predicted and experimental values. The response surface and desirability plots revealed that an ideal heat input condition (moderate current and voltage with controlled travel speed) has led to an enhancement in clad properties—maximum hardness of approximately 360 HV, tensile strength of more than 440 MPa, and dilution of less than 10 % being the lowest. Microstructural examination confirmed the presence of a strong metallurgical bond at the interface which was marked by the presence of small and compact dendritic structures in the clad area and resistance tests showed that the substrate had a better resistance. The optimized sample was found to have a very good combination of mechanical properties and surface quality, thus the use of RSM as a prediction and optimization tool for GMAW cladding was confirmed. This study sets the groundwork for the design of processes and performance prediction in the field of surface engineering applications involving the use of dissimilar metal cladding.

本研究主要围绕ER308L不锈钢在低碳钢基板上采用气体保护焊（GMAW）工艺焊接的参数优化和性能预测展开。基于中心复合设计（CCD）的响应面法（RSM）系统地改变工艺变量（焊接电流、电弧电压和移动速度），不仅可以提高表面特性，还可以提高键合的强度。采用统计模型和方差分析（ANOVA）确定了包层硬度、抗拉强度和稀释度对临界反应的影响。实验验证表明，所建立的回归模型非常精确，预测值与实验值之间的相关系数为R²>； 0.97。响应面和期望图显示，理想的热输入条件（适当的电流和电压，控制行程速度）导致包层性能的增强-最大硬度约为360 HV，抗拉强度大于440 MPa，稀释小于10 %是最低的。显微组织检查证实在界面处存在强大的冶金结合，其标志是在覆层区域存在小而致密的枝晶组织，电阻测试表明基体具有较好的电阻。优化后的样品具有很好的力学性能和表面质量的结合，从而证实了RSM作为GMAW熔覆预测和优化工具的应用。本研究为涉及使用异种金属包层的表面工程应用领域的工艺设计和性能预测奠定了基础。

{"title":"Parametric optimization and performance prediction of stainless-steel ER308L cladding on mild steel via gas metal arc welding using RSM","authors":"Shiv Kumar , Shahnwaz Alam , Gagan Bansal","doi":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study is centered around the optimization of parameters and performance prediction for ER308L stainless steel welding on mild steel substrates using the Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The systematic alterations of the process variables (welding current, arc voltage, and travel speed) accompanied by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) grounded on Central Composite Design (CCD) aim at enhancing not only the surface characteristics but also the strength of the bond. The effect of factors on the critical reactions was determined by clad hardness, tensile strength, and dilution using statistical modeling and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The experimental validation confirmed that the regression models in question were extremely precise, as indicated by the correlation coefficients (R² > 0.97) between predicted and experimental values. The response surface and desirability plots revealed that an ideal heat input condition (moderate current and voltage with controlled travel speed) has led to an enhancement in clad properties—maximum hardness of approximately 360 HV, tensile strength of more than 440 MPa, and dilution of less than 10 % being the lowest. Microstructural examination confirmed the presence of a strong metallurgical bond at the interface which was marked by the presence of small and compact dendritic structures in the clad area and resistance tests showed that the substrate had a better resistance. The optimized sample was found to have a very good combination of mechanical properties and surface quality, thus the use of RSM as a prediction and optimization tool for GMAW cladding was confirmed. This study sets the groundwork for the design of processes and performance prediction in the field of surface engineering applications involving the use of dissimilar metal cladding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100958,"journal":{"name":"Next Materials","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 101670"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Insights into high-pressure stability, vibrational and mechanical characteristics of Ba5(BO3)3F Ba5(BO3)3F高压稳定性、振动和力学特性研究

Next Materials

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101680

Nursultan Sagatov , Tatyana B. Bekker , Anastasiya O. Mikhno , Alexey V. Davydov

The fluoroborate Ba₅(BO₃)₃F, a candidate for UV optical applications, is investigated through density functional theory (DFT) and experimental methods to unravel its electronic, vibrational, mechanical characteristics and high-pressure stability limit. DFT calculations with HSE06 functional reveal a direct band gap of 5.46 eV, corroborating experimental transparency in the mid-UV range. Phonon dispersion analysis confirms dynamic stability, and the simulated Raman spectrum are in good agreement with the obtained experimental data, enabling the detailed assignment of 23 observed modes. The two most intense peaks at 902 and 909 cm^–1 attributed to symmetric stretching vibrations of two crystallographically different [BO₃] groups in the structure. The Ba₅(BO₃)₃F compounds exhibits strong elastic anisotropy, with bulk modulus (B) varying by a factor of 2.7 (38.7–104.7 GPa) across crystallographic directions. The estimated Vickers hardness (2.68 GPa) and fracture toughness (0.556 MPa·m^1/2) of Ba₅(BO₃)₃F classify it as mechanically soft yet more crack-resistant than, for instance, β-BaB₂O₄. High-pressure calculations reveal that Ba₅(BO₃)₃F is stable up to 9 GPa under hydrostatic compression, beyond which shear instability (C₄₄ − P < 0) and soft phonon modes occur.

采用密度泛函理论（DFT）和实验方法研究了紫外光学材料候选氟硼酸盐Ba5(BO3)3F，揭示了其电子、振动、机械特性和高压稳定性极限。HSE06泛函的DFT计算显示，直接带隙为5.46 eV，证实了在中紫外范围内的实验透明度。声子色散分析证实了系统的动态稳定性，模拟的拉曼光谱与实验数据吻合较好，实现了23种观测模式的详细分配。902和909 cm-1处的两个最强烈的峰归因于结构中两个晶体学上不同的[BO3]基团的对称拉伸振动。Ba5(BO3)3F化合物表现出较强的弹性各向异性，其体积模量(B)在结晶方向上变化2.7倍（38.7-104.7 GPa）。Ba5(BO3)3F的估计维氏硬度（2.68 GPa）和断裂韧性（0.556 MPa·m1/2）将其分类为机械软，但比β-BaB2O4更具抗裂性。高压计算表明，Ba5(BO3)3F在流体静压下高达9 GPa时稳定，超过此值则发生剪切失稳（C44−P <； 0）和软声子模式。

{"title":"Insights into high-pressure stability, vibrational and mechanical characteristics of Ba5(BO3)3F","authors":"Nursultan Sagatov , Tatyana B. Bekker , Anastasiya O. Mikhno , Alexey V. Davydov","doi":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fluoroborate Ba<sub>5</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>F, a candidate for UV optical applications, is investigated through density functional theory (DFT) and experimental methods to unravel its electronic, vibrational, mechanical characteristics and high-pressure stability limit. DFT calculations with HSE06 functional reveal a direct band gap of 5.46 eV, corroborating experimental transparency in the mid-UV range. Phonon dispersion analysis confirms dynamic stability, and the simulated Raman spectrum are in good agreement with the obtained experimental data, enabling the detailed assignment of 23 observed modes. The two most intense peaks at 902 and 909 cm<sup>–1</sup> attributed to symmetric stretching vibrations of two <em>crystallographically different</em> [BO<sub>3</sub>] groups in the structure. The Ba<sub>5</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>F compounds exhibits strong elastic anisotropy, with bulk modulus (<em>B</em>) varying by a factor of 2.7 (38.7–104.7 GPa) across crystallographic directions. The estimated Vickers hardness (2.68 GPa) and fracture toughness (0.556 MPa·m<sup>1/2</sup>) of Ba<sub>5</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>F classify it as mechanically soft yet more crack-resistant than, for instance, <em>β</em>-BaB<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. High-pressure calculations reveal that Ba<sub>5</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>F is stable up to 9 GPa under hydrostatic compression, beyond which shear instability (<em>C</em><sub>44</sub> − <em>P</em> < 0) and soft phonon modes occur.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100958,"journal":{"name":"Next Materials","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 101680"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

State-of-the-art review on mechanisms and microstructural insights of eggshell powder for clay soil stabilization 蛋壳粉稳定粘土的机理及微观结构研究进展

Next Materials

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101658

Araz Hasheminezhad, Bo Yang, Mohammad Ahmad Alsheyab, Zexi Yin, Halil Ceylan, Sunghwan Kim

Innovative, cost-effective, and sustainable soil stabilization approaches are increasingly needed to address the challenges posed by problematic clay soils in geotechnical engineering. Eggshell waste, generated globally in millions of tons each year, has emerged as a promising bio-based stabilizing agent due to its high calcium content and cementitious potential. Although numerous experimental studies have reported improvements in strength and index properties of clay soils treated with eggshell powder (ESP), existing research remains fragmented, with limited synthesis of stabilization mechanisms and insufficient linkage between microstructural evolution and macroscopic soil behavior. This state-of-the-art review critically examines the role of ESP in clay soil stabilization by integrating reported changes in key geotechnical performance indicators with microstructural evidence from advanced characterization techniques. Emphasis is placed on understanding the interactions governing clay–ESP bonding and the development of soil strength. The review indicates that ESP contents up to approximately 10 % by dry soil weight can enhance soil strength and stability; however, effectiveness varies significantly with soil mineralogy, ESP processing methods, and curing conditions. This review also identifies critical research gaps, including the lack of long-term durability assessments, limited field-scale validation, and incomplete environmental and life-cycle evaluations. Addressing these gaps is essential for advancing the reliable and sustainable application of ESP in geotechnical engineering practice.

在岩土工程中，越来越需要创新的、具有成本效益的、可持续的土壤稳定方法来解决粘土问题带来的挑战。蛋壳废料每年在全球产生数百万吨，由于其高钙含量和胶凝潜力，已成为一种有前途的生物基稳定剂。虽然大量的实验研究报道了蛋壳粉（ESP）处理后黏土的强度和指标性能的改善，但现有的研究仍然是碎片化的，稳定机制的综合有限，微观结构演变与宏观土壤行为之间的联系不足。这篇最新的综述通过将已报道的关键岩土性能指标的变化与先进表征技术的微观结构证据相结合，批判性地研究了ESP在粘土稳定中的作用。重点是理解控制粘土- esp结合和土强度发展的相互作用。结果表明，当ESP含量达到干土质量的10 %左右时，可以提高土壤的强度和稳定性；然而，其效果因土壤矿物学、ESP处理方法和养护条件而有很大差异。该综述还指出了关键的研究空白，包括缺乏长期耐久性评估、有限的现场规模验证以及不完整的环境和生命周期评估。解决这些差距对于推进ESP在岩土工程实践中的可靠和可持续应用至关重要。

{"title":"State-of-the-art review on mechanisms and microstructural insights of eggshell powder for clay soil stabilization","authors":"Araz Hasheminezhad, Bo Yang, Mohammad Ahmad Alsheyab, Zexi Yin, Halil Ceylan, Sunghwan Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Innovative, cost-effective, and sustainable soil stabilization approaches are increasingly needed to address the challenges posed by problematic clay soils in geotechnical engineering. Eggshell waste, generated globally in millions of tons each year, has emerged as a promising bio-based stabilizing agent due to its high calcium content and cementitious potential. Although numerous experimental studies have reported improvements in strength and index properties of clay soils treated with eggshell powder (ESP), existing research remains fragmented, with limited synthesis of stabilization mechanisms and insufficient linkage between microstructural evolution and macroscopic soil behavior. This state-of-the-art review critically examines the role of ESP in clay soil stabilization by integrating reported changes in key geotechnical performance indicators with microstructural evidence from advanced characterization techniques. Emphasis is placed on understanding the interactions governing clay–ESP bonding and the development of soil strength. The review indicates that ESP contents up to approximately 10 % by dry soil weight can enhance soil strength and stability; however, effectiveness varies significantly with soil mineralogy, ESP processing methods, and curing conditions. This review also identifies critical research gaps, including the lack of long-term durability assessments, limited field-scale validation, and incomplete environmental and life-cycle evaluations. Addressing these gaps is essential for advancing the reliable and sustainable application of ESP in geotechnical engineering practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100958,"journal":{"name":"Next Materials","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 101658"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Progress in solid-vapor adsorption technology for eco-friendly refrigeration: Emphasizing metal halide sorbent 环保制冷固气吸附技术研究进展：以金属卤化物吸附剂为重点

Next Materials

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101652

Duryodhan Sahu , Jagannath Panda , Amit Patnaik , Asish Kumar Mohapatra

The urgent global shift toward sustainable refrigeration technologies has spurred the development of solid-vapor adsorption refrigeration (SVAR) systems, as gained attention for their potential to replace conventional systems that rely on harmful CFCs. This review explores use of metal halide (MH) sorbents particularly compounds like calcium chloride and strontium chloride for eco-friendly refrigeration using ammonia as refrigerant. These materials show strong adsorption capabilities but face challenges such as structural swelling, agglomeration, and low thermal conductivity. To address these issues, recent research has focused on forming composite materials by implanting MHs into porous supports like activated carbon and silica gel, improving stability and heat transfer. The review also connects advances in material development with system-level strategies, including thermal management, innovative system designs, and renewable energy integration. Looking ahead, it highlights opportunities in next-generation materials like Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for cooling systems. This work presents MH-based SVAR as a promising, scalable approach to energy-efficient refrigeration.

全球向可持续制冷技术的迫切转变刺激了固体蒸汽吸附制冷（SVAR）系统的发展，因为它们有可能取代依赖有害氯氟烃的传统系统而受到关注。本文综述了金属卤化物（MH）吸附剂的使用，特别是氯化钙和氯化锶等化合物在以氨为制冷剂的环保制冷中的应用。这些材料表现出很强的吸附能力，但面临结构性膨胀、团聚和低导热性等挑战。为了解决这些问题，最近的研究重点是通过将mh植入活性炭和硅胶等多孔支架中来形成复合材料，以提高稳定性和传热能力。该综述还将材料开发的进展与系统级战略联系起来，包括热管理、创新系统设计和可再生能源集成。展望未来，它强调了下一代材料的机会，如用于冷却系统的金属有机框架（mof）。这项工作提出了基于mh的SVAR作为一种有前途的，可扩展的节能制冷方法。

{"title":"Progress in solid-vapor adsorption technology for eco-friendly refrigeration: Emphasizing metal halide sorbent","authors":"Duryodhan Sahu , Jagannath Panda , Amit Patnaik , Asish Kumar Mohapatra","doi":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The urgent global shift toward sustainable refrigeration technologies has spurred the development of solid-vapor adsorption refrigeration (SVAR) systems, as gained attention for their potential to replace conventional systems that rely on harmful CFCs. This review explores use of metal halide (MH) sorbents particularly compounds like calcium chloride and strontium chloride for eco-friendly refrigeration using ammonia as refrigerant. These materials show strong adsorption capabilities but face challenges such as structural swelling, agglomeration, and low thermal conductivity. To address these issues, recent research has focused on forming composite materials by implanting MHs into porous supports like activated carbon and silica gel, improving stability and heat transfer. The review also connects advances in material development with system-level strategies, including thermal management, innovative system designs, and renewable energy integration. Looking ahead, it highlights opportunities in next-generation materials like Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for cooling systems. This work presents MH-based SVAR as a promising, scalable approach to energy-efficient refrigeration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100958,"journal":{"name":"Next Materials","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 101652"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stochastic dynamic analysis of FGSW plates resting on a Pasternak foundation under a moving mass considering parameter uncertainties 考虑参数不确定性的运动质量下帕斯捷尔纳克地基上FGSW板的随机动力分析

Next Materials

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101687

Ngoc-Tu Do , Trung Thanh Tran

The main objective of this article is to investigate the stochastic dynamic response of functionally graded sandwich (FGSW) plates composed of a hard core and two functionally graded (FG) face sheets, resting on a Pasternak foundation (PF) and subjected to a moving mass (MM), while explicitly accounting for uncertainties in material properties and moving mass density. The uncertain parameters are modeled as random variables following normal probability distributions. A finite element formulation based on four-node (Q4) elements is developed within the framework of the refined first-order shear deformation theory (RFSDT), ensuring an accurate representation of transverse shear effects with high computational efficiency. The Pasternak foundation is incorporated through both spring and shear layer stiffness components. The accuracy and validity of the proposed formulation are rigorously verified through comparisons with available benchmark solutions, demonstrating excellent agreement. A comprehensive parametric investigation is then conducted to examine the effects of geometric dimensions, material properties, and foundation stiffness on the dynamic response. The results indicate that both geometric parameters and material properties have a significant influence on the dynamic behavior of the plate under deterministic as well as stochastic conditions. These findings provide valuable theoretical guidance and practical insights for the robust design and reliability assessment of advanced sandwich structures in transportation, aerospace, and defense engineering.

本文的主要目的是研究由一个硬核和两个功能梯度（FG）面板组成的功能梯度夹层（FGSW）板的随机动态响应，这些板位于帕斯捷尔纳克基础（PF）上，并受到移动质量（MM）的影响，同时明确考虑材料特性和移动质量密度的不确定性。将不确定参数建模为服从正态概率分布的随机变量。在精细化一阶剪切变形理论（RFSDT）框架下，建立了基于四节点（Q4）单元的有限元公式，保证了横向剪切效应的准确表达和较高的计算效率。帕斯捷尔纳克地基是通过弹簧和剪切层刚度组成的。通过与现有基准解决方案的比较，严格验证了所提出公式的准确性和有效性，证明了良好的一致性。然后进行了全面的参数调查，以检查几何尺寸，材料特性和基础刚度对动态响应的影响。结果表明，几何参数和材料性能对板在确定性和随机条件下的动力行为都有显著影响。这些发现为交通运输、航空航天和国防工程中先进夹层结构的稳健设计和可靠性评估提供了有价值的理论指导和实践见解。

{"title":"Stochastic dynamic analysis of FGSW plates resting on a Pasternak foundation under a moving mass considering parameter uncertainties","authors":"Ngoc-Tu Do , Trung Thanh Tran","doi":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The main objective of this article is to investigate the stochastic dynamic response of functionally graded sandwich (FGSW) plates composed of a hard core and two functionally graded (FG) face sheets, resting on a Pasternak foundation (PF) and subjected to a moving mass (MM), while explicitly accounting for uncertainties in material properties and moving mass density. The uncertain parameters are modeled as random variables following normal probability distributions. A finite element formulation based on four-node (Q4) elements is developed within the framework of the refined first-order shear deformation theory (RFSDT), ensuring an accurate representation of transverse shear effects with high computational efficiency. The Pasternak foundation is incorporated through both spring and shear layer stiffness components. The accuracy and validity of the proposed formulation are rigorously verified through comparisons with available benchmark solutions, demonstrating excellent agreement. A comprehensive parametric investigation is then conducted to examine the effects of geometric dimensions, material properties, and foundation stiffness on the dynamic response. The results indicate that both geometric parameters and material properties have a significant influence on the dynamic behavior of the plate under deterministic as well as stochastic conditions. These findings provide valuable theoretical guidance and practical insights for the robust design and reliability assessment of advanced sandwich structures in transportation, aerospace, and defense engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100958,"journal":{"name":"Next Materials","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 101687"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correlation of structural and electrical properties of gadolinium-substituted cobalt ferrites for data storage applications 数据存储用钆取代钴铁氧体结构与电学性能的相关性

Next Materials

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101654

Marjan Asif, Maryum Aftab, M. Anis-ur-Rehman

Gadolinium-substituted cobalt ferrite (CoFe_2-xGd_xO₄) nanoparticles with varying gadolinium concentrations (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2) were successfully synthesized via a sol-gel method to investigate their structural and electrical properties. The addition of gadolinium, a rare-earth element, is expected to enhance the material's structural and electrical properties, making it suitable for a wide range of applications, including data storage e.g.: ReRAM (Resistive Random Access Memory). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase (∼100 % based on XRD analysis) spinel structure for all compositions, showing alterations such as a decrease in lattice parameter, volume, and crystallite size due to gadolinium substitution. The frequency-dependent dielectric constant, AC electrical conductivity, dielectric loss, dielectric loss tangent, and impedance were investigated in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 3 MHz. In AC analysis, AC electrical conductivity increases but dielectric constant and dielectric tangent loss decrease. In impedance, the contributions of grains and grain boundaries, as well as their effects within the spinel ferrite structure, are analyzed under ambient temperature conditions (∼25°C) to understand their impact on the material's overall electrical behavior. In DC analysis, DC resistivity and activation energy increase with increases in gadolinium concentration. The I-V measurements indicated the presence of resistive switching behavior with hysteresis loops present in all curves of Gd substituted CoFe nanoparticles. Our study offers a deep understanding of how gadolinium doping enhances the properties of cobalt ferrite, making it more suitable to be used in advanced technology applications like data storage. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to establish the direct correlation between Gd³⁺ substitution in CoFe₂O₄ and its resistive switching behavior governed by the space charge limited conduction (SCLC) mechanism, extending its potential toward ReRAM applications beyond conventional structure and dielectric studies.

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同钆浓度（x = 0.0,0.1,0.2）的钆取代钴铁氧体（CoFe2-xGdxO4）纳米粒子，并对其结构和电学性能进行了研究。钆（一种稀土元素）的添加有望增强材料的结构和电性能，使其适用于广泛的应用，包括数据存储，例如：ReRAM（电阻式随机存取存储器）。x射线衍射（XRD）分析证实，所有成分都形成了单相尖晶石结构（根据XRD分析，为~ 100 %），由于钆取代，晶格参数、体积和晶粒尺寸都有所减少。在100 Hz至3 MHz的频率范围内，研究了频率相关的介电常数、交流电导率、介电损耗、介电损耗正切和阻抗。在交流分析中，交流电导率增大，但介电常数和介电正切损耗减小。在阻抗中，晶粒和晶界的贡献，以及它们在尖晶石铁素体结构中的影响，在环境温度条件下（~ 25°C）进行分析，以了解它们对材料整体电行为的影响。在直流分析中，直流电阻率和活化能随钆浓度的增加而增加。I-V测量结果表明，Gd取代的CoFe纳米颗粒存在电阻开关行为，且在所有曲线中都存在磁滞回线。我们的研究深入了解了钆掺杂如何增强钴铁氧体的性能，使其更适合用于数据存储等先进技术应用。据我们所知，这项工作首次建立了CoFe2O4中Gd3+取代与其由空间电荷限制传导（SCLC）机制控制的电阻开关行为之间的直接关系，将其应用于ReRAM的潜力扩展到传统结构和介电研究之外。

{"title":"Correlation of structural and electrical properties of gadolinium-substituted cobalt ferrites for data storage applications","authors":"Marjan Asif, Maryum Aftab, M. Anis-ur-Rehman","doi":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101654","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101654","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gadolinium-substituted cobalt ferrite (CoFe<sub>2-x</sub>Gd<sub>x</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) nanoparticles with varying gadolinium concentrations (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2) were successfully synthesized via a sol-gel method to investigate their structural and electrical properties. The addition of gadolinium, a rare-earth element, is expected to enhance the material's structural and electrical properties, making it suitable for a wide range of applications, including data storage e.g.: ReRAM (Resistive Random Access Memory). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase (∼100 % based on XRD analysis) spinel structure for all compositions, showing alterations such as a decrease in lattice parameter, volume, and crystallite size due to gadolinium substitution. The frequency-dependent dielectric constant, AC electrical conductivity, dielectric loss, dielectric loss tangent, and impedance were investigated in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 3 MHz. In AC analysis, AC electrical conductivity increases but dielectric constant and dielectric tangent loss decrease. In impedance, the contributions of grains and grain boundaries, as well as their effects within the spinel ferrite structure, are analyzed under ambient temperature conditions (∼25°C) to understand their impact on the material's overall electrical behavior. In DC analysis, DC resistivity and activation energy increase with increases in gadolinium concentration. The I-V measurements indicated the presence of resistive switching behavior with hysteresis loops present in all curves of Gd substituted CoFe nanoparticles. Our study offers a deep understanding of how gadolinium doping enhances the properties of cobalt ferrite, making it more suitable to be used in advanced technology applications like data storage. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to establish the direct correlation between Gd<sup>3+</sup> substitution in CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and its resistive switching behavior governed by the space charge limited conduction (SCLC) mechanism, extending its potential toward ReRAM applications beyond conventional structure and dielectric studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100958,"journal":{"name":"Next Materials","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 101654"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Machine learning-based residual stress prediction in shot-peened components: Application to additively manufactured surfaces with stochastic roughness 喷丸零件中基于机器学习的残余应力预测：在随机粗糙度增材制造表面上的应用

Next Materials

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101667

Farbod Nazemi , Mohammad Chamani , Gholam Hossein Farrahi

Shot peening is an efficient technique to improve the fatigue behaviour of metal components. In this study a hybrid approach, combining numerical and experimental is presented to investigate the influence of initial surface roughness on the distribution of residual stress in shot-peened components with particular attention to additively manufactured (AM) parts characterized by significant surface roughness (

R_{a} = 10 - 35 µm

). A 3D Finite Element (FE) model incorporating real rough surface morphology and strain-rate sensitive material model with nonlinear kinematic/isotropic hardening was developed, and subsequently was validated with experimental data available. A comprehensive methodology was employed, beginning with the development of a finite element model to simulate single and multi-random shot impacts on smooth and artificially generated AM-representative rough surfaces, while including stochastic surface topographies commonly seen in AM processes. Results indicate that SP decreased the roughness on surfaces with a high initial average roughness, R_a = 35.4 μm, by 16.67 %. However, the average surface roughness on samples that had lower roughness originally experienced an increase by 18 %. The results showed that the high roughness decreases the maximum and depth of the compressive residual stresses induced by SP, in comparison with smooth sample. Additionally, Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, Artificial Neural Networks and Random Forest, were applied to predict RS distribution based on SP parameters and initial surface roughness topography. The ML models were trained using a large dataset of all applicable process variables, which gives a significant predictive framework for SP applications.

喷丸强化是改善金属构件疲劳性能的一种有效方法。本研究采用数值与实验相结合的混合方法，研究了初始表面粗糙度对喷丸零件残余应力分布的影响，特别关注表面粗糙度显著（Ra=10−35µm）的增材制造（AM）零件。建立了包含真实粗糙表面形貌和具有非线性运动/各向同性硬化的应变率敏感材料模型的三维有限元模型，并用实验数据进行了验证。采用了一种综合的方法，首先建立了一个有限元模型来模拟光滑和人工生成的AM代表粗糙表面上的单次和多次随机射击冲击，同时包括AM过程中常见的随机表面地形。结果表明，SP对初始平均粗糙度Ra = 35.4 μm较高的表面粗糙度降低了16.67%；然而，最初粗糙度较低的样品的平均表面粗糙度增加了18%。结果表明，与光滑试样相比，高粗糙度降低了SP引起的残余压应力最大值和深度。此外，基于SP参数和初始表面粗糙度地形，应用机器学习（ML）算法、人工神经网络和随机森林来预测RS分布。机器学习模型使用所有适用过程变量的大型数据集进行训练，这为SP应用程序提供了重要的预测框架。

{"title":"Machine learning-based residual stress prediction in shot-peened components: Application to additively manufactured surfaces with stochastic roughness","authors":"Farbod Nazemi , Mohammad Chamani , Gholam Hossein Farrahi","doi":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shot peening is an efficient technique to improve the fatigue behaviour of metal components. In this study a hybrid approach, combining numerical and experimental is presented to investigate the influence of initial surface roughness on the distribution of residual stress in shot-peened components with particular attention to additively manufactured (AM) parts characterized by significant surface roughness (<span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>35</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>µm</mi></mrow></math></span>). A 3D Finite Element (FE) model incorporating real rough surface morphology and strain-rate sensitive material model with nonlinear kinematic/isotropic hardening was developed, and subsequently was validated with experimental data available. A comprehensive methodology was employed, beginning with the development of a finite element model to simulate single and multi-random shot impacts on smooth and artificially generated AM-representative rough surfaces, while including stochastic surface topographies commonly seen in AM processes. Results indicate that SP decreased the roughness on surfaces with a high initial average roughness, R<sub>a</sub> = 35.4 <em>μm</em>, by 16.67 %. However, the average surface roughness on samples that had lower roughness originally experienced an increase by 18 %. The results showed that the high roughness decreases the maximum and depth of the compressive residual stresses induced by SP, in comparison with smooth sample. Additionally, Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, Artificial Neural Networks and Random Forest, were applied to predict RS distribution based on SP parameters and initial surface roughness topography. The ML models were trained using a large dataset of all applicable process variables, which gives a significant predictive framework for SP applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100958,"journal":{"name":"Next Materials","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 101667"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of poly(n-butyl methacrylate) as an alternative support for graphene transfer: Characterizations and performances 评价聚甲基丙烯酸正丁酯作为石墨烯转移的替代支持：表征和性能

Next Materials

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101685

M. Tamboura , E.A. Gosteva , M.V. Chichkov , B. Tamboura , D.S. Khlebnikova

In this study, we evaluated poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PnBMA) as a promising alternative to traditionally used poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) for graphene transfer. We synthesized PnBMA on laboratory condition and characterized it using Raman spectroscopy and ¹H NMR, confirming its molecular structure. Transfer of graphene was performed using PnBMA and the results were compared with PMMA transfer. Raman analyses and I_D/I_G mappings revealed that graphene transferred with PnBMA exhibits superior uniformity and fewer defects induced by the transfer process. This improvement is attributed to PnBMA's structure. These results open promising prospects for the use of PnBMA in graphene transfer applications, potentially improving the quality and uniformity of transferred graphene layers while reducing production costs. This study significantly contributes to the development of more efficient and potentially less expensive methods for graphene transfer, essential for the fabrication of advanced electronic devices based on graphene.

在这项研究中，我们评估了聚甲基丙烯酸正丁酯（PnBMA）作为传统上用于石墨烯转移的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）的有前途的替代品。我们在实验室条件下合成了PnBMA，并利用拉曼光谱和¹H NMR对其进行了表征，确定了其分子结构。用PnBMA进行了石墨烯的转移，并将结果与PMMA进行了比较。拉曼分析和ID/IG映射表明，用PnBMA转移的石墨烯具有优越的均匀性和更少的转移过程引起的缺陷。这种改进归功于PnBMA的结构。这些结果为PnBMA在石墨烯转移应用中的应用开辟了广阔的前景，有可能提高转移石墨烯层的质量和均匀性，同时降低生产成本。这项研究极大地促进了石墨烯转移方法的发展，这对于基于石墨烯的先进电子器件的制造至关重要。

{"title":"Evaluation of poly(n-butyl methacrylate) as an alternative support for graphene transfer: Characterizations and performances","authors":"M. Tamboura , E.A. Gosteva , M.V. Chichkov , B. Tamboura , D.S. Khlebnikova","doi":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we evaluated poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PnBMA) as a promising alternative to traditionally used poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) for graphene transfer. We synthesized PnBMA on laboratory condition and characterized it using Raman spectroscopy and ¹H NMR, confirming its molecular structure. Transfer of graphene was performed using PnBMA and the results were compared with PMMA transfer. Raman analyses and I<sub>D</sub>/I<sub>G</sub> mappings revealed that graphene transferred with PnBMA exhibits superior uniformity and fewer defects induced by the transfer process. This improvement is attributed to PnBMA's structure. These results open promising prospects for the use of PnBMA in graphene transfer applications, potentially improving the quality and uniformity of transferred graphene layers while reducing production costs. This study significantly contributes to the development of more efficient and potentially less expensive methods for graphene transfer, essential for the fabrication of advanced electronic devices based on graphene.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100958,"journal":{"name":"Next Materials","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 101685"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Probing cell mechanical properties under zinc oxide nanoparticle exposure using atomic force microscopy 利用原子力显微镜探测氧化锌纳米颗粒暴露下的细胞力学性能

Next Materials

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101689

Mathumitha S. , Mahalakshmi Balamurali , Manivannan Jeganathan , Sivasubramanian Jeganathan

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are ubiquitous materials with remarkable physical and chemical properties. The toxicity study of ZnO NPs in biological systems is essential given their broad implementation in various domains. Apart from regular literatures that focused on biological responses through assays, this study focuses on analyzing the mechanical alterations induced by ZnO NPs in the model organism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to determine the changes in the mechanical characteristics namely, young’s modulus and adhesion upon nanoparticle exposure. The recorded force-distance curves were fitted using Sneddon contact mechanics model to obtain young’s modulus data. Results show a decrease in young’s modulus, while an increase in adhesion due to ZnO NP uptake. AFM images display topographical alterations in ZnO exposed cells. Intracellular calcium levels determined using Fura-2 AM probe was elevated at a ZnO NP concentration of 20 µg/ml. Scanning electron microscopy visualized the morphological changes on exposure to ZnO NPs. Hence this study provides critical findings in the mechanical characteristics (young’s modulus and adhesion) of the cell triggered by ZnO NPs uptake using atomic force microscopy.

氧化锌纳米颗粒（ZnO NPs）是一种普遍存在的材料，具有优异的物理和化学性能。鉴于氧化锌NPs在各个领域的广泛应用，对其在生物系统中的毒性研究是必要的。除了常规文献通过实验关注生物反应外，本研究重点分析了ZnO NPs在模式生物酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）中引起的力学变化。原子力显微镜（AFM）用于测定纳米颗粒暴露后力学特性的变化，即杨氏模量和粘附力。用Sneddon接触力学模型拟合记录的力-距离曲线，得到杨氏模量数据。结果表明，由于ZnO NP的吸收，杨氏模量降低，而粘附力增加。AFM图像显示ZnO暴露细胞的地形变化。使用Fura-2 AM探针测定的细胞内钙水平在ZnO NP浓度为20 µg/ml时升高。扫描电镜观察了ZnO纳米粒子暴露后的形貌变化。因此，本研究提供了使用原子力显微镜对ZnO NPs摄取引发的电池力学特性（杨氏模量和粘附性）的关键发现。

{"title":"Probing cell mechanical properties under zinc oxide nanoparticle exposure using atomic force microscopy","authors":"Mathumitha S. , Mahalakshmi Balamurali , Manivannan Jeganathan , Sivasubramanian Jeganathan","doi":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101689","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101689","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are ubiquitous materials with remarkable physical and chemical properties. The toxicity study of ZnO NPs in biological systems is essential given their broad implementation in various domains. Apart from regular literatures that focused on biological responses through assays, this study focuses on analyzing the mechanical alterations induced by ZnO NPs in the model organism, <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to determine the changes in the mechanical characteristics namely, young’s modulus and adhesion upon nanoparticle exposure. The recorded force-distance curves were fitted using Sneddon contact mechanics model to obtain young’s modulus data. Results show a decrease in young’s modulus, while an increase in adhesion due to ZnO NP uptake. AFM images display topographical alterations in ZnO exposed cells. Intracellular calcium levels determined using Fura-2 AM probe was elevated at a ZnO NP concentration of 20 µg/ml. Scanning electron microscopy visualized the morphological changes on exposure to ZnO NPs. Hence this study provides critical findings in the mechanical characteristics (young’s modulus and adhesion) of the cell triggered by ZnO NPs uptake using atomic force microscopy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100958,"journal":{"name":"Next Materials","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 101689"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Solidification dynamics, microstructure and toughness of a next-generation high-CE (4.9 %) ductile iron 新一代高ce（4.9 %）球墨铸铁的凝固动力学、显微组织和韧性

Next Materials

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101675

Marcos Vinicius de Souza da Silva , Rodrigo André Valenzuela Reyes , José Eduardo Spinelli

Understanding and optimizing high-CE DCI is key to meeting future demands for large, high-performance cast components. The microstructures obtained in ductile cast iron (DCI) processing are closely linked to the resulting mechanical properties. Both the graphite distribution and morphology, as well as the structure prevalent of the Fe-rich matrix, impact toughness and ductility. Although some studies in the literature address these aspects, few advances have been made in modeling cooling rates in high-Carbon Equivalent (CE) DCI solidified in green sand-based molds. Furthermore, establishing correlations between microstructures, morphologies, cooling rates, and carbon transport in the melt during the solidification process is essential for optimizing the as-cast properties. This study explores various methods for measuring and calculating solidification cooling rates, defining two distinct cooling rates based on the Flemings’ model —one at the center (70 mm from the surface) and another at 20 mm from the surface of the DCI casting after testing this model against experiments. By using a thermocouple at 20 mm from the casting surface to support models and methods for determining the cooling rate, the cooling rates have been determined as well as correlate them with the graphite nodules morphometric parameters. It becomes evident that in a high-CE DCI (Equivalent carbon of 4.86), segregation occurs towards the central region, resulting in a manifest bimodal distribution containing both primary and eutectic graphite, with an increased quantity of finely refined eutectic graphite particles. The microstructure optimized for higher toughness and ductility (according to Inglis' stress concentration criterion) is that corresponding to samples taken 20 mm from the surface with smaller graphite particle density (205 nodules/mm²), more uniform graphite size, and a smaller overall aspect ratio of 1.45 (i.e., less elongated ellipses), particularly for eutectic graphite nodules. In sum, both regions show similar tensile strengths (∼500 MPa), but the 20 mm sample exhibits higher elongation and toughness, reflecting its more uniform microstructure.

了解和优化高ce DCI是满足未来大型高性能铸造部件需求的关键。在球墨铸铁（DCI）加工中获得的显微组织与所产生的力学性能密切相关。无论是石墨的分布和形貌，还是富铁基体的组织普遍存在，冲击韧性和延展性都有所提高。尽管文献中的一些研究解决了这些问题，但在绿色砂基模具中固化的高碳当量（CE） DCI冷却速率建模方面取得的进展很少。此外，在凝固过程中建立微观组织、形貌、冷却速率和熔体中碳输运之间的相关性对于优化铸态性能至关重要。本研究探索了测量和计算凝固冷却速率的各种方法，在Flemings模型的基础上定义了两种不同的冷却速率——一种是在中心（距离表面70 毫米），另一种是在距离DCI铸件表面20 毫米的地方。通过在距铸件表面20 mm处使用热电偶来支持确定冷却速率的模型和方法，确定了冷却速率并将其与石墨结核形态计量参数相关联。很明显，在高ce DCI（等效碳为4.86）中，偏析发生在中心区域，导致含有初生和共晶石墨的明显双峰分布，并增加了精细共晶石墨颗粒的数量。为获得更高的韧性和延展性（根据Inglis的应力集中准则）而优化的微观结构是，距离表面20 mm的样品具有更小的石墨颗粒密度（205个结核/mm2），更均匀的石墨尺寸，更小的整体长径比为1.45（即更少的细长椭圆），特别是对于共晶石墨结核。总之，这两个区域的抗拉强度相似（~ 500 MPa），但20 mm样品具有更高的伸长率和韧性，反映出其更均匀的微观结构。

{"title":"Solidification dynamics, microstructure and toughness of a next-generation high-CE (4.9 %) ductile iron","authors":"Marcos Vinicius de Souza da Silva , Rodrigo André Valenzuela Reyes , José Eduardo Spinelli","doi":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding and optimizing high-CE DCI is key to meeting future demands for large, high-performance cast components. The microstructures obtained in ductile cast iron (DCI) processing are closely linked to the resulting mechanical properties. Both the graphite distribution and morphology, as well as the structure prevalent of the Fe-rich matrix, impact toughness and ductility. Although some studies in the literature address these aspects, few advances have been made in modeling cooling rates in high-Carbon Equivalent (CE) DCI solidified in green sand-based molds. Furthermore, establishing correlations between microstructures, morphologies, cooling rates, and carbon transport in the melt during the solidification process is essential for optimizing the as-cast properties. This study explores various methods for measuring and calculating solidification cooling rates, defining two distinct cooling rates based on the Flemings’ model —one at the center (70 mm from the surface) and another at 20 mm from the surface of the DCI casting after testing this model against experiments. By using a thermocouple at 20 mm from the casting surface to support models and methods for determining the cooling rate, the cooling rates have been determined as well as correlate them with the graphite nodules morphometric parameters. It becomes evident that in a high-CE DCI (Equivalent carbon of 4.86), segregation occurs towards the central region, resulting in a manifest bimodal distribution containing both primary and eutectic graphite, with an increased quantity of finely refined eutectic graphite particles. The microstructure optimized for higher toughness and ductility (according to Inglis' stress concentration criterion) is that corresponding to samples taken 20 mm from the surface with smaller graphite particle density (205 nodules/mm<sup>2</sup>), more uniform graphite size, and a smaller overall aspect ratio of 1.45 (i.e., less elongated ellipses), particularly for eutectic graphite nodules. In sum, both regions show similar tensile strengths (∼500 MPa), but the 20 mm sample exhibits higher elongation and toughness, reflecting its more uniform microstructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100958,"journal":{"name":"Next Materials","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 101675"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0