Ocean Management最新文献

Some current trends in the exploitation and destruction of coral reefs in the Pacific are reviewed in the light of the resolution on coral reefs passed at the XIV Pacific Science Congress in Khabarovsk. More specifically, the effectivity of a total ban in the Philippines on coral trade is reassessed taking into consideration present problems and realities. Cognizance is also taken of other significant developments such as the growing awareness among both scientists and laymen of problems relating to coral reefs and the need for management, and the increasing concern caused by rapid population growth and its possible impacts on reef resources. Specific problems discussed, involve the burgeoning coral trade in spite of efforts to curtail it, other large-scale uses of reefs such as mining, other causes of reef destruction, and the present plight of Pacific populations, particularly those dependent on subsistence economies, and how this relates to the preceding. The need for more research on coral reef management, in addition to more basic studies, is stressed. Some possible management measures and alternatives require evaluation, among them: enforcement of a total coral ban; allowing the limited use of corals such as for domestic trade and cottage industries; restricted coral harvesting; the establishment of marine parks and reserves; and coral “farming”.

The value of coral reefs has been established on the basis of their high diversity, valuable resources, and recreational and aesthetic amenities. Coral reef ecosystems are being destroyed by a plethora of events including coastal development, overfishing, and the exploitation of biological products. The selection of coral reef preserves can be made on the basis of location, size, optimal yield and linkage. Areas to be considered can be assessed by biological, economic and sociological research. The economic value of each preserve can be estimated. User conflicts can be identified and a series of priorities can be established. Alternative sites can be compared using a powerful decisionmaking process (multi-attribute utility analysis). The selected preserves can be treated as a multiple-use resource and can be divided into user habitats for total preservation, exploitation, recreation, and research and education. Permits and fees, research, monitoring, enforcement, and public information and awareness play an important role in the success of the establishment of coral reef preserves.

Oil spill trajectories are presented for various phases of the monsoons for four well locations in the South China Sea: BACH-HO, off the Mekong Delta, Vietnam (9°40′N 108°E); NIDO, off Northwest Palawan, the Philippines (11°N 118°50′E); CPC F-1 Wellsite, off southwest China (Taiwan) (18°N 109°E) and south of Hainan, China (23°N 120′E). These trajectories are combined in figures with published trajectories projected from these additional sites; TAPIS, off the east coast of peninsular Malaysia (6°45′N 114°30′E); TEMBUNGO, offshore northwest Sabah, Malaysia (6°45′N 114°30′E) and the upper Gulf of Thailand.

Vulnerable marine resources and extended maritime jurisdictions are superimposed on these trajectories and the interplay of the trajectories with these features is analyzed. A large oil spill at most of the sample sites would cross newly proclaimed international boundaries and impact valuable and vulnerable marine resources. This information is useful for contingency planning.

Although maritime commodity flow analyses have received a fair amount of attention in geographic literature, previous studies have emphasized flows originating at or destined for a single reference point or nation state. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate several procedures for ordering and grouping port facilities based upon the magnitude and the direction of flows of containers between them. Thus, the interactive elements of an individual portion of the worldwide container system—a trade route—can be measured and load center development can be appraised.