Plant Nano Biology最新文献

This work accounts for the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a stabilizing and reducing agent. The preliminary confirmation of synthesized Fe₃O₄NPs was done by UV–visible spectroscopy in the wavelength range of 190–900 nm. The crystalline nature of Fe₃O₄ NPs was established via X-ray diffraction analysis. FT-IR studies reveal the bioactive phytochemicals present in the Moringa leaf extract based Fe₃O₄ NPs. A DLS particle size analyser was used to determine the size of green synthesized Fe₃O₄ NPs and its spherical morphology was determined by using SEM and TEM techniques. The growth of Brassica oleracea var. italica seedlings was measured by analysing biophysical and biochemical parameters in two concentrations of Fe₃O₄ NPs i.e. 15 mg/L and 30 mg/L alone and in combination with cadmium. Treatments were designated as control C, NP₁, NP₂, Cd+NP₁, Cd+NP_2, and Cd. Fe₃O₄ NPs treated broccoli seedlings showed noteworthy improvement in shoot length, root length, plant biomass, total chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, total soluble sugars, protein content, and nitrate reductase activity, while decline in electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, proline content, superoxide dismutase activity and catalase activity was reported as compared to control. Exposure of iron oxide nano-treatments was found efficacious in reducing cadmium accumulation at a concentration of 30 mg/L. The seedlings exposed to NP₂ (30 mg/L) concentration of green synthesized nano iron oxide increased nutrient uptake and thus stimulating plant growth, and also improved morphological and physiological characteristics of Brassica oleracea seedlings. Therefore, the present study reported that bio-based iron oxide nanoparticles were significantly useful for plant growth, by enhancing the plant defense mechanism in response to cadmium induced toxicity.

Plant extracts comprise a complex mixture of numerous phytochemicals including important alkaloids and polyphenols that can reduce metal ions, and comprise unsaturated compounds such as α-linolenic and carboxylic acid that acts as stabilizing agents in the greener assembly of nanomaterials. The present study demonstrates the role of phytoconstituents from flowers of Tridax trilobata (T. trilobata) in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) that investigates their effects on the growth and development of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. besides controlling the occurrence of Flacherie and Sappe microbial diseases. FTIR and ¹³C NMR spectral studies confirmed the in situ role of phytochemicals from the flower extract responsible for the reduction of silver ions to AgNPs with crystalline structure, which is confirmed by XRD analysis. Compared to pure alkaloids and polyphenols, AgNPs synthesized with crude flower extract displayed synergistic antibacterial activity against Flacherie and Sappe microbial strains such as B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, B. cereus, Aerobactercloacae, and S. typhi. Furthermore, AgNPs prevented the growth of biofilms in a concentration-dependent manner and an increase in inhibition is observed with concentration augmentation from 0 to 50 µg/mL. In addition, the biosynthesized AgNPs increased the feeding efficiency and improved the body weight and shell weight of Bombyx mori L. larvae, pupae, and cocoons. Overall, this integrated study found that AgNPs were effective in reducing Flacherie and Sappe disease caused by the consumption of bacterially contaminated mulberry leaves, thus improving the survival rate of Bombyx mori L. and eventually improving the crop yield through insights into the anti-biofilm activity of phytochemical-adorned AgNPs.

In today's global climate emergency, agricultural practices are becoming increasingly unsustainable. There are a number of alarming issues that require immediate action, including soil erosion, excessive use of natural resources, biodiversity loss, and an explosion of population. Although agriculture is heavily modernized, with traditional approaches, it is not possible to meet these challenges due to different landscapes, high nutrition demand, and a lack of technology. Aside from adversely affecting agriculture, chemical use has also resulted in serious health issues and undesirable effects on the ecosystem. As a result, nanotechnology will play a significant role in delivering a well-organized, sustainable agricultural industry by reducing chemicals and addressing existing problems. A quick disease diagnosis, improved plant nutrient absorption, and increased plant capability to absorb nutrients can be achieved by nanotechnology in the food and agriculture industries. Agricultural plants can be protected from insects and pests by nanotechnology acting as sensors to monitor soil and water quality. Despite their potential, researchers have been unable to understand how these compounds operate, since NPs either enhance growth or cause cytotoxicity depending on how much concentration is applied. In this article, we present the most promising nanoparticles used in abiotic stress management and gene editing of plants, as well as novel nanobionic approaches for improving plant functions and organelles.

Agricultural biotechnology has become familiar with nanomaterials' properties and potential use. The present experiment was conducted to examine the effect of 8.1 ± 1.6 nm sized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the growth performance and yield quality of pea (Pisum sativum) as well as Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Rhizobium population in the soil. Pea seeds were separately treated in 3 h with 1 mM, 2.5 mM, and 5 mM of AgNPs aqueous solution, and after 2 weeks their effect on seed germination, leaf number, shoot, and root length, shoot and root dry weight, fresh biomass, and dry biomass weight were investigated in laboratory condition using Murashige and Skoog (MS) Basal Medium. Results showed that 2.5 mM AgNPs had a significant positive impact and notably increased all the experimental growth parameters mentioned above of pea compared with the control. The experiment was also conducted in an open environment under a natural condition where 2.5 mM AgNPs improved 31.57 % weight of fruit and 9.09 % of seed weight without causing any harm to the symbiotic microbes (AMF and Rhizobium bacteria). Whereas, the other concentrations of nanoparticles (1.0 mM and 5.0 mM) showed varied impacts on the germination, growth, and yield of pea in comparison with the control. For the first time, the outcome demonstrated the successful use of 2.5 mM AgNPs in enhancing the growth and yield of peas, and increased AMF colonization but showed no impact on Rhizobium compared to the control.

Nanotechnology is a technology, sparking a real revolution in all branches of science. Due to its distinctive features at the nanoscale (less than 100 nm), nanotechnology refers to as the usage of nanomaterials in monitoring of numerous compounds inside the diverse fields. By taking the advantage of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, yeast, actinomycetes, microalgae, etc. in order to produce nanoparticles is a swift and green biological method compared to alternative methods (physical and chemical). The review article extensively covers the latest progress for the production of various nanoparticles such as copper, gold, silver, as well as other metal nanoparticles, as well as oxide and sulfide nanoparticles by the microorganisms along with their characterization methods. In the next section we have covered all the agricultural applications which can be done using nanoparticles to increase crop output, diminish the consumption of pesticides and to attain food security. Nanoparticles have enormous applications in the agriculture sector in crop improvement, crop protection via nanoherbicides, nanofungicides, antimicrobial activities against phytopathogens etc. However, the interaction of the nanoparticles with nutrients that are vital for plants and other substances can influence the toxicity of the nanoparticles. So, there is a need to have comprehensive research on various aspects i.e., nanoparticle shape, concentration, exposure time, environmental factors etc. before the commercialization of nanoparticles.

Nanotechnology has revolutionized almost every aspect of our lives, and agriculture is no exception. Introducing nanofertilizer (NF) technology in agriculture can transform how we grow our crops and increase yields while minimizing environmental impact. NFs can increase agricultural profits while lessening the environmental harm caused by conventional fertilizers. As it already has a robust infrastructure, the fertilizer sector is particularly positioned to gain from the development of NF manufacturing. Nevertheless, encouraging the industry to adopt this new technology is fraught with difficulties like the issue of regulatory obstacles. Governments must set regulations encouraging businesses to engage in nanotechnology research and development while safeguarding public health and safety from any dangers these products may bring. Nanomaterials can also be expensive since they require specialized storage facilities or shipping containers to be produced on a big scale. The small size of nanoparticles makes it challenging to transport or store them safely. NF production economics is crucial in persuading manufacturers of conventional fertilizers that investing in developing NF technologies will pay off financially. This is especially true since many of the raw materials used to make nanoparticles are more expensive than those used to make traditional fertilizers. Therefore, scientists working in NF development must aim to create procedures that would result in cost savings through higher yield rates obtained using nano-based fertilization techniques compared to existing bulk systems. This way, reducing the costs of creating nano-based fertilizer comparable enough to encourage wider involvement throughout the global agricultural industry.

Biopolymer-based metal nanocomposites are gaining importance due to their safety, stability, and ease of synthesis. Chitosan and silver-based nanoparticles have been found to be effective as anti-fungal agents. In this study, we tested the fungicidal effect of green synthesized chitosan silver nanocomposites (CS-AgNPs) against the chilli anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum truncatum (syn. C. capsici). The nanoparticles were synthesized at 90 ± 1 °C under alkaline condition. Chitosan was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the synthesis. The formation of nanoparticles (NPs) was indicated by a change in the colour of the solution to yellow. UV-Visible spectroscopy of the synthesized nanoparticles showed a surface plasmon resonance peak between 406 and 420 nm. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were small, and the average particle size distribution was 4 nm, as characterized by TEM and FESEM. The Zeta potential measurement of the synthesized nanoparticles ranged from + 41.9 mV and + 50.5 mV. The nanoparticles were further characterized by XRD and FTIR analysis. The nanocomposites showed antifungal activity against C. truncatum in an in vitro conidial germination assay even at a concentration of 0.0005%. In vivo assay using detached chilli fruit (Capsicum annuum) showed that the nanocomposites significantly inhibited anthracnose in both preventive and curative measures. Even when applied at a concentration of 0.0625%, the nanocomposites exhibited growth-promoting activity with chilli seeds. Thus, the synthesized nanocomposites have a dual benefit of growth promotion as well as an effective antifungal agent in preventing postharvest anthracnose disease in chilli.

Nanoparticles have unique properties and providing nutrients in the form of nanoparticles may increase the effectiveness of chemical fertilizers. The current study aimed to streamline the relevance between soil nutrient management and the efficiency of foliar spray by growth regulators or nano micronutrients. A field trial was performed to evaluate the impacts of different fertilizers (control, 20 t ha⁻¹ farmyard manure: FYM, 200 kg ha⁻¹ NPK fertilizer) and foliar spray (distilled water as control, choline, salicylic acid, chitosan, and nano Zn+Fe) on growth and seed yield component of safflower. The results showed that most of the assessed agronomic traits showed different responses to fertilizers and foliar sprays. The utilization of FYM and chemical fertilizers increased the plant height (by 5.38% and 7.26%) over the control. Foliar spray of choline and nano Zn+Fe increased the number of primary branches under inorganic by 49% and 21% and their improved number of primary branches under FYM applied condition by 54% and 39%. The largest lateral growth of the canopy and the highest number of capitula was obtained by applying FYM and foliar spray of chitosan and nano Zn+Fe and these foliar treatments increased the lateral growth of the canopy by 23% and 18% over control. The highest seed number in the secondary capitula was obtained by utilization of NPK fertilizer and foliar spray of chitosan and choline. The highest seed yield was related to plants grown by NPK fertilizer and sprayed with chitosan, choline, or nano Zn+Fe (1145, 1231, and 985 Kg ha⁻¹, respectively). Overall, the positive effect of Zn+Fe nanoparticles is strongly dependent on soil conditions, and the best efficiency of nanoparticles was observed in soils that have previously received suitable organic and chemical fertilizers.

The present study reports the first time investigation on encapsulation of Laurus nobilis essential oil into chitosan nanoemulsion (CS-Ne-LNEO) and assessment of its efficacy to inhibit fungal infestation and aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) contamination in stored masticatories food system. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed m-Eugenol (46.23%) and D-Limonene (8.89%) as the most abundant components of LNEO. The CS-Ne-LNEO was physico-chemically characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and x-ray diffractometry (XRD) analyses. The CS-Ne-LNEO exhibited broad range of antifungal activity against food contaminating fungi including inhibition of toxigenic Aspergillus flavus (AF-LHP-PE-4) and AFB₁ production at lower concentrations as compared to unencapsulated LNEO. The CS-Ne-LNEO caused impairment in ergosterol biosynthesis and enhancement in leakage of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺ ions and 260, 280 nm absorbing materials along with inhibition of methylglyoxal production suggesting the antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic mechanism of action. The DPPH antioxidant activity of CS-Ne-LNEO was noted with IC₅₀ value of 0.004 µL/mL. In addition, the CS-Ne-LNEO caused complete protection of stored Phyllanthus emblica (model masticatories) fruit samples against fungal and AFB₁ contamination without altering their sensory characteristics and exhibited high LD₅₀ value (13,504 µL/Kg body weight) mammalian system. Overall, these results indicated that LNEO loaded chitosan nanoemulsion could be promoted as an eco-friendly preservative for complete protection of stored plant masticatories against fungal and AFB₁ contamination.

Drought is considered as a significant stress that hampers growth, development as well as productivity of wheat crop around the globe. The present investigation was performed to determine the changes induced by drought on morpho-physiology, antioxidative system, metabolism and yield parameters in wheat crop. The study also focussed on evaluating the effect of zinc-chitosan-salicylic acid (ZCS) nanoparticles in alleviating physiological and biochemical alterations and overcoming yield losses caused by drought. Drought was provided during the vegetative stage on four different varieties (two drought tolerant viz. C-306 and PBW-644 and two drought susceptible viz. HUW-322 and HUW-843) by withholding irrigation and maintaining moisture capacity of soil at 40%. ZCS nanoparticles were foliar sprayed on wheat at concentrations of 100, 200 and 400 mg L⁻¹. Application of ZCS nanoparticles at 100 mg L⁻¹ significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced relative water content (RWC), alleviated levels of antioxidative enzymes like superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and guaiacol peroxidase and metabolites like proline, ascorbate, malondialdehyde and flavanoid in wheat leaves subjected to drought. Drought recovery was noteworthy in tolerant as well as sensitive varieties. Water stress reduced grain yield / plant by nearly 45% in tolerant varieties and nearly 50% in sensitive varieties. Spray of the nanoparticles on wheat foliage incremented the yield to 63% and 41% in tolerant varieties and 50% and 46% in sensitive varieties. This study suggests an outstanding role of ZCS nanoparticles at a concentration of 100 mg L⁻¹ in mitigation of ill effects of drought. These nanoparticles have the ability to improve osmotic status of plant, enhance synthesis of osmoprotectants, activate ROS scavenging enzymes for maintaining membrane integrity and cellular protection and promote yield increment during drought stress. This implicates its role in ensuring food security and sustainable agriculture with reduction in environmental pollution due to limited use of fertilizers.