Plant Nano Biology最新文献

{"title":"Big things come in small packages: Using nanomaterials for plant genetic engineering","authors":"Gabriel Gonçalves Leal,&nbsp;Yeda Beatriz Louredo dos Santos,&nbsp;Marcelo Eiji Queiroz Silva Ito,&nbsp;Wagner Rodrigo de Souza","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing global demand for sustainable agricultural practices has driven the development of advanced genetic engineering techniques, including the use of nanobiotechnology for gene delivery in plants. Nanomaterials provide an innovative approach to overcoming the limitations of traditional genetic transformation methods, offering enhanced efficiency, targeted delivery, and protection of genetic material such as low efficiency, high cost, and potential for insertional mutagenesis. This review article explores the use of nanomaterials as non-viral vectors for gene delivery in plants, highlighting their potential to revolutionize plant biotechnology with a focus on their role in delivering DNA, RNA interference (RNAi), and CRISPR-based genome editing molecules in plant cells. Among the studied nanocarriers, metallic nanoparticles (e.g., gold and silver), carbon nanomaterials (CBNs), polymeric nanoparticles, and lipid-based systems have demonstrated promising results in facilitating gene transfer, increasing stability, and reducing degradation of genetic material. Notably, nanoparticles-based systems (NPs) have enabled efficient gene silencing via plasmid DNA, siRNA and dsRNA, as well as high-precision genome editing through direct ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) delivery, facilitating transgene-free mutants. The unique capacity of engineered nanomaterials to traverse the plant cell wall and membrane barriers without inducing significant cytotoxicity or genomic instability underscores their potential as transformative tools for recalcitrant species and tissue culture-free applications. However, despite these promising results, challenges remain, including NP phytotoxicity, genotypic variability in delivery efficiency, off-target effects, and unresolved environmental fate. Future research should focus on refining nanomaterial properties to enhance biocompatibility, ensure precise gene targeting, and minimize off-target effects. Additionally, the integration of nanotechnology with precision agriculture has the potential to improve crop resilience, increase yields, and reduce reliance on chemical inputs. By overcoming existing limitations, nanoparticle-mediated gene delivery could revolutionize plant biotechnology, offering sustainable and efficient solutions for global food security and climate change adaptation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100219"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145578974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles TiO2 NPs in crop stress management: Mechanisms, applications, and abiotic stress mitigation","authors":"Muhammad Rehman ,&nbsp;Abdul Salam ,&nbsp;Zaid Ulhassan ,&nbsp;Bahar Ali ,&nbsp;Zulqarnain Haider ,&nbsp;Irshan Ahmad ,&nbsp;Muhammad Umair Yasin ,&nbsp;Muhammad Haseeb Javaid ,&nbsp;Chunyan Yang ,&nbsp;Muhammad Fayyaz ,&nbsp;Yinbo Gan","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Abiotic stresses significantly reduce global crop productivity by impairing physiological, biochemical, and molecular functions. Nanotechnology, particularly titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs), has emerged as an innovative approach to enhance plant resilience under severe environmental conditions. This review synthesizes recent experimental findings on TiO₂ NP biosynthesis and their protective roles against major abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, heavy metal toxicity, temperature extremes, and UV radiation. TiO₂ NPs regulate photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient balance, ROS homeostasis, strengthen enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses, stabilize cellular membranes, osmolytes accumulation, and stress-responsive gene expression, thereby enhancing stress tolerance. The synergistic applications of TiO₂ NPs with other nanoparticles, phytohormones, and biochar establish additional regulatory networks to manage abiotic stresses. Despite promising results, challenges remain regarding inconsistent formulations, dose-dependent toxicity, environmental interactions, and limited field-scale validation. Addressing these gaps through optimized formulations, omics-based mechanistic studies, and biosafety assessments will support the safe and effective integration of TiO₂ NP technology into sustainable crop production under changing climate conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100207"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Rice husk-biochar nano-carrier based 2, 4-D herbicide for efficient management of broad leaf weeds and sedges” [Plant Nano Biol. 14 (November 2025) 100203]","authors":"Lisha Jose Kappen ,&nbsp;V.S. Susha ,&nbsp;M. Ameena ,&nbsp;P. Shalini Pillai ,&nbsp;T. Anuradha ,&nbsp;K. Jayasankar ,&nbsp;K.N. Anith","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100218","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100218"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zn-Se nanocomposites and biochar amendments synergistically improved morpho-physiological, biochemical, and oil parameters of Glycine max, revealed by in-vitro analysis and GC-MS profiling","authors":"Ubaidur Rahman ,&nbsp;Zohaib Younas ,&nbsp;Ilyas Ahmad ,&nbsp;Haris Khurshid ,&nbsp;Maaz Ahmad ,&nbsp;Mohammad Hamid Hamdard ,&nbsp;Zia Ur Rehman Mashwani","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study is conducted to check the synergistic impact of Zn-Se nanocomposites and biochar amendments on plant overall growth biomarkers<strong>.</strong> This study is the first to integrate plant-mediated Zn–Se nanocomposites with biochar amendments, providing a comprehensive evaluation of soybean growth, physiology, antioxidant responses, and oil quality. The findings offer new insights into sustainable nanotechnology–biochar strategies for improving both crop performance and seed oil traits.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Zn-Se nanocomposites were synthesized by using garlic extract and precursor salt, while biochar was synthesized from sugarcane bagasse. Different concentrations of Zn-Se nanocomposites were applied to <em>Glycine max,</em> and morpho-physiological, biochemical, and antioxidant analyses were carried out on the leaf samples at maturity, while metabolomics analysis of seed samples was carried out by GC-MS analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There was a significant rise in antioxidant capacities, such as a 396 % increase in SOD, 145 % in POD, 78 % in CAT, 102 % in MDA, 104 % in APX, and 108 % in GPX enzyme. The proximate analysis demonstrated that BC and ZnO-Se NCs greatly improved the nutritional value of soybean, especially in the oil, with a 22.09 % increase in T6 (40 ppm ZnO-Se NCs) and protein, with an increase of 42.84 % in T2 (Biochar). From GC-MS, it was identified that the increase in bioactive compounds such as Oleic acid, Octadec-9-enoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, and other metabolites.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study concluded that biochar and 40 ppm ZnO-Se NCs have an excellent potential to be utilized for crop improvement with improved quality and amount of oil and protein</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100216"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil-microbe-plant continuum under ZnO and TiO₂ nanoparticle stress: An insight into toxicological implications, risk evaluation and management strategies","authors":"Usha Kandhil ,&nbsp;Gulab Singh ,&nbsp;Anju Rani ,&nbsp;Amita Suneja Dang ,&nbsp;Shiv Kumar Giri ,&nbsp;Saurabh Sudha Dhiman ,&nbsp;Neha Verma ,&nbsp;Anil Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) are the most synthesized and widely used engineered nanoparticles. These can largely enter the plant and soil systems through anthropogenic sources related to their widespread industrial production and application. These nanoparticles influence the soil system by altering the physicochemical parameters and microbial functions, often leading to detrimental effects on the activity of key enzymes that ultimately impact plant health. Compared to information in a similar domain, our review aims to synthesize and analyse the recent developments across the soil-microbe-plant continuum under the stress of ZnO and TiO₂ NPs. Further, it integrates toxicological findings, mechanistic insights, risk assessment, and management strategies in one unified framework. The comprehensive reviews like this one may broaden the scientific understanding beyond fragmented findings, equipping the scientific community and stakeholders with the conceptual and practical tools needed to evaluate and manage nanoparticle-associated risks. Furthermore, by synthesizing evidence on long-term persistence, bioavailability, and ecological disruption across soil, microbes, and plants, this review offers guidelines for monitoring, remediation strategies, and safer usage of nanomaterials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100201"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles as a way to improve physiology, photosynthesis, and anti-oxidative systems in Salvia leriifolia","authors":"Mahdi Akhondi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Sadegh Amiri ,&nbsp;Abdollah Beyk-Khormizi ,&nbsp;Seyed Mousa Mousavi-Kouhi ,&nbsp;Rajneesh Kumar Gautam ,&nbsp;Javad Mottaghipisheh ,&nbsp;Morteza Badrolnojoum ,&nbsp;Mohammad Ehsan Taghavizadeh Yazdi","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Salvia leriifolia</em> Benth is one of the vital herbs utilized in traditional medicine and pharmaceutical industries. Salinity stress has adverse effects on <em>S. leriifolia</em>. Zinc plays a significant role in plant tolerance to several environmental stresses. To investigate the interaction of salinity stress on various physiological and biochemical traits, different doses of NaCl (50, 100, 150, and 200 mM) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in foliar form (2 and 4 mg/L) were used. A completely randomised design was conducted in four replications under greenhouse environs. The results displayed that compared to the control (without salinity stress), salinity stress at 200 mM NaCl caused a significant decrease in total chlorophyll (α ≤0.05). In addition, 150 and 200 mM NaCl led to a significant decrease in carotenoids and soluble sugars content. The amount of malondialdehyde (MDA), H₂O₂, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPx), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) was increased at all salinity levels studied (except for GPx and PAL at 200 Mm NaCl and MAL and PPO at 50 mM NaCl). Under salinity conditions (especially levels higher than 200 mM NaCl), foliar application of ZnO NPs (especially at 4 mg/L) caused a significant increase in the soluble sugar, total phenols, carotenoids, PAL, CAT, and GPx enzymes activity, and caused a substantial decrease in hydrogen peroxide and MDA (compared to the salinity stress treatment without ZnO NPs, α ≤0.05). In total, 32 types of compounds were identified in the essential oil of the plant. Under salinity conditions, some essential oil compounds (including α-pinene and α-muurolene) showed a significant decrease and some (including β-pinene and β-myrcene) showed a significant increase compared to the control. Under these conditions, the use of ZnO NPs caused significant changes in the essential oil compounds, which did not have a clear trend (α ≤0.05). It seems that foliar spraying of ZnO NPs, particularly at 4 mg/L, improved the tolerance to salinity of <em>S. leriifolia</em> by affecting antioxidant compounds, osmotic osmolytes, photosynthetic pigments, and membrane stability. These results suggest that 4 mg/L of ZnO NPs significantly improves the physiological and antioxidant activity of <em>S. leriifolia</em> under salinity stress conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100211"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145321569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron partitioning and photosynthetic performance in Cannabis sativa L. reveal limitations of nanoscale zero-valent iron as a fertilizer","authors":"Christian Büser ,&nbsp;Jens Hartung ,&nbsp;Lukas Deuring ,&nbsp;Simone Graeff-Hönninger","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Iron (Fe) is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth’s crust but remains the third most limiting nutrient for crop productivity due to its low solubility in most soils. The emergence of nanotechnology has introduced nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) as a potential Fe fertilizer with high surface reactivity and improved bioavailability. However, its comparative efficacy relative to conventional chelated Fe sources remains poorly understood. This study investigated Fe partitioning, photosynthetic efficiency, biomass accumulation, and cannabinoid synthesis in <em>Cannabis sativa</em> L. grown hydroponically under Fe-EDTA, nZVI, or Fe-deficient (-Fe) treatments. Total Fe concentrations were markedly reduced in -Fe plants compared with both Fe-EDTA and nZVI treatments. Despite similar root Fe contents between Fe-EDTA and nZVI, only Fe-EDTA facilitated efficient translocation to shoots, while nZVI-derived Fe predominantly accumulated in roots. Consequently, nZVI-treated plants exhibited intermediate photosynthetic performance and water-use efficiency—lower than Fe-EDTA but significantly higher than -Fe. Although Fe translocation differed substantially, inflorescence biomass and cannabinoid yield were comparable between nZVI and Fe-EDTA treatments, both exceeding those of -Fe plants. These results suggest that yield reductions under Fe deficiency arise not solely from Fe scarcity but also from the metabolic costs of Strategy I Fe acquisition, which are partially circumvented by root Fe availability from nZVI. Overall, Fe-EDTA demonstrated superior nutrient use efficiency, whereas nZVI partially alleviated Fe deficiency and revealed distinctive interactions between nanomaterials and plant Fe physiology. This study advances understanding of nZVI as an alternative Fe source in <em>C. sativa</em> and provides new insights into nanoparticle–plant nutrient dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100221"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145578975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental impact of silver nanoparticles and its sustainable mitigation by novel approach of green chemistry","authors":"Dipayan Das ,&nbsp;Payel Paul","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread utility of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products, medical devices, and industrial processes has generated substantial environmental concerns due to their potential toxicity and persistence in ecosystems. AgNPs is released into the environment through manufacturing effluents, wastewater discharges, and improper disposal, leading to their accumulation in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. At elevated concentrations, AgNPs exhibit toxicity toward aquatic organisms, disrupt soil microbial communities, alter nutrient cycling, and impact ecosystem structure and function. The potential for bioaccumulation and biomagnification further exacerbates ecological risks, posing threats to environmental and human health. Resolving these challenges requires the design and adoption of sustainable mitigation strategies. In this context, green chemistry offers a promising solution by enabling the eco-friendly synthesis of AgNPs using renewable resources, benign solvents, and mild reaction conditions. Unlike conventional synthesis routes that rely on toxic reagents and generate hazardous byproducts, green approaches reduce the environmental footprint of AgNP production while maintaining functional efficacy. This review highlights the environmental impact of AgNPs and advocates for a paradigm shift toward green chemistry-based synthesis and management practices. By integrating sustainability into nanoparticle design and application, it is possible to mitigate ecological risks, support regulatory frameworks, and ensure the responsible use of nanotechnology for a safer and more sustainable future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100210"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoscale innovations in agri-food systems: A multisectoral paradigm for eradicating global food scarcity","authors":"Md. Saiful Islam,&nbsp;Sams Uddin Sams,&nbsp;Sadit Bihongo Malitha,&nbsp;Md. Zahangir Alam","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global food scarcity is one of the critical issues of the present time. Humans rely on four primary sources for food consumption: agriculture, aquaculture, poultry, and livestock. Nanotechnology, owing to its unique advantages, has brought about a breakthrough in the mentioned sources to address food security issues. In this study, the application of nanotechnology in agriculture, aquaculture, poultry, and livestock has been elaborately discussed. In agriculture, nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nanopriming have contributed significantly to improving crop production. Likewise, practices in aquaculture have been greatly eased by the introduction of nano-enhanced feed, nanovaccines, and nanofiltration. In poultry, essential aspects such as supplementing appropriate nutrients in specific quantities and disease prevention have become more manageable thanks to nanotechnology. In a similar manner, nanotechnology has led to colossal improvements in disease prevention, animal reproduction, and drug delivery in livestock. However, despite all these prospects, some challenges remain for the implementation of nanotechnology in the food production sector. The regulatory frameworks for the implementation of nanotechnology remain underdeveloped, consumer acceptance is a significant issue, and the environmental fate and ecotoxicity of nanotechnology remain uncertain. This comprehensive review article aims to provide in-depth insights into the current status, challenges, and prospects of nanotechnology in primary food sources, with the ultimate goal of addressing worldwide food scarcity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100208"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-friendly fabrication of magnesium oxide nanoparticles from Clitoria ternatea and their influence on plant growth parameters of Vigna mungo, soil nutrient dynamics and computational analysis","authors":"M. Lavanya,&nbsp;S. Karthick Raja Namasivayam","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metal oxide-based nanoparticles, such as magnesium oxide (MgO), are highly efficient and biocompatible, with applications in biomedical fields like drug delivery. However, their ecological safety and biosafety need to be assessed for responsible use and disposal, considering various environmental factors. This study investigates the phytotoxicity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles synthesised using butterfly pea flower (<em>Clitoria ternatea</em>) extract through a modified co-precipitation method. The synthesis was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy with a distinct absorbance peak at 340 nm. Morphological analysis through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed agglomerated, porous nanoparticles, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed their crystalline nature with an average size of 33.56 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed characteristic MgO bonding and hydroxyl group presence, indicating the nanoparticles’ high chemical reactivity. Ecotoxicity assessments by phytotoxicity studies demonstrated no distinct effects on Vigna mungo seedlings' physiology. Moreover, MgO NPs positively influenced soil health by increasing the concentration of essential nutrients (N, P, K) without altering pH or electrical conductivity. Rhizosphere microflora analysis showed increased bacterial colony formation, improving soil microbial activity. Endophytic microflora in plant tissues also exhibited higher bacterial colony growth. These findings confirm that the fabricated nanoparticles are biocompatible and environmentally safe, making them a promising material for diverse applications with minimal ecological impact. This study employs CB-Dock molecular docking to evaluate MgO interactions with plant growth-related proteins (7JRG, 7JRO, 2CV6). Favourable interaction and cavity detection scores suggest potential surface-level interactions. These results highlight MgO’s capacity to modulate protein function and support plant development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100200"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}