Resilient Cities and Structures最新文献

An integrated decision-making approach to resilience–LCC Bridge network retrofitting using a genetic algorithm-based framework

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2024.12.002

Pedram Omidian , Naser Khaji , Ali Akbar Aghakouchak

Bridge networks are essential components of civil infrastructure, supporting communities by delivering vital services and facilitating economic activities. However, bridges are vulnerable to natural disasters, particularly earthquakes. To develop an effective disaster management strategy, it is critical to identify reliable, robust, and efficient indicators. In this regard, Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) and Resilience (R) serve as key indicators to assist decision-makers in selecting the most effective disaster risk reduction plans. This study proposes an innovative LCC–R optimization framework to identify the most optimal retrofit strategies for bridge networks facing hazardous events during their lifespan. The proposed framework employs both single- and multi-objective optimization techniques to identify retrofit strategies that maximize the R index while minimizing the LCC for the under-study bridge networks. The considered retrofit strategies include various options such as different materials (steel, CFRP, and GFRP), thicknesses, arrangements, and timing of retrofitting actions. The first step in the proposed framework involves constructing fragility curves by performing a series of nonlinear time-history incremental dynamic analyses for each case. In the subsequent step, the seismic resilience surfaces are calculated using the obtained fragility curves and assuming a recovery function. Next, the LCC is evaluated according to the proposed formulation for multiple seismic occurrences, which incorporates the effects of complete and incomplete repair actions resulting from previous multiple seismic events. For optimization purposes, the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) evolutionary algorithm efficiently identifies the Pareto front to represent the optimal set of solutions. The study presents the most effective retrofit strategies for an illustrative bridge network, providing a comprehensive discussion and insights into the resulting tactical approaches. The findings underscore that the methodologies employed lead to logical and actionable retrofit strategies, paving the way for enhanced resilience and cost-effectiveness in bridge network management against seismic hazards.

{"title":"An integrated decision-making approach to resilience–LCC Bridge network retrofitting using a genetic algorithm-based framework","authors":"Pedram Omidian , Naser Khaji , Ali Akbar Aghakouchak","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bridge networks are essential components of civil infrastructure, supporting communities by delivering vital services and facilitating economic activities. However, bridges are vulnerable to natural disasters, particularly earthquakes. To develop an effective disaster management strategy, it is critical to identify reliable, robust, and efficient indicators. In this regard, Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) and Resilience (R) serve as key indicators to assist decision-makers in selecting the most effective disaster risk reduction plans. This study proposes an innovative LCC–R optimization framework to identify the most optimal retrofit strategies for bridge networks facing hazardous events during their lifespan. The proposed framework employs both single- and multi-objective optimization techniques to identify retrofit strategies that maximize the R index while minimizing the LCC for the under-study bridge networks. The considered retrofit strategies include various options such as different materials (steel, CFRP, and GFRP), thicknesses, arrangements, and timing of retrofitting actions. The first step in the proposed framework involves constructing fragility curves by performing a series of nonlinear time-history incremental dynamic analyses for each case. In the subsequent step, the seismic resilience surfaces are calculated using the obtained fragility curves and assuming a recovery function. Next, the LCC is evaluated according to the proposed formulation for multiple seismic occurrences, which incorporates the effects of complete and incomplete repair actions resulting from previous multiple seismic events. For optimization purposes, the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) evolutionary algorithm efficiently identifies the Pareto front to represent the optimal set of solutions. The study presents the most effective retrofit strategies for an illustrative bridge network, providing a comprehensive discussion and insights into the resulting tactical approaches. The findings underscore that the methodologies employed lead to logical and actionable retrofit strategies, paving the way for enhanced resilience and cost-effectiveness in bridge network management against seismic hazards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 16-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143172563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stochastic response of steel columns subjected to lateral blast based on modified single degree of freedom (MSDOF) method

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2024-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2024.12.001

Mohammad Momeni , Chiara Bedon , Mohammad Ali Hadianfard , Sina Malekpour

This paper aims to evaluate the stochastic response of steel columns subjected to blast loads using the modified single degree of freedom (MSDOF) method, which assessed towards the conventional single degree of freedom (SDOF) and the experimentally validated Finite Element (FE) methods (LSDYNA). For this purpose, special attention is given to calculating the response of H-shaped steel columns under blast. The damage amount is determined based on the support rotation criterion, which is expressed as a function of their maximum lateral mid-span displacement. To account for uncertainties in input parameters and obtain the failure probability, the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method is employed, complemented by the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) method to reduce the number of simulations. A parametric analysis is hence performed to examine the effect of several input parameters (including both deterministic and probabilistic parameters) on the probability of column damage as a function of support rotation. First, the MSDOF method confirms its higher accuracy in estimating the probability of column damage due to blast, compared to the conventional SDOF. The collected results also show that uncertainties of several input parameters have significant effects on the column behavior. In particular, geometric parameters (including cross-sectional characteristics, boundary conditions and column length) have major effect on the corresponding column response, in the same way of input blast load parameters and material properties.

{"title":"Stochastic response of steel columns subjected to lateral blast based on modified single degree of freedom (MSDOF) method","authors":"Mohammad Momeni , Chiara Bedon , Mohammad Ali Hadianfard , Sina Malekpour","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper aims to evaluate the stochastic response of steel columns subjected to blast loads using the modified single degree of freedom (MSDOF) method, which assessed towards the conventional single degree of freedom (SDOF) and the experimentally validated Finite Element (FE) methods (LSDYNA). For this purpose, special attention is given to calculating the response of H-shaped steel columns under blast. The damage amount is determined based on the support rotation criterion, which is expressed as a function of their maximum lateral mid-span displacement. To account for uncertainties in input parameters and obtain the failure probability, the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method is employed, complemented by the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) method to reduce the number of simulations. A parametric analysis is hence performed to examine the effect of several input parameters (including both deterministic and probabilistic parameters) on the probability of column damage as a function of support rotation. First, the MSDOF method confirms its higher accuracy in estimating the probability of column damage due to blast, compared to the conventional SDOF. The collected results also show that uncertainties of several input parameters have significant effects on the column behavior. In particular, geometric parameters (including cross-sectional characteristics, boundary conditions and column length) have major effect on the corresponding column response, in the same way of input blast load parameters and material properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143172560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The MDOF equivalent linear system and its applications in seismic analysis and design of framed structures

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2024.11.003

E.V. Muho , N.A. Kalapodis , G.A. Papagiannopoulos , D.E. Beskos

This paper reviews the applications of the multi degree-of-freedom (MDOF) equivalent linear system in seismic analysis and design of planar steel and reinforced concrete framed structures. An equivalent MDOF linear structure, analogous to the original MDOF nonlinear structure, is constructed, which has the same mass and elastic stiffness as the original structure and modal damping ratios that account for the effects of geometrical and material nonlinearities. The equivalence implies a balance between the viscous damping work of the equivalent linear structure and that of the nonlinearities in the original nonlinear structure. This work balance is established with the aid of a transfer function in the frequency domain. Thus, equivalent modal damping ratios can be explicitly determined in terms of the period and deformation levels of the structure as well as the soil types. Use of these equivalent modal damping ratios can help address a variety of seismic analysis and design problems associated with planar steel and reinforced concrete framed structures in a rational and accurate manner. These include force - based seismic design with the aid of acceleration response spectra characterized by high amounts of damping, improved direct displacement-based seismic design and the development of advanced seismic intensity measures. The equivalent modal damping ratios are also utilized in the context of linear modal analysis for the definition and construction of the MDOF response spectrum. Furthermore, the equivalent modal damping ratios are employed in a seismic retrofit method for steel-framed structures with viscous dampers. Finally, it is demonstrated that modal behavior (or strength reduction) factors can be easily constructed based on these modal damping ratios for a more rational and accurate force-based seismic design, including the determination of inelastic displacement profiles.

{"title":"The MDOF equivalent linear system and its applications in seismic analysis and design of framed structures","authors":"E.V. Muho , N.A. Kalapodis , G.A. Papagiannopoulos , D.E. Beskos","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper reviews the applications of the multi degree-of-freedom (MDOF) equivalent linear system in seismic analysis and design of planar steel and reinforced concrete framed structures. An equivalent MDOF linear structure, analogous to the original MDOF nonlinear structure, is constructed, which has the same mass and elastic stiffness as the original structure and modal damping ratios that account for the effects of geometrical and material nonlinearities. The equivalence implies a balance between the viscous damping work of the equivalent linear structure and that of the nonlinearities in the original nonlinear structure. This work balance is established with the aid of a transfer function in the frequency domain. Thus, equivalent modal damping ratios can be explicitly determined in terms of the period and deformation levels of the structure as well as the soil types. Use of these equivalent modal damping ratios can help address a variety of seismic analysis and design problems associated with planar steel and reinforced concrete framed structures in a rational and accurate manner. These include force - based seismic design with the aid of acceleration response spectra characterized by high amounts of damping, improved direct displacement-based seismic design and the development of advanced seismic intensity measures. The equivalent modal damping ratios are also utilized in the context of linear modal analysis for the definition and construction of the MDOF response spectrum. Furthermore, the equivalent modal damping ratios are employed in a seismic retrofit method for steel-framed structures with viscous dampers. Finally, it is demonstrated that modal behavior (or strength reduction) factors can be easily constructed based on these modal damping ratios for a more rational and accurate force-based seismic design, including the determination of inelastic displacement profiles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 107-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Automated knowledge graphs for complex systems (AutoGraCS): Applications to management of bridge networks 复杂系统自动知识图谱（AutoGraCS）：桥梁网络管理应用

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2024.11.001

Minghui Cheng , Syed M.H. Shah , Antonio Nanni , H. Oliver Gao

With the ability to harness the power of big data, the digital twin (DT) technology has been increasingly applied to the modeling and management of structures and infrastructure systems, such as buildings, bridges, and power distribution systems. Supporting these applications, an important family of methods are based on graphs. For DT applications in modeling and managing smart cities, large-scale knowledge graphs (KGs) are necessary to represent the complex interdependencies and model the urban infrastructure as a system of systems. To this end, this paper develops a conceptual framework: Automated knowledge Graphs for Complex Systems (AutoGraCS). In contrast to existing KGs developed for DTs, AutoGraCS can support KGs to account for interdependencies and statistical correlations across complex systems. The established KGs from AutoGraCS can then be easily turned into Bayesian networks for probabilistic modeling, Bayesian analysis, and adaptive decision supports. Besides, AutoGraCS provides flexibility in support of users’ need to implement the ontology and rules when constructing the KG. With the user-defined ontology and rules, AutoGraCS can automatically generate a KG to represent a complex system consisting of multiple systems. The bridge network in Miami-Dade County, FL is used as an illustrative example to generate a KG that integrates multiple layers of data from the bridge network, traffic monitoring facilities, and flood water watch stations.

数字孪生（DT）技术能够利用大数据的力量，已越来越多地应用于建筑、桥梁和配电系统等结构和基础设施系统的建模和管理。支持这些应用的一个重要方法系列是基于图形的。对于智能城市建模和管理中的 DT 应用，大规模知识图谱 (KG) 是表示复杂的相互依存关系和将城市基础设施建模为系统之系统所必需的。为此，本文开发了一个概念框架：复杂系统自动知识图谱（AutoGraCS）。与为 DTs 开发的现有知识图谱相比，AutoGraCS 可支持知识图谱解释复杂系统间的相互依存关系和统计相关性。通过 AutoGraCS 建立的 KGs 可以很容易地转化为贝叶斯网络，用于概率建模、贝叶斯分析和自适应决策支持。此外，AutoGraCS 还提供灵活性，支持用户在构建 KG 时实现本体和规则。有了用户定义的本体和规则，AutoGraCS 可以自动生成表示由多个系统组成的复杂系统的 KG。以佛罗里达州迈阿密-戴德县的桥梁网络为例，说明如何生成一个集成了桥梁网络、交通监控设施和洪水观测站等多层数据的 KG。

{"title":"Automated knowledge graphs for complex systems (AutoGraCS): Applications to management of bridge networks","authors":"Minghui Cheng , Syed M.H. Shah , Antonio Nanni , H. Oliver Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the ability to harness the power of big data, the digital twin (DT) technology has been increasingly applied to the modeling and management of structures and infrastructure systems, such as buildings, bridges, and power distribution systems. Supporting these applications, an important family of methods are based on graphs. For DT applications in modeling and managing smart cities, large-scale knowledge graphs (KGs) are necessary to represent the complex interdependencies and model the urban infrastructure as a system of systems. To this end, this paper develops a conceptual framework: <strong>Auto</strong>mated knowledge <strong>Gra</strong>phs for <strong>C</strong>omplex <strong>S</strong>ystems (AutoGraCS). In contrast to existing KGs developed for DTs, AutoGraCS can support KGs to account for interdependencies and statistical correlations across complex systems. The established KGs from AutoGraCS can then be easily turned into Bayesian networks for probabilistic modeling, Bayesian analysis, and adaptive decision supports. Besides, AutoGraCS provides flexibility in support of users’ need to implement the ontology and rules when constructing the KG. With the user-defined ontology and rules, AutoGraCS can automatically generate a KG to represent a complex system consisting of multiple systems. The bridge network in Miami-Dade County, FL is used as an illustrative example to generate a KG that integrates multiple layers of data from the bridge network, traffic monitoring facilities, and flood water watch stations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 95-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Uncovering implicit Seismogenic associated regions towards promoting urban resilience 揭示隐性地震相关区域，促进城市抗灾能力的提高

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2024.11.002

Roya Habibi, Ali Asghar Alesheikh

Earthquakes pose a significant threat to urban environments, highlighting the need for enhanced seismic resilience. To improve understanding of earthquake dynamics and the interplay of seismic activity across space, this study introduces a novel approach for identifying associated regions that exhibit interdependence seismic behavior, revealing a network structure of earthquake interplays. This model was applied to earthquakes exceeding 3.0 M_w in Iran (1976–2023), using a 1° × 1° grid. Monthly and seasonal timespans were evaluated to capture potential short-term and long-term interactions. The model revealed a network of interdependent seismic regions in southern and southwestern Iran, predominantly located within the Zagros belt. Notably, the strongest associations were observed between spatial units 45 and 36, located approximately 6° apart in southern Iran. These units exhibited significant association in both monthly and seasonal scenarios, with support values of 0.28 and 0.65, and average confidence values of 0.58 and 0.84, respectively. The second significant bilateral relation was detected between neighboring spatial units 22 and 36, with support values of 0.26 and 0.59, and average confidence values of 0.57 and 0.80, respectively. The recognized structure was compared to the established seismotectonic zoning. This network aligns with established seismotectonic provinces, particularly in the seasonal scenario. The model also identified potential interactions between distinct zones in the monthly scenario, highlighting areas where urban development strategies might need reevaluation. Additionally, the analysis revealed implicit causal relationships between spatial units, pinpointing areas susceptible to or influencing seismic activities elsewhere. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of crustal structure, earthquake propagation, and the potential for seismic activity to trigger earthquakes in nearby or distant areas. This knowledge is crucial for developing effective strategies to build earthquake-resilient cities.

地震对城市环境构成重大威胁，凸显了增强抗震能力的必要性。为了加深对地震动力学和跨空间地震活动相互作用的理解，本研究引入了一种新方法，用于识别表现出相互依存地震行为的相关区域，揭示地震相互作用的网络结构。该模型采用 1° × 1° 网格，适用于伊朗超过 3.0 Mw 的地震（1976-2023 年）。对月度和季节时间跨度进行了评估，以捕捉潜在的短期和长期相互作用。该模型揭示了伊朗南部和西南部相互依存的地震带网络，主要位于扎格罗斯带。值得注意的是，在伊朗南部相距约 6° 的空间单元 45 和 36 之间观察到了最强的关联。这些单元在月度和季节情景下都表现出明显的关联性，支持值分别为 0.28 和 0.65，平均置信度分别为 0.58 和 0.84。在相邻的空间单元 22 和 36 之间发现了第二种重要的双边关系，支持值分别为 0.26 和 0.59，平均置信度分别为 0.57 和 0.80。将确认的结构与已建立的地震构造区划进行了比较。该网络与已建立的地震构造带一致，特别是在季节性情况下。该模型还确定了月度情景中不同地带之间的潜在相互作用，突出了城市发展战略可能需要重新评估的领域。此外，分析还揭示了空间单元之间的隐含因果关系，确定了易受或影响其他地区地震活动的区域。这些结果有助于加深对地壳结构、地震传播以及地震活动引发附近或远处地区地震的可能性的理解。这些知识对于制定建设抗震城市的有效战略至关重要。

{"title":"Uncovering implicit Seismogenic associated regions towards promoting urban resilience","authors":"Roya Habibi, Ali Asghar Alesheikh","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Earthquakes pose a significant threat to urban environments, highlighting the need for enhanced seismic resilience. To improve understanding of earthquake dynamics and the interplay of seismic activity across space, this study introduces a novel approach for identifying associated regions that exhibit interdependence seismic behavior, revealing a network structure of earthquake interplays. This model was applied to earthquakes exceeding 3.0 M<sub>w</sub> in Iran (1976–2023), using a 1° × 1° grid. Monthly and seasonal timespans were evaluated to capture potential short-term and long-term interactions. The model revealed a network of interdependent seismic regions in southern and southwestern Iran, predominantly located within the Zagros belt. Notably, the strongest associations were observed between spatial units 45 and 36, located approximately 6° apart in southern Iran. These units exhibited significant association in both monthly and seasonal scenarios, with support values of 0.28 and 0.65, and average confidence values of 0.58 and 0.84, respectively. The second significant bilateral relation was detected between neighboring spatial units 22 and 36, with support values of 0.26 and 0.59, and average confidence values of 0.57 and 0.80, respectively. The recognized structure was compared to the established seismotectonic zoning. This network aligns with established seismotectonic provinces, particularly in the seasonal scenario. The model also identified potential interactions between distinct zones in the monthly scenario, highlighting areas where urban development strategies might need reevaluation. Additionally, the analysis revealed implicit causal relationships between spatial units, pinpointing areas susceptible to or influencing seismic activities elsewhere. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of crustal structure, earthquake propagation, and the potential for seismic activity to trigger earthquakes in nearby or distant areas. This knowledge is crucial for developing effective strategies to build earthquake-resilient cities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 83-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Building Stock and Emission Models for Jakarta 雅加达建筑存量和排放模型

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2024.10.002

Hanif Hanif , Ahmed Z. Khan , Muhammad Idrus Alhamid , Yohei Yamaguchi

Understanding urban-scale building emissions is crucial for achieving net-zero targets. This study examined embodied and operational emissions in Jakarta from 2010 to 2022 using the bottom-up Building Stock Model (BSM) and analyzed building stocks across seven categories: apartments, offices, malls, hotels, education facilities, hospitals, and landed houses. Carbon factors for construction materials, fuels, electricity, and cooking gas, along with occupancy rates, were included in the emissions calculations. The findings reveal consistent growth in apartments, malls, and offices, with operational emissions significantly decreasing after the 2015 green building regulations. Despite a declining share in Jakarta’s building stock, landed houses still account for over 40% of embodied and nearly 75% of operational emissions. With around 80% of the population preferring to live in landed houses, their impact on emissions remains substantial. In 2010, Jakarta’s building floor stock was 167 km². Projections using simple linear regression suggest it could reach 268 km² by 2050. Emission forecasts using the Prophet Forecasting Model (PFM) suggest that by 2050, building emissions could return to 2010 levels if stricter regulations are consistently enforced. The study underscores the necessity for continuous regulatory advancements and carbon offset initiatives to achieve net-zero emissions.

了解城市规模的建筑排放对于实现净零排放目标至关重要。本研究采用自下而上的建筑存量模型（BSM），对雅加达 2010 年至 2022 年的体现和运营排放进行了研究，并分析了七类建筑存量：公寓、写字楼、商场、酒店、教育设施、医院和土地住宅。建筑材料、燃料、电力和厨用煤气的碳系数以及占用率都被纳入了排放量计算。研究结果显示，公寓、商场和写字楼的排放量持续增长，而在 2015 年绿色建筑法规实施后，运营过程中的排放量大幅下降。尽管土地房屋在雅加达建筑总量中所占的比例有所下降，但仍占体现排放量的 40% 以上，占运行排放量的近 75%。由于约 80% 的人口喜欢居住在有地房屋中，因此它们对排放的影响仍然很大。2010 年，雅加达的建筑面积为 167 平方公里。根据简单线性回归的预测，到 2050 年，雅加达的建筑面积将达到 268 平方公里。使用先知预测模型（PFM）进行的排放预测表明，如果持续执行更严格的法规，到 2050 年，建筑排放量将恢复到 2010 年的水平。该研究强调，要实现净零排放，就必须不断推进监管和碳补偿措施。

{"title":"Building Stock and Emission Models for Jakarta","authors":"Hanif Hanif , Ahmed Z. Khan , Muhammad Idrus Alhamid , Yohei Yamaguchi","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding urban-scale building emissions is crucial for achieving net-zero targets. This study examined embodied and operational emissions in Jakarta from 2010 to 2022 using the bottom-up Building Stock Model (BSM) and analyzed building stocks across seven categories: apartments, offices, malls, hotels, education facilities, hospitals, and landed houses. Carbon factors for construction materials, fuels, electricity, and cooking gas, along with occupancy rates, were included in the emissions calculations. The findings reveal consistent growth in apartments, malls, and offices, with operational emissions significantly decreasing after the 2015 green building regulations. Despite a declining share in Jakarta’s building stock, landed houses still account for over 40% of embodied and nearly 75% of operational emissions. With around 80% of the population preferring to live in landed houses, their impact on emissions remains substantial. In 2010, Jakarta’s building floor stock was 167 km<sup>2</sup>. Projections using simple linear regression suggest it could reach 268 km<sup>2</sup> by 2050. Emission forecasts using the Prophet Forecasting Model (PFM) suggest that by 2050, building emissions could return to 2010 levels if stricter regulations are consistently enforced. The study underscores the necessity for continuous regulatory advancements and carbon offset initiatives to achieve net-zero emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 63-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142660281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Key networks to create disaster resilient Smart Cities Mission: A case for remodeling India's Smart Cities Mission to include disaster resilience 创建具有抗灾能力的智能城市任务的关键网络：重塑印度智慧城市使命以纳入抗灾能力的案例

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2024.09.001

Yamini Meduri , R. Singh , Geetha Manoharan

Amidst a concerning surge in urban losses attributed to disasters, this research paper explores the intricate relationship between urban development, disaster mitigation, and resilience emphasizing the significance of addressing disaster vulnerability in urban settings, where a substantial portion of the population faces risks stemming from high population density, limited resilience, and inadequate coping capabilities. The study advocates for the integration of disaster resilience principles into the Smart Cities Mission of India, placing particular emphasis on the necessity of developing infrastructure, establishing early warning systems, and fostering community engagement to bolster urban resilience. Furthermore, the paper draws comparisons and parallels between the components of smart cities, mitigation strategies, and disaster resilience, illuminating their interconnectedness and potential synergies. In conclusion, the study recommends the incorporation of essential network elements to establish a Smart Cities Mission that is resilient to disasters, ultimately aiming to safeguard urban communities from the adverse impacts of future calamities.

在因灾害造成的城市损失激增的情况下，本研究论文探讨了城市发展、减灾和抗灾能力之间错综复杂的关系，强调了在城市环境中解决灾害脆弱性问题的重要性，因为在城市环境中，很大一部分人口面临着因人口密度高、抗灾能力有限和应对能力不足而产生的风险。该研究主张将抗灾原则纳入印度的 "智慧城市使命"，特别强调了发展基础设施、建立预警系统和促进社区参与以增强城市抗灾能力的必要性。此外，本文还对智慧城市的组成部分、减灾战略和抗灾能力进行了比较和类比，阐明了它们之间的相互联系和潜在协同作用。最后，本研究建议纳入必要的网络要素，以建立具有抗灾能力的智慧城市使命，最终旨在保护城市社区免受未来灾害的不利影响。

{"title":"Key networks to create disaster resilient Smart Cities Mission: A case for remodeling India's Smart Cities Mission to include disaster resilience","authors":"Yamini Meduri , R. Singh , Geetha Manoharan","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amidst a concerning surge in urban losses attributed to disasters, this research paper explores the intricate relationship between urban development, disaster mitigation, and resilience emphasizing the significance of addressing disaster vulnerability in urban settings, where a substantial portion of the population faces risks stemming from high population density, limited resilience, and inadequate coping capabilities. The study advocates for the integration of disaster resilience principles into the Smart Cities Mission of India, placing particular emphasis on the necessity of developing infrastructure, establishing early warning systems, and fostering community engagement to bolster urban resilience. Furthermore, the paper draws comparisons and parallels between the components of smart cities, mitigation strategies, and disaster resilience, illuminating their interconnectedness and potential synergies. In conclusion, the study recommends the incorporation of essential network elements to establish a Smart Cities Mission that is resilient to disasters, ultimately aiming to safeguard urban communities from the adverse impacts of future calamities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 52-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142552716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Landslide-oriented disaster resilience evaluation in mountainous cities: A case study in Chongqing, China 以滑坡为导向的山区城市抗灾能力评估：中国重庆案例研究

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2024.10.001

Junhao Huang, Haijia Wen, Zhuohang Li, Yalan Zhang

Natural and human-made disasters are threatening cities around the world. The resilience of cities plays a critical role in disaster risk response and post-disaster recovery. In mountainous cities, landslides are among the most frequent and destructive hazards. This study presents a novel methodological framework for assessing the spatial resilience of mountainous cities specifically against landslides. Focusing on Chongqing in the Three Gorges Reservoir region, this study conceptually divides the disaster resilience of mountain cities to landslides into two dimensions: environmental resilience and social resilience. This study developed a comprehensive database by compiling data from 4,464 historical landslide events, incorporating 17 environmental resilience indicators and 16 social resilience indicators. Random forest (RF) model was employed to evaluate environmental resilience, achieving a high AUC of 0.968 and an accuracy of 97.1 %. Social resilience was assessed by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and comprehensive resilience was ranked by the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Key findings include: (1) Establishing a multi-dimensional resilience indicator system that effectively assesses landslide-oriented resilience in mountainous cities. (2) Comprehensive resilience in mountainous cities exhibit distinct spatial clustering patterns. Regions with lower environmental resilience are mainly characterized by high rainfall and complex terrain. higher social resilience concentrated in city centers, while peripheral regions face challenges due to weaker economies and inadequate healthcare infrastructure. (3) In the future development of mountain cities, comprehensive and sustainable strategies should be adopted to balance the relationship between environmental resilience and social resilience. This study provides a robust framework for disaster prevention and resilience assessment in mountainous cities, which can be applied to evaluate the disaster resistance capabilities of other mountainous cities.

自然灾害和人为灾害正威胁着世界各地的城市。城市的抗灾能力在灾害风险应对和灾后恢复中发挥着至关重要的作用。在山区城市，山体滑坡是最频繁和最具破坏性的灾害之一。本研究提出了一个新颖的方法框架，用于评估山区城市的空间抗灾能力，特别是对山体滑坡的抗灾能力。本研究以三峡库区的重庆为重点，从概念上将山区城市对滑坡的抗灾能力分为两个维度：环境抗灾能力和社会抗灾能力。本研究通过汇编 4464 起历史滑坡事件的数据，建立了一个综合数据库，其中包含 17 个环境复原力指标和 16 个社会复原力指标。采用随机森林（RF）模型评估环境复原力，AUC 高达 0.968，准确率为 97.1%。社会复原力采用层次分析法（AHP）进行评估，综合复原力采用与理想解决方案相似度排序法（TOPSIS）进行排序。主要结论包括(1) 建立多维复原力指标体系，有效评估山区城市以滑坡为导向的复原力。(2) 山区城市的综合复原力呈现出明显的空间集群模式。环境复原力较低的地区主要表现为降雨量大、地形复杂。社会复原力较高的地区集中在城市中心，而外围地区则因经济实力较弱、医疗基础设施不足而面临挑战。(3) 山区城市的未来发展应采取全面、可持续的战略，平衡环境复原力与社会复原力之间的关系。本研究为山区城市的防灾和抗灾能力评估提供了一个强有力的框架，可用于评估其他山区城市的抗灾能力。

{"title":"Landslide-oriented disaster resilience evaluation in mountainous cities: A case study in Chongqing, China","authors":"Junhao Huang, Haijia Wen, Zhuohang Li, Yalan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural and human-made disasters are threatening cities around the world. The resilience of cities plays a critical role in disaster risk response and post-disaster recovery. In mountainous cities, landslides are among the most frequent and destructive hazards. This study presents a novel methodological framework for assessing the spatial resilience of mountainous cities specifically against landslides. Focusing on Chongqing in the Three Gorges Reservoir region, this study conceptually divides the disaster resilience of mountain cities to landslides into two dimensions: environmental resilience and social resilience. This study developed a comprehensive database by compiling data from 4,464 historical landslide events, incorporating 17 environmental resilience indicators and 16 social resilience indicators. Random forest (RF) model was employed to evaluate environmental resilience, achieving a high AUC of 0.968 and an accuracy of 97.1 %. Social resilience was assessed by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and comprehensive resilience was ranked by the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Key findings include: (1) Establishing a multi-dimensional resilience indicator system that effectively assesses landslide-oriented resilience in mountainous cities. (2) Comprehensive resilience in mountainous cities exhibit distinct spatial clustering patterns. Regions with lower environmental resilience are mainly characterized by high rainfall and complex terrain. higher social resilience concentrated in city centers, while peripheral regions face challenges due to weaker economies and inadequate healthcare infrastructure. (3) In the future development of mountain cities, comprehensive and sustainable strategies should be adopted to balance the relationship between environmental resilience and social resilience. This study provides a robust framework for disaster prevention and resilience assessment in mountainous cities, which can be applied to evaluate the disaster resistance capabilities of other mountainous cities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 34-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Wind risk and mitigation calculator framework for determining the wind annualized risk for single- and multi-family homes to support resilient community decision-making 风灾风险和减灾计算器框架，用于确定单户和多户住宅的风灾年化风险，以支持弹性社区决策

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2024.08.002

Ayat Al Assi , Rubayet Bin Mostafiz , Fatemeh Orooji , Arash Taghinezhad , Melanie Gall , Robert V. Rohli , Christopher T. Emrich , Carol J. Friedland , Eric Johnson

Communicating risks and mitigation benefits associated with natural hazards such as wind to the general public is challenging given the location-dependency of parameters and the complexity of the problem. Web tools play a crucial role in educating residents, decision-makers, and stakeholders regarding potential wind hazard losses to, for example, residential buildings.

However, a notable gap exists on the practical incorporation of mitigation actions within these tools. This gap hampers the collective awareness and understanding among stakeholders, communities, and citizens regarding the tangible advantages of mitigation strategies in reducing wind-related risks. Furthermore, there exists a need to elucidate the functionality and objectives of these tools in a more accessible manner. This study aims to present and outline the wind risk and mitigation calculator tool (WRMCT) within the Hazardaware platform, which is an address-based risk assessment tool. This tool, developed for 196 counties in the Gulf of Mexico coastal area, facilitates users' education of potential risks and benefits associated with mitigation strategies. WRMCT enables users to access location-specific wind risk and interactively suggests potential mitigation actions along with economic savings to support informed decisions and residential risk reduction. WRMCT intends to enhance users’ ability to make informed decisions, take proactive measures in mitigating wind hazards, and contribute to the development of resilient, residential communities.

鉴于参数的位置依赖性和问题的复杂性，向公众宣传与风等自然灾害相关的风险和减灾效益具有挑战性。网络工具在教育居民、决策者和利益相关者了解风灾对住宅建筑等可能造成的损失方面发挥着至关重要的作用。这一差距阻碍了利益相关者、社区和公民对减灾战略在降低风灾风险方面的实际优势的集体认识和理解。此外，还需要以更易于理解的方式阐明这些工具的功能和目标。本研究旨在介绍和概述 Hazardaware 平台中的风灾风险与减灾计算工具 (WRMCT)，这是一个基于地址的风险评估工具。该工具是为墨西哥湾沿海地区的 196 个县开发的，有助于用户了解与减灾战略相关的潜在风险和收益。WRMCT 使用户能够获取特定地点的风灾风险，并以互动方式建议潜在的减灾行动和经济效益，以支持明智决策和降低住宅风险。WRMCT 旨在提高用户做出明智决策的能力，采取积极主动的措施减轻风灾危害，并为发展具有抗灾能力的住宅社区做出贡献。

{"title":"Wind risk and mitigation calculator framework for determining the wind annualized risk for single- and multi-family homes to support resilient community decision-making","authors":"Ayat Al Assi , Rubayet Bin Mostafiz , Fatemeh Orooji , Arash Taghinezhad , Melanie Gall , Robert V. Rohli , Christopher T. Emrich , Carol J. Friedland , Eric Johnson","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Communicating risks and mitigation benefits associated with natural hazards such as wind to the general public is challenging given the location-dependency of parameters and the complexity of the problem. Web tools play a crucial role in educating residents, decision-makers, and stakeholders regarding potential wind hazard losses to, for example, residential buildings.</p><p>However, a notable gap exists on the practical incorporation of mitigation actions within these tools. This gap hampers the collective awareness and understanding among stakeholders, communities, and citizens regarding the tangible advantages of mitigation strategies in reducing wind-related risks. Furthermore, there exists a need to elucidate the functionality and objectives of these tools in a more accessible manner. This study aims to present and outline the wind risk and mitigation calculator tool (WRMCT) within the Hazardaware platform, which is an address-based risk assessment tool. This tool, developed for 196 counties in the Gulf of Mexico coastal area, facilitates users' education of potential risks and benefits associated with mitigation strategies. WRMCT enables users to access location-specific wind risk and interactively suggests potential mitigation actions along with economic savings to support informed decisions and residential risk reduction. WRMCT intends to enhance users’ ability to make informed decisions, take proactive measures in mitigating wind hazards, and contribute to the development of resilient, residential communities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 21-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772741624000565/pdfft?md5=dec5e863d297a8290d8292480a02958d&pid=1-s2.0-S2772741624000565-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142097219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantitative crack evaluation in slender reinforced concrete walls with rectangular section 矩形截面细长钢筋混凝土墙的裂缝定量评估

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2024.07.001

Priyana Rajbhandari , Chanipa Netrattana , Taku Obara , Kono Susumu

Past earthquakes have shown that cracking affects post-earthquake functionality and accounted for huge repair costs for reinforced concrete (RC) wall buildings, even though the code-compliant seismic design prevents collapse. Engineers should know the maximum residual flexural crack width and volume of repair material needed for the flexural cracks to determine the damage degree and the repair cost. This paper presents the experimental campaign on four RC slender walls that investigated the effect of confining reinforcement and thickness of the wall on flexural crack parameters under quasi-static reversed cyclic loading. The width of all flexural cracks was measured when reaching each cycle peak drift and when unloading to zero lateral loads. Crack widths at peak and residual states increased with increasing peak drift. Based on the experimental observations, it was found that the maximum residual crack width is obtained as a simple function of the extreme tension fiber elongation of the wall tensile fiber within $\pm 30 %$ error. In addition, this paper outlines methods to calculate the volume of repair material for flexural cracks from the extreme tension fiber elongation of the wall. With the fundamental rules found from the experiment in this paper, it will become possible to obtain the maximum crack width and the volume of repair material from simple numerical analysis tools such as a multi-spring line element model.

过去的地震表明，开裂会影响震后功能，并导致钢筋混凝土（RC）墙体建筑的巨额维修费用，即使符合规范的抗震设计可以防止倒塌。工程师应了解最大残余挠曲裂缝宽度和挠曲裂缝所需的修复材料用量，以确定损坏程度和修复成本。本文介绍了在准静力反向循环荷载作用下，对四堵细长钢筋混凝土墙进行的实验活动，研究了约束钢筋和墙体厚度对挠曲裂缝参数的影响。所有挠曲裂缝的宽度都是在达到每个循环的峰值漂移和卸载至零侧向荷载时测量的。峰值漂移和残余状态下的裂缝宽度随着峰值漂移的增加而增加。根据实验观察发现，最大残余裂缝宽度是壁拉伸纤维的极限拉伸纤维伸长率的简单函数，误差在±30%以内。此外，本文还概述了根据墙体极拉伸纤维伸长率计算挠曲裂缝修补材料体积的方法。有了本文从实验中发现的基本规则，就可以通过简单的数值分析工具（如多弹簧线元模型）获得最大裂缝宽度和修复材料体积。

{"title":"Quantitative crack evaluation in slender reinforced concrete walls with rectangular section","authors":"Priyana Rajbhandari , Chanipa Netrattana , Taku Obara , Kono Susumu","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Past earthquakes have shown that cracking affects post-earthquake functionality and accounted for huge repair costs for reinforced concrete (RC) wall buildings, even though the code-compliant seismic design prevents collapse. Engineers should know the maximum residual flexural crack width and volume of repair material needed for the flexural cracks to determine the damage degree and the repair cost. This paper presents the experimental campaign on four RC slender walls that investigated the effect of confining reinforcement and thickness of the wall on flexural crack parameters under quasi-static reversed cyclic loading. The width of all flexural cracks was measured when reaching each cycle peak drift and when unloading to zero lateral loads. Crack widths at peak and residual states increased with increasing peak drift. Based on the experimental observations, it was found that the maximum residual crack width is obtained as a simple function of the extreme tension fiber elongation of the wall tensile fiber within <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo><mn>30</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></math></span> error. In addition, this paper outlines methods to calculate the volume of repair material for flexural cracks from the extreme tension fiber elongation of the wall. With the fundamental rules found from the experiment in this paper, it will become possible to obtain the maximum crack width and the volume of repair material from simple numerical analysis tools such as a multi-spring line element model.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772741624000280/pdfft?md5=f45c30b367905539dc66503edbb30e21&pid=1-s2.0-S2772741624000280-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141960546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0