Resilient Cities and Structures最新文献_第4页

Gravity well-inspired double friction pendulum system for bridges under pulse-like near-fault earthquakes 脉动型近断层地震作用下桥梁重力良好双摩擦摆系统

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2025.02.003

Sasa Cao , Osman E. Ozbulut

When a coin is tossed to a gravity well, it will spiral instead of falling directly to the center. Inspired by this phenomenon, a gravity well-inspired double friction pendulum system (GW-DFPS) is developed to extend the length of sliding trajectories of bridge superstructures during pulse-like near-fault earthquakes. As a result, a greater amount of energy will be dissipated due to the frictional sliding of the isolators. The GW-DFPS consists of a spherical surface and an outer surface described by a 1/x or logarithmic function to build gravity well. Full-scale isolators were fabricated and their response was characterized considering various parameters such as the friction material of slider, surface roughness of sliding surfaces, and applied vertical loads. Additionally, a finite element model of the isolator was created using the experimental test data. Numerical simulations were performed on a case-study bridge structure isolated using both a conventional DFPS system and the proposed GW-DFPS systems. The experimental results reveal that the proposed isolators exhibit stable response under vertical loads varying from 200 kN to 1000 kN with a negative stiffness response when the isolator slides at the outer sliding surface. The numerical simulations of the selected bridge structure demonstrate that the GW-DFPS significantly extends the sliding trajectory lengths of the superstructure during half of the earthquake pulses, resulting in increased energy dissipation during this interval. The kinetic energies of the bridge isolated by GW-DFPS are consistently lower than those of the bridge isolated by the other two kinds of isolators, resulting lower shear forces on the bridge.

当一枚硬币被扔进重力井时，它会呈螺旋状而不是直接落向中心。受这一现象的启发，开发了重力激励双摩擦摆系统（GW-DFPS），以延长脉冲型近断层地震时桥梁上部结构的滑动轨迹长度。结果，由于隔离器的摩擦滑动，更大的能量将被耗散。GW-DFPS由一个球面和一个由1/x或对数函数描述的外表面组成，以建立重力井。考虑滑块摩擦材料、滑块表面粗糙度和施加的垂直载荷等参数，制备了全尺寸的隔振器，并对其响应进行了表征。此外，利用实验测试数据建立了隔振器的有限元模型。采用传统的DFPS系统和所提出的GW-DFPS系统分别对一个桥梁结构进行了数值模拟。实验结果表明，所设计的隔振器在200 ~ 1000 kN的垂直载荷作用下表现出稳定的响应，当隔振器在外滑动面滑动时，隔振器的刚度响应为负。所选桥梁结构的数值模拟表明，GW-DFPS在一半的地震脉冲期间显著延长了上部结构的滑动轨迹长度，从而增加了这段时间内的能量耗散。采用GW-DFPS隔离的桥梁的动能始终低于采用其他两种隔离器隔离的桥梁，因此桥上的剪切力较小。

{"title":"Gravity well-inspired double friction pendulum system for bridges under pulse-like near-fault earthquakes","authors":"Sasa Cao , Osman E. Ozbulut","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2025.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2025.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When a coin is tossed to a gravity well, it will spiral instead of falling directly to the center. Inspired by this phenomenon, a gravity well-inspired double friction pendulum system (GW-DFPS) is developed to extend the length of sliding trajectories of bridge superstructures during pulse-like near-fault earthquakes. As a result, a greater amount of energy will be dissipated due to the frictional sliding of the isolators. The GW-DFPS consists of a spherical surface and an outer surface described by a 1/<em>x</em> or logarithmic function to build gravity well. Full-scale isolators were fabricated and their response was characterized considering various parameters such as the friction material of slider, surface roughness of sliding surfaces, and applied vertical loads. Additionally, a finite element model of the isolator was created using the experimental test data. Numerical simulations were performed on a case-study bridge structure isolated using both a conventional DFPS system and the proposed GW-DFPS systems. The experimental results reveal that the proposed isolators exhibit stable response under vertical loads varying from 200 kN to 1000 kN with a negative stiffness response when the isolator slides at the outer sliding surface. The numerical simulations of the selected bridge structure demonstrate that the GW-DFPS significantly extends the sliding trajectory lengths of the superstructure during half of the earthquake pulses, resulting in increased energy dissipation during this interval. The kinetic energies of the bridge isolated by GW-DFPS are consistently lower than those of the bridge isolated by the other two kinds of isolators, resulting lower shear forces on the bridge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 83-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental and reliability assessment of fire resistance of glue laminated timber beams 胶合木梁耐火性能试验及可靠性评价

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2025.02.004

Satheeskumar Navaratnam , Thisari Munmulla , Pathmanthan Rajeev , Thusiyanthan Ponnampalam , Solomon Tesfamariam

Glue-laminated timber (GLT) is an engineered wood product widely used in mass timber construction for its strong structural and fire-resistant properties. However, the fire performance of GLT varies significantly due to the natural and uncertain phenomena (moisture, exposure time, isotropic, homogenous properties, etc.) of fire and timber. This makes it difficult to predict the fire behaviour of the GLT structural elements. To ensure building safety, it is crucial to assess GLT's fire behaviour and post-fire structural integrity during the design stages. This study conducted the experimental tests of GLT beams (280 mm × 560 mm) without loading (1.4 m) and under a four-point bending load (5.4 m). Tests identified thermal behaviour and charring rates of GLT beam. Then, the residual stiffness of the GLT beam was calculated, and the charring rates of the beams were compared with Australian and European standards. Reliability analysis was conducted for beams for a fire exposure of 120 min, considering the charring rates observed through the analysis and simulating the fire insulations. Results show that the charring rate of GLT made with spruce pine timber varied between 0.43 and 0.81 mm/min, with a mean rate of 0.7 mm/min, aligning with both Australian and European standards. However, considering timber density and moisture content, the charring rates in Australian standards were conservative. The study also found that structural capacity significantly degrades under fire, with a 22 % reduction in flexural stiffness after 120 min of exposure. Additionally, GLT beams can safely function for 30 min under 75 % of their design moment capacity and for 60 min under 50 % capacity.

胶合层积材（GLT）是一种工程木制品，具有较强的结构性能和防火性能，广泛应用于大型木结构建筑中。然而，由于火和木材的自然和不确定现象（湿度、暴露时间、各向同性、均匀性等），GLT的防火性能差异很大。这使得很难预测GLT结构元件的火灾行为。为了确保建筑安全，在设计阶段对GLT的火灾性能和火灾后结构完整性进行评估是至关重要的。本研究对GLT梁（280 mm × 560 mm）进行了无荷载（1.4 m）和四点弯曲荷载（5.4 m）下的试验试验。测试确定了GLT光束的热行为和炭化率。然后，计算了GLT梁的剩余刚度，并将梁的炭化率与澳大利亚和欧洲标准进行了比较。考虑到通过分析和模拟防火隔热层观察到的炭化率，对火灾暴露120 min的梁进行了可靠性分析。结果表明，云杉松材制成的GLT的炭化速率在0.43 ~ 0.81 mm/min之间，平均炭化速率为0.7 mm/min，符合澳大利亚和欧洲标准。然而，考虑到木材密度和水分含量，澳大利亚标准的炭化率是保守的。研究还发现，结构能力在火灾中显著下降，暴露120分钟后，弯曲刚度降低了22% %。此外，GLT梁可以在其设计弯矩容量的75% %下安全运行30分钟，在其设计弯矩容量的50% %下安全运行60分钟。

{"title":"Experimental and reliability assessment of fire resistance of glue laminated timber beams","authors":"Satheeskumar Navaratnam , Thisari Munmulla , Pathmanthan Rajeev , Thusiyanthan Ponnampalam , Solomon Tesfamariam","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2025.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2025.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glue-laminated timber (GLT) is an engineered wood product widely used in mass timber construction for its strong structural and fire-resistant properties. However, the fire performance of GLT varies significantly due to the natural and uncertain phenomena (moisture, exposure time, isotropic, homogenous properties, etc.) of fire and timber. This makes it difficult to predict the fire behaviour of the GLT structural elements. To ensure building safety, it is crucial to assess GLT's fire behaviour and post-fire structural integrity during the design stages. This study conducted the experimental tests of GLT beams (280 mm × 560 mm) without loading (1.4 m) and under a four-point bending load (5.4 m). Tests identified thermal behaviour and charring rates of GLT beam. Then, the residual stiffness of the GLT beam was calculated, and the charring rates of the beams were compared with Australian and European standards. Reliability analysis was conducted for beams for a fire exposure of 120 min, considering the charring rates observed through the analysis and simulating the fire insulations. Results show that the charring rate of GLT made with spruce pine timber varied between 0.43 and 0.81 mm/min, with a mean rate of 0.7 mm/min, aligning with both Australian and European standards. However, considering timber density and moisture content, the charring rates in Australian standards were conservative. The study also found that structural capacity significantly degrades under fire, with a 22 % reduction in flexural stiffness after 120 min of exposure. Additionally, GLT beams can safely function for 30 min under 75 % of their design moment capacity and for 60 min under 50 % capacity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 101-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Seismic resilience design of prefabricated modular pressurized buildings 预制模块化受压建筑抗震设计

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2025.02.002

Zhiwu Ye , Haifeng Bu , Zhimao Liu , Deng Lu , Dong Min , Hongbo Shan

The seismic intensity is generally high in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region of China. The seismic performance of the new prefabricated modular pressurized buildings used to solve the plateau response is insufficient. To solve this problem, the small friction pendulum bearing (FPB) isolation design is proposed for modular pressurized buildings. Firstly, a simplified model of cross-truss support for the pressurized module is proposed to simplify the modeling and calculation of the pressurized buildings. The reasonability of the simplified model is verified by comparing the refined finite element model. Subsequently, according to the FPB design process for modular pressurized buildings, a small FPB for isolation is provided for a two-story modular pressurized building under 8-degree fortification earthquakes. Lastly, the seismic effectiveness and constructional feasibility of the isolation structure are verified compared with the non-isolated structure using dynamic time-history analysis. The study results show that the size of FPBs for modular pressurized buildings should consider both displacement and dimension requirements to weigh seismic isolation performance and installation feasibility, respectively. When adopting FPBs, the response of the structure is significantly reduced, and the seismic isolation effect is obvious. The proposed construction process can improve the seismic resilience of the prefabricated modular pressurized buildings by replacing post-earthquake damaged components quickly. It provides ideas for the seismic isolation design of the prefabricated modular pressurized buildings in high seismic intensity areas.

中国青藏高原地区地震烈度普遍较高。用于解决高原反应的新型预制模块化加压建筑的抗震性能不足。针对这一问题，提出了组合式承压建筑的小摩擦摆轴承隔震设计。首先，提出了受压模块的简化交叉桁架支撑模型，简化了受压建筑的建模和计算。通过与精化有限元模型的比较，验证了简化模型的合理性。随后，根据模块化加压建筑的FPB设计流程，为8度设防地震下的两层模块化加压建筑提供小型隔震FPB。最后，通过动力时程分析与非隔震结构进行对比，验证隔震结构的抗震有效性和施工可行性。研究结果表明，模块化加压建筑用fpb的尺寸应考虑位移和尺寸要求，分别衡量隔震性能和安装可行性。采用FPBs后，结构响应明显降低，隔震效果明显。所提出的施工工艺可以通过快速更换震后损坏构件来提高预制模块化加压建筑的抗震能力。为高烈度地区预制模块化加压建筑的隔震设计提供了思路。

{"title":"Seismic resilience design of prefabricated modular pressurized buildings","authors":"Zhiwu Ye , Haifeng Bu , Zhimao Liu , Deng Lu , Dong Min , Hongbo Shan","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2025.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2025.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The seismic intensity is generally high in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region of China. The seismic performance of the new prefabricated modular pressurized buildings used to solve the plateau response is insufficient. To solve this problem, the small friction pendulum bearing (FPB) isolation design is proposed for modular pressurized buildings. Firstly, a simplified model of cross-truss support for the pressurized module is proposed to simplify the modeling and calculation of the pressurized buildings. The reasonability of the simplified model is verified by comparing the refined finite element model. Subsequently, according to the FPB design process for modular pressurized buildings, a small FPB for isolation is provided for a two-story modular pressurized building under 8-degree fortification earthquakes. Lastly, the seismic effectiveness and constructional feasibility of the isolation structure are verified compared with the non-isolated structure using dynamic time-history analysis. The study results show that the size of FPBs for modular pressurized buildings should consider both displacement and dimension requirements to weigh seismic isolation performance and installation feasibility, respectively. When adopting FPBs, the response of the structure is significantly reduced, and the seismic isolation effect is obvious. The proposed construction process can improve the seismic resilience of the prefabricated modular pressurized buildings by replacing post-earthquake damaged components quickly. It provides ideas for the seismic isolation design of the prefabricated modular pressurized buildings in high seismic intensity areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 53-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Meta databases of steel frame buildings for surrogate modelling and machine learning-based feature importance analysis” [Journal of Resilient Cities and Structures Volume 3 Issue 1 (2024) 20-43] “用于替代建模和基于机器学习的特征重要性分析的钢框架建筑元数据库”的勘误表[Journal of Resilient Cities and Structures卷3第1期（2024）20-43]

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2025.01.001

Delbaz Samadian , Jawad Fayaz , Imrose B. Muhit , Annalisa Occhipinti , Nashwan Dawood

引用次数: 0

A robustness assessment approach for transportation networks with cyber-physical interdependencies 具有网络-物理相互依赖关系的交通网络鲁棒性评估方法

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2025.02.005

Konstantinos Ntafloukas , Liliana Pasquale , Beatriz Martinez-Pastor , Daniel P. McCrum

While in the past the robustness of transportation networks was studied considering the cyber and physical space as isolated environments this is no longer the case. Integrating the Internet of Things devices in the sensing area of transportation infrastructure has resulted in ubiquitous cyber-physical systems and increasing interdependencies between the physical and cyber networks. As a result, the robustness of transportation networks relies on the uninterrupted serviceability of physical and cyber networks. Current studies on interdependent networks overlook the civil engineering aspect of cyber-physical systems. Firstly, they rely on the assumption of a uniform and strong level of interdependency. That is, once a node within a network fails its counterpart fails immediately. Current studies overlook the impact of earthquake and other natural hazards on the operation of modern transportation infrastructure, that now serve as a cyber-physical system. The last is responsible not only for the physical operation (e.g., flow of vehicles) but also for the continuous data transmission and subsequently the cyber operation of the entire transportation network. Therefore, the robustness of modern transportation networks should be modelled from a new cyber-physical perspective that includes civil engineering aspects. In this paper, we propose a new robustness assessment approach for modern transportation networks and their underlying interdependent physical and cyber network, subjected to earthquake events. The novelty relies on the modelling of interdependent networks, in the form of a graph, based on their interdependency levels. We associate the serviceability level of the coupled physical and cyber network with the damage states induced by earthquake events. Robustness is then measured as a degradation of the cyber-physical serviceability level. The application of the approach is demonstrated by studying an illustrative transportation network using seismic data from real-world transportation infrastructure. Furthermore, we propose the integration of a robustness improvement indicator based on physical and cyber attributes to enhance the cyber-physical serviceability level. Results indicate an improvement in robustness level (i.e., 41 %) by adopting the proposed robustness improvement indicator. The usefulness of our approach is highlighted by comparing it with other methods that consider strong interdependencies and key node protection strategies. The approach is of interest to stakeholders who are attempting to incorporate cyber-physical systems into civil engineering systems.

虽然在过去，交通网络的稳健性是考虑到网络和物理空间作为孤立的环境来研究的，但现在已经不是这样了。将物联网设备集成到交通基础设施的传感领域，导致无处不在的网络-物理系统和物理网络与网络网络之间的相互依赖性日益增强。因此，运输网络的健壮性依赖于物理和网络网络的不间断可维护性。目前对相互依赖网络的研究忽视了信息物理系统的土木工程方面。首先，它们依赖于一种统一的、高度相互依赖的假设。也就是说，一旦网络中的一个节点出现故障，其对应节点就会立即出现故障。目前的研究忽视了地震和其他自然灾害对现代交通基础设施运行的影响，这些基础设施现在是一个网络物理系统。后者不仅负责物理操作（例如车辆流动），还负责整个交通网络的连续数据传输和随后的网络操作。因此，现代交通网络的稳健性应从包括土木工程方面在内的新的网络物理角度进行建模。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的鲁棒性评估方法，用于现代交通网络及其潜在的相互依赖的物理和网络网络，受到地震事件的影响。这种新颖性依赖于相互依赖网络的建模，以图表的形式，基于它们的相互依赖程度。我们将物理和网络耦合网络的可用性水平与地震事件引起的破坏状态联系起来。然后，健壮性被衡量为网络物理可服务性水平的退化。通过对实际交通基础设施地震数据的交通网络进行研究，验证了该方法的应用。此外，我们提出了基于物理和网络属性的鲁棒性改进指标的集成，以提高网络物理服务水平。结果表明，通过采用提出的稳健性改进指标，稳健性水平有所提高（即41%）。通过将我们的方法与其他考虑强相互依赖性和关键节点保护策略的方法进行比较，突出了我们方法的实用性。该方法对试图将网络物理系统纳入土木工程系统的利益相关者很感兴趣。

{"title":"A robustness assessment approach for transportation networks with cyber-physical interdependencies","authors":"Konstantinos Ntafloukas , Liliana Pasquale , Beatriz Martinez-Pastor , Daniel P. McCrum","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2025.02.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2025.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While in the past the robustness of transportation networks was studied considering the cyber and physical space as isolated environments this is no longer the case. Integrating the Internet of Things devices in the sensing area of transportation infrastructure has resulted in ubiquitous cyber-physical systems and increasing interdependencies between the physical and cyber networks. As a result, the robustness of transportation networks relies on the uninterrupted serviceability of physical and cyber networks. Current studies on interdependent networks overlook the civil engineering aspect of cyber-physical systems. Firstly, they rely on the assumption of a uniform and strong level of interdependency. That is, once a node within a network fails its counterpart fails immediately. Current studies overlook the impact of earthquake and other natural hazards on the operation of modern transportation infrastructure, that now serve as a cyber-physical system. The last is responsible not only for the physical operation (e.g., flow of vehicles) but also for the continuous data transmission and subsequently the cyber operation of the entire transportation network. Therefore, the robustness of modern transportation networks should be modelled from a new cyber-physical perspective that includes civil engineering aspects. In this paper, we propose a new robustness assessment approach for modern transportation networks and their underlying interdependent physical and cyber network, subjected to earthquake events. The novelty relies on the modelling of interdependent networks, in the form of a graph, based on their interdependency levels. We associate the serviceability level of the coupled physical and cyber network with the damage states induced by earthquake events. Robustness is then measured as a degradation of the cyber-physical serviceability level. The application of the approach is demonstrated by studying an illustrative transportation network using seismic data from real-world transportation infrastructure. Furthermore, we propose the integration of a robustness improvement indicator based on physical and cyber attributes to enhance the cyber-physical serviceability level. Results indicate an improvement in robustness level (i.e., 41 %) by adopting the proposed robustness improvement indicator. The usefulness of our approach is highlighted by comparing it with other methods that consider strong interdependencies and key node protection strategies. The approach is of interest to stakeholders who are attempting to incorporate cyber-physical systems into civil engineering systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 71-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investing in resilience: A long-term analysis of china's flood protection strategies 投资于抗灾能力：对中国防洪战略的长期分析

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2025.03.001

Koji Watanabe , Mikio Ishiwatari , Daisuke Sasaki , Akiko Sakamoto , Mikiyasu Nakayama

Investing in disaster risk reduction is crucial for minimizing the impacts of disasters. However, little is known about the factors that influence changes in investment levels over time. This study aims to identify the key socio-economic drivers behind increases and decreases in flood protection investment in People's Republic of China (PRC). Such information is crucial for policy makers to justify flood investments. By analyzing data on flood protection expenditures, economic losses from floods, and other relevant indicators from 1980 to 2020, the study evaluates the relationship between investment and disaster impacts through the lens of the flood investment cycle model. It was found that the country succeeded in reducing flood damage because of increasing investment in flood protection. The results indicate that changes in PRC's flood protection investment have been driven by three major factors: the occurrence of major disasters, the fiscal situation, and shifts in government policies. Investment tended to increase following large-scale events, such as the 1998 Yangtze River Basin flood and the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, which prompted policy changes and renewed focus on DRR measures. Fiscal constraints limited investment in the 1990s, but reforms and stimulus measures improved the financial situation, enabling increased spending on flood protection. PRC's experience in steadily reducing flood damage through sustained investment and policy commitment offers valuable lessons for other developing countries facing similar challenges.

投资于减少灾害风险对于尽量减少灾害影响至关重要。然而，人们对影响投资水平随时间变化的因素知之甚少。本研究旨在确定中国防洪投资增减背后的主要社会经济驱动因素。这些信息对于决策者判断洪水投资的合理性至关重要。通过分析1980 - 2020年的防洪支出、洪水经济损失等相关指标，运用洪水投资周期模型对投资与灾害影响的关系进行了评价。人们发现，由于增加了防洪投资，该国成功地减少了洪水损失。结果表明，中国防洪投资的变化主要受三大因素驱动：重大灾害的发生、财政状况和政府政策的转变。在1998年长江流域洪水和2008年汶川地震等大型事件发生后，投资往往会增加，这些事件促使政策发生变化，并重新关注减灾措施。20世纪90年代，财政限制限制了投资，但改革和刺激措施改善了财政状况，增加了防洪支出。中国通过持续的投资和政策承诺稳步减少洪涝灾害的经验，为其他面临类似挑战的发展中国家提供了宝贵的经验。

{"title":"Investing in resilience: A long-term analysis of china's flood protection strategies","authors":"Koji Watanabe , Mikio Ishiwatari , Daisuke Sasaki , Akiko Sakamoto , Mikiyasu Nakayama","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investing in disaster risk reduction is crucial for minimizing the impacts of disasters. However, little is known about the factors that influence changes in investment levels over time. This study aims to identify the key socio-economic drivers behind increases and decreases in flood protection investment in People's Republic of China (PRC). Such information is crucial for policy makers to justify flood investments. By analyzing data on flood protection expenditures, economic losses from floods, and other relevant indicators from 1980 to 2020, the study evaluates the relationship between investment and disaster impacts through the lens of the flood investment cycle model. It was found that the country succeeded in reducing flood damage because of increasing investment in flood protection. The results indicate that changes in PRC's flood protection investment have been driven by three major factors: the occurrence of major disasters, the fiscal situation, and shifts in government policies. Investment tended to increase following large-scale events, such as the 1998 Yangtze River Basin flood and the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, which prompted policy changes and renewed focus on DRR measures. Fiscal constraints limited investment in the 1990s, but reforms and stimulus measures improved the financial situation, enabling increased spending on flood protection. PRC's experience in steadily reducing flood damage through sustained investment and policy commitment offers valuable lessons for other developing countries facing similar challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 115-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Digital twin-based resilience evaluation and intelligent strategies of smart urban water distribution networks for emergency management 基于数字孪生的城市智慧配水网络应急管理弹性评估与智能策略

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2025.02.001

Hongyan Dui , Taiyu Cao , Fan Wang

Resilient smart urban water distribution networks are essential to ensure smooth urban operation and maintain daily water services. However, the dynamics and complexity of smart water distribution networks make its resilience study face many challenges. The introduction of digital twin technology provides an innovative solution for the resilience study of smart water distribution networks, which can more effectively support the network's real-time monitoring and intelligent control. This paper proposes a digital twin architecture of smart water distribution networks, laying the foundation for the resilience assessment of water distribution networks. Based on this, a performance evaluation model based on user satisfaction is proposed, which can more intuitively and effectively reflect the performance of urban water supply services. Meanwhile, we propose a method to quantify the importance of water distribution pipes' residual resilience, considering the time value to optimize the recovery sequence of failed pipes and develop targeted preventive maintenance strategies. Finally, to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, this paper applies it to a water distribution network. The results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the resilience and enhance the overall resilience of smart urban water distribution networks.

弹性智能城市配水网络对于确保城市平稳运行和维持日常供水服务至关重要。然而，智能配水网络的动态性和复杂性使其弹性研究面临许多挑战。数字孪生技术的引入，为智能配水网络弹性研究提供了一种创新的解决方案，可以更有效地支持网络的实时监控和智能控制。本文提出了智能配水网络的数字孪生体系结构，为配水网络的弹性评估奠定了基础。在此基础上，提出了基于用户满意度的绩效评价模型，该模型能更直观有效地反映城市供水服务绩效。同时，我们提出了一种量化配水管剩余弹性重要性的方法，考虑时间值来优化失效管道的恢复顺序，并制定有针对性的预防性维护策略。最后，为了验证该方法的有效性，本文将其应用于一个配水网络。结果表明，该方法能显著提高城市智慧配水网络的弹性，增强其整体弹性。

{"title":"Digital twin-based resilience evaluation and intelligent strategies of smart urban water distribution networks for emergency management","authors":"Hongyan Dui , Taiyu Cao , Fan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2025.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2025.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Resilient smart urban water distribution networks are essential to ensure smooth urban operation and maintain daily water services. However, the dynamics and complexity of smart water distribution networks make its resilience study face many challenges. The introduction of digital twin technology provides an innovative solution for the resilience study of smart water distribution networks, which can more effectively support the network's real-time monitoring and intelligent control. This paper proposes a digital twin architecture of smart water distribution networks, laying the foundation for the resilience assessment of water distribution networks. Based on this, a performance evaluation model based on user satisfaction is proposed, which can more intuitively and effectively reflect the performance of urban water supply services. Meanwhile, we propose a method to quantify the importance of water distribution pipes' residual resilience, considering the time value to optimize the recovery sequence of failed pipes and develop targeted preventive maintenance strategies. Finally, to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, this paper applies it to a water distribution network. The results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the resilience and enhance the overall resilience of smart urban water distribution networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 41-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An integrated decision-making approach to resilience–LCC Bridge network retrofitting using a genetic algorithm-based framework 基于遗传算法框架的lcc桥梁网络弹性改造综合决策方法

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2024.12.002

Pedram Omidian , Naser Khaji , Ali Akbar Aghakouchak

Bridge networks are essential components of civil infrastructure, supporting communities by delivering vital services and facilitating economic activities. However, bridges are vulnerable to natural disasters, particularly earthquakes. To develop an effective disaster management strategy, it is critical to identify reliable, robust, and efficient indicators. In this regard, Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) and Resilience (R) serve as key indicators to assist decision-makers in selecting the most effective disaster risk reduction plans. This study proposes an innovative LCC–R optimization framework to identify the most optimal retrofit strategies for bridge networks facing hazardous events during their lifespan. The proposed framework employs both single- and multi-objective optimization techniques to identify retrofit strategies that maximize the R index while minimizing the LCC for the under-study bridge networks. The considered retrofit strategies include various options such as different materials (steel, CFRP, and GFRP), thicknesses, arrangements, and timing of retrofitting actions. The first step in the proposed framework involves constructing fragility curves by performing a series of nonlinear time-history incremental dynamic analyses for each case. In the subsequent step, the seismic resilience surfaces are calculated using the obtained fragility curves and assuming a recovery function. Next, the LCC is evaluated according to the proposed formulation for multiple seismic occurrences, which incorporates the effects of complete and incomplete repair actions resulting from previous multiple seismic events. For optimization purposes, the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) evolutionary algorithm efficiently identifies the Pareto front to represent the optimal set of solutions. The study presents the most effective retrofit strategies for an illustrative bridge network, providing a comprehensive discussion and insights into the resulting tactical approaches. The findings underscore that the methodologies employed lead to logical and actionable retrofit strategies, paving the way for enhanced resilience and cost-effectiveness in bridge network management against seismic hazards.

桥梁网络是民用基础设施的重要组成部分，通过提供重要服务和促进经济活动来支持社区。然而，桥梁容易受到自然灾害的影响，尤其是地震。为了制定有效的灾害管理战略，确定可靠、稳健和高效的指标至关重要。在这方面，生命周期成本（LCC）和恢复力(R)是帮助决策者选择最有效的减灾计划的关键指标。本研究提出了一个创新的lc - r优化框架，以确定在其生命周期内面临危险事件的桥梁网络的最优改造策略。所提出的框架采用单目标和多目标优化技术来确定改造策略，以最大化R指数，同时最小化所研究桥梁网络的LCC。考虑的改造策略包括各种选择，如不同的材料（钢、碳纤维增强塑料和玻璃钢）、厚度、安排和改造行动的时间。该框架的第一步涉及通过对每种情况进行一系列非线性时程增量动态分析来构建脆弱性曲线。在接下来的步骤中，使用得到的易损性曲线并假设恢复函数计算地震恢复面。接下来，根据多次地震发生的建议公式评估LCC，其中包括以前多次地震事件导致的完全和不完全修复行动的影响。基于优化目的，非支配排序遗传算法II （non - dominant Sorting Genetic Algorithm II, NSGA-II）进化算法能够有效地识别Pareto front来表示最优解集。本研究提出了一个示范性桥梁网络的最有效的改造策略，提供了对由此产生的战术方法的全面讨论和见解。研究结果强调，所采用的方法导致了逻辑和可操作的改造策略，为增强桥梁网络管理抵御地震灾害的弹性和成本效益铺平了道路。

{"title":"An integrated decision-making approach to resilience–LCC Bridge network retrofitting using a genetic algorithm-based framework","authors":"Pedram Omidian , Naser Khaji , Ali Akbar Aghakouchak","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bridge networks are essential components of civil infrastructure, supporting communities by delivering vital services and facilitating economic activities. However, bridges are vulnerable to natural disasters, particularly earthquakes. To develop an effective disaster management strategy, it is critical to identify reliable, robust, and efficient indicators. In this regard, Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) and Resilience (R) serve as key indicators to assist decision-makers in selecting the most effective disaster risk reduction plans. This study proposes an innovative LCC–R optimization framework to identify the most optimal retrofit strategies for bridge networks facing hazardous events during their lifespan. The proposed framework employs both single- and multi-objective optimization techniques to identify retrofit strategies that maximize the R index while minimizing the LCC for the under-study bridge networks. The considered retrofit strategies include various options such as different materials (steel, CFRP, and GFRP), thicknesses, arrangements, and timing of retrofitting actions. The first step in the proposed framework involves constructing fragility curves by performing a series of nonlinear time-history incremental dynamic analyses for each case. In the subsequent step, the seismic resilience surfaces are calculated using the obtained fragility curves and assuming a recovery function. Next, the LCC is evaluated according to the proposed formulation for multiple seismic occurrences, which incorporates the effects of complete and incomplete repair actions resulting from previous multiple seismic events. For optimization purposes, the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) evolutionary algorithm efficiently identifies the Pareto front to represent the optimal set of solutions. The study presents the most effective retrofit strategies for an illustrative bridge network, providing a comprehensive discussion and insights into the resulting tactical approaches. The findings underscore that the methodologies employed lead to logical and actionable retrofit strategies, paving the way for enhanced resilience and cost-effectiveness in bridge network management against seismic hazards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 16-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143172563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stochastic response of steel columns subjected to lateral blast based on modified single degree of freedom (MSDOF) method 基于修正单自由度法的钢柱侧向爆炸随机响应研究

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2024-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2024.12.001

Mohammad Momeni , Chiara Bedon , Mohammad Ali Hadianfard , Sina Malekpour

This paper aims to evaluate the stochastic response of steel columns subjected to blast loads using the modified single degree of freedom (MSDOF) method, which assessed towards the conventional single degree of freedom (SDOF) and the experimentally validated Finite Element (FE) methods (LSDYNA). For this purpose, special attention is given to calculating the response of H-shaped steel columns under blast. The damage amount is determined based on the support rotation criterion, which is expressed as a function of their maximum lateral mid-span displacement. To account for uncertainties in input parameters and obtain the failure probability, the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method is employed, complemented by the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) method to reduce the number of simulations. A parametric analysis is hence performed to examine the effect of several input parameters (including both deterministic and probabilistic parameters) on the probability of column damage as a function of support rotation. First, the MSDOF method confirms its higher accuracy in estimating the probability of column damage due to blast, compared to the conventional SDOF. The collected results also show that uncertainties of several input parameters have significant effects on the column behavior. In particular, geometric parameters (including cross-sectional characteristics, boundary conditions and column length) have major effect on the corresponding column response, in the same way of input blast load parameters and material properties.

本文采用改进的单自由度法（MSDOF）对钢柱在爆炸荷载作用下的随机响应进行了评估，该方法将传统的单自由度法（SDOF）和实验验证的有限元法（LSDYNA）相结合。为此，特别注意计算h型钢柱在爆炸作用下的响应。根据支座旋转准则确定损伤量，并将其表示为最大跨中侧向位移的函数。为了考虑输入参数的不确定性并获得失效概率，采用蒙特卡罗模拟（MCS）方法，并结合拉丁超立方采样（LHS）方法减少模拟次数。因此，进行了参数分析，以检查几个输入参数（包括确定性和概率参数）对柱损伤概率的影响，作为支撑旋转的函数。首先，与传统的SDOF方法相比，msof方法在估计爆炸引起的柱损伤概率方面具有更高的准确性。收集的结果还表明，几个输入参数的不确定性对柱的性能有显著影响。特别是几何参数（包括截面特征、边界条件和柱长）对相应的柱响应有重要影响，输入爆炸荷载参数和材料性能也是如此。

{"title":"Stochastic response of steel columns subjected to lateral blast based on modified single degree of freedom (MSDOF) method","authors":"Mohammad Momeni , Chiara Bedon , Mohammad Ali Hadianfard , Sina Malekpour","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper aims to evaluate the stochastic response of steel columns subjected to blast loads using the modified single degree of freedom (MSDOF) method, which assessed towards the conventional single degree of freedom (SDOF) and the experimentally validated Finite Element (FE) methods (LSDYNA). For this purpose, special attention is given to calculating the response of H-shaped steel columns under blast. The damage amount is determined based on the support rotation criterion, which is expressed as a function of their maximum lateral mid-span displacement. To account for uncertainties in input parameters and obtain the failure probability, the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method is employed, complemented by the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) method to reduce the number of simulations. A parametric analysis is hence performed to examine the effect of several input parameters (including both deterministic and probabilistic parameters) on the probability of column damage as a function of support rotation. First, the MSDOF method confirms its higher accuracy in estimating the probability of column damage due to blast, compared to the conventional SDOF. The collected results also show that uncertainties of several input parameters have significant effects on the column behavior. In particular, geometric parameters (including cross-sectional characteristics, boundary conditions and column length) have major effect on the corresponding column response, in the same way of input blast load parameters and material properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143172560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The MDOF equivalent linear system and its applications in seismic analysis and design of framed structures mof等效线性体系及其在框架结构抗震分析与设计中的应用

Resilient Cities and Structures

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcns.2024.11.003

E.V. Muho , N.A. Kalapodis , G.A. Papagiannopoulos , D.E. Beskos

This paper reviews the applications of the multi degree-of-freedom (MDOF) equivalent linear system in seismic analysis and design of planar steel and reinforced concrete framed structures. An equivalent MDOF linear structure, analogous to the original MDOF nonlinear structure, is constructed, which has the same mass and elastic stiffness as the original structure and modal damping ratios that account for the effects of geometrical and material nonlinearities. The equivalence implies a balance between the viscous damping work of the equivalent linear structure and that of the nonlinearities in the original nonlinear structure. This work balance is established with the aid of a transfer function in the frequency domain. Thus, equivalent modal damping ratios can be explicitly determined in terms of the period and deformation levels of the structure as well as the soil types. Use of these equivalent modal damping ratios can help address a variety of seismic analysis and design problems associated with planar steel and reinforced concrete framed structures in a rational and accurate manner. These include force - based seismic design with the aid of acceleration response spectra characterized by high amounts of damping, improved direct displacement-based seismic design and the development of advanced seismic intensity measures. The equivalent modal damping ratios are also utilized in the context of linear modal analysis for the definition and construction of the MDOF response spectrum. Furthermore, the equivalent modal damping ratios are employed in a seismic retrofit method for steel-framed structures with viscous dampers. Finally, it is demonstrated that modal behavior (or strength reduction) factors can be easily constructed based on these modal damping ratios for a more rational and accurate force-based seismic design, including the determination of inelastic displacement profiles.

本文综述了多自由度等效线性体系在平面钢和钢筋混凝土框架结构抗震分析和设计中的应用。构造了等效的MDOF线性结构，与原始MDOF非线性结构类似，具有与原始结构相同的质量和弹性刚度，并且考虑了几何非线性和材料非线性的模态阻尼比。等效性意味着等效线性结构的粘性阻尼功与原非线性结构的非线性阻尼功之间的平衡。这种功平衡是借助于频域的传递函数来建立的。因此，等效模态阻尼比可以根据结构的周期和变形水平以及土壤类型明确确定。使用这些等效模态阻尼比可以帮助以合理和准确的方式解决与平面钢和钢筋混凝土框架结构相关的各种地震分析和设计问题。其中包括基于力的地震设计，借助于以大量阻尼为特征的加速度响应谱，改进的直接基于位移的地震设计和先进地震烈度测量的发展。在线性模态分析的背景下，等效模态阻尼比也被用于定义和构建多自由度响应谱。此外，将等效模态阻尼比应用于粘滞阻尼器钢架结构的抗震加固方法。最后，研究表明，基于这些模态阻尼比，可以很容易地构建模态行为（或强度折减）因子，从而实现更合理、更准确的基于力的抗震设计，包括确定非弹性位移剖面。

{"title":"The MDOF equivalent linear system and its applications in seismic analysis and design of framed structures","authors":"E.V. Muho , N.A. Kalapodis , G.A. Papagiannopoulos , D.E. Beskos","doi":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcns.2024.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper reviews the applications of the multi degree-of-freedom (MDOF) equivalent linear system in seismic analysis and design of planar steel and reinforced concrete framed structures. An equivalent MDOF linear structure, analogous to the original MDOF nonlinear structure, is constructed, which has the same mass and elastic stiffness as the original structure and modal damping ratios that account for the effects of geometrical and material nonlinearities. The equivalence implies a balance between the viscous damping work of the equivalent linear structure and that of the nonlinearities in the original nonlinear structure. This work balance is established with the aid of a transfer function in the frequency domain. Thus, equivalent modal damping ratios can be explicitly determined in terms of the period and deformation levels of the structure as well as the soil types. Use of these equivalent modal damping ratios can help address a variety of seismic analysis and design problems associated with planar steel and reinforced concrete framed structures in a rational and accurate manner. These include force - based seismic design with the aid of acceleration response spectra characterized by high amounts of damping, improved direct displacement-based seismic design and the development of advanced seismic intensity measures. The equivalent modal damping ratios are also utilized in the context of linear modal analysis for the definition and construction of the MDOF response spectrum. Furthermore, the equivalent modal damping ratios are employed in a seismic retrofit method for steel-framed structures with viscous dampers. Finally, it is demonstrated that modal behavior (or strength reduction) factors can be easily constructed based on these modal damping ratios for a more rational and accurate force-based seismic design, including the determination of inelastic displacement profiles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101077,"journal":{"name":"Resilient Cities and Structures","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 107-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0