Watershed Ecology and the Environment最新文献_第3页

Erratum regarding previously published articles 关于以前发表的文章的勘误

Watershed Ecology and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wsee.2025.01.003

引用次数: 0

How far have roadside curb inlets evolved towards sustainable urban drainage? 路边路沿入口向可持续城市排水系统发展了多少？

Watershed Ecology and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wsee.2025.05.003

Aamer Majid Bhat , Indra Mani Tripathi , Pranab Kumar Mohapatra

Stormwater management has become a critical issue, particularly with the ongoing urbanization and the impacts of climate change. Roadside curb inlets are key components of grey infrastructure that convey stormwater to various drainage systems. Curb inlets for conventional drainage systems are typically long, whereas they are usually shorter for directing stormwater to sustainable green stormwater infrastructures (GSIs), such as a roadside bioretention cell. As shorter curb inlets drain stormwater to GSIs, they have noteworthy advantages over conventional inlets such as environmental sustainability, urban flood resilience, pollution control, improved public health, and mitigating urban heat stress. This perspective aims to present a global outlook on the implementation of sustainable GSI curb inlets while also exploring the transition from conventional to sustainable systems. While some countries such as the USA, Canada, and China have adopted sustainable drainage practices including curb inlets, most regions, such as South Asia, Central America, and Africa are still far from embracing these practices. For the wider implementation of sustainable curb inlets with GSIs, recommendations include framing policies at the ministry level, raising awareness through research institutes, and educating the public on the benefits of sustainable drainage. For efficient design, it’s crucial to understand curb inlet hydraulics, consider various design parameters, monitor for clogging and sediment buildup, and account for climate change impacts.

雨水管理已成为一个关键问题，特别是在持续的城市化和气候变化的影响下。路边入口是灰色基础设施的关键组成部分，将雨水输送到各种排水系统。传统排水系统的排水口通常很长，而将雨水引入可持续的绿色雨水基础设施（GSIs）（例如路边的生物储存池）的排水口通常较短。由于较短的路边入口将雨水排入gsi，因此与传统入口相比，它们具有显著的优势，如环境可持续性、城市洪水抵御能力、污染控制、改善公共卫生和减轻城市热应力。这一观点旨在呈现可持续GSI遏制入口实施的全球前景，同时也探索从传统到可持续系统的过渡。虽然美国、加拿大和中国等一些国家已经采取了可持续排水措施，包括控制进水口，但大多数地区，如南亚、中美洲和非洲，还远远没有采取这些措施。为了更广泛地实施可持续排水系统，建议包括在部委层面制定政策，通过研究机构提高认识，并向公众宣传可持续排水的好处。为了实现高效设计，了解节流水力学、考虑各种设计参数、监测堵塞和沉积物积聚以及考虑气候变化的影响至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Integrating socio-economic zones into water resource analysis under land use change and climate variability in the Okavango basin 将社会经济区域纳入奥卡万戈盆地土地利用变化和气候变率下的水资源分析

Watershed Ecology and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wsee.2025.06.003

Blessing Kavhu , Zama Eric Mashimbye , Linda Luvuno , Udita Sanga

The impacts of land use/land cover (LULC) change and climate variability on surface water availability is critical for informing transboundary water management. However, most hydrological models overlook the socio-economic (SE) heterogeneity of basins, potentially leading to oversimplified or inaccurate conclusions. This study aims to analyze the value of integrating socio-economic zones into hydrological analysis when disentangling the effects of LULC change and climate variability on surface water yield in the Okavango Basin. Using the InVEST water yield model, we simulated surface water availability for the years 2004, 2013, and 2020, achieving strong agreement with observed discharge data (R² = 0.88, p < 0.05). Results show a basin-wide decline in mean surface water depth from 459 mm in 2004 to 299 mm in 2020, a 35 % reduction, consistent with regional drying trends and increasing anthropogenic pressures. Climate variability emerged as the dominant driver of change, explaining 81.7 % and 78.5 % of water yield variation during 2004–2013 and 2013–2020, respectively. However, in highly modified zones such as SE 2, 7, and 13, LULC change accounted for over 50 % of the variation, underscoring the spatial heterogeneity of hydrological drivers. By incorporating socio-economic zoning, this study offers a more nuanced and policy-relevant understanding of surface water dynamics and supports the design of targeted, zone-specific water management strategies in transboundary contexts.

土地利用/土地覆盖（LULC）变化和气候变率对地表水可用性的影响对于跨界水资源管理至关重要。然而，大多数水文模型忽略了流域的社会经济（SE）异质性，可能导致过于简化或不准确的结论。本研究旨在分析在解开LULC变化和气候变率对奥卡万戈流域地表水产量的影响时，将社会经济区域纳入水文分析的价值。利用InVEST产水模型，我们模拟了2004年、2013年和2020年的地表水可用性，结果与观测到的排放数据非常吻合(R2 = 0.88, p <；0.05)。结果表明，流域平均地表水深度从2004年的459 mm下降到2020年的299 mm，减少了35%，与区域干旱趋势和人为压力增加相一致。2004-2013年和2013-2020年期间，气候变率分别解释了81.7%和78.5%的产水量变化。然而，在SE 2、SE 7和SE 13等高度变化区，LULC变化占了50%以上的变化，凸显了水文驱动因素的空间异质性。通过纳入社会经济区划，本研究提供了对地表水动态的更细致和与政策相关的理解，并支持在跨境背景下设计有针对性的、特定区域的水管理策略。

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引用次数: 0

Soil quality assessment and land capability evaluation for determining integrated watershed management model through SWOT analysis and AHP method in Arjasa Sub-watershed, Indonesia 采用SWOT分析法和AHP法对印尼Arjasa子流域进行土壤质量评价和土地能力评价，确定流域综合治理模式

Watershed Ecology and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wsee.2025.02.001

Bambang Hermiyanto , Cindia Mawarni , Sugeng Winarso , Subhan Arief Budiman

Arjasa sub-watershed is the upstream area of Bedadung watershed, playing a significant role in Jember Regency. Damage to this area can be caused by inappropriate land use and management, leading to a substantial reduction in the health of Bedadung watershed. Despite the significant role, there is no information on the level of soil quality and land capability in Arjasa sub-watershed that can be used for condition monitoring. Furthermore, there is a lack of previous analysis on determining the integrated watershed management model (IWMM). Therefore, this study aims to define the level of soil quality and land capability classes (LCC) as well as construct appropriate IWMM through SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis and AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method. The research revealed that the average SQI ranges between the low category (0.38) in cluster 3, medium (0.49 – 0.53) in clusters 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and the good category (0, 77) in cluster 4. The indicators determining SQI included in MDS are Ca, organic C, pH H2O, and base saturation, respectively. Apart from that, this research identified four LCCs, namely classes IV, VI, VII, and VIII with the main limiting factors being permeability, erosion rate, and slope. Class IV is found in cluster 1 and Cluster 7 with a total area of 626.6 ha (18.6 %). Class VI is found in cluster 5 with a total area of 107.6 ha (3.2). Class VII is found in clusters 2, 3, and 6 with a total area of 2,132.1 ha (63.4 %). Meanwhile, Class VIII is in cluster 4 with a total area of 497.8 ha (14.8 %). From the aspect of land capability, only clusters 1 and 7 can be used for agricultural cultivation, while the other clusters are not suitable for agricultural land. It was concluded that the main priority of IWMM models those suitable to the characteristic of the research site is law enforcement against offenders of illegal logging and inappropriate land use practices.

Arjasa子流域是贝大东流域的上游地区，在11月摄政期间发挥了重要作用。不适当的土地使用和管理可能对这一地区造成损害，导致贝大洞流域的健康状况大幅下降。尽管具有重要作用，但没有关于Arjasa次流域土壤质量和土地能力水平的信息可用于条件监测。此外，对于流域综合管理模式（IWMM）的确定，前人也缺乏相关的分析。因此，本研究旨在通过SWOT （Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats）分析和AHP （Analytical Hierarchy Process）方法定义土壤质量水平和土地能力等级（LCC），并构建相应的IWMM。研究表明，平均SQI范围在聚类3的低类别（0.38），聚类1、2、5、6、7的中类别（0.49 - 0.53）和聚类4的好类别（0,77）之间。MDS中测定SQI的指标分别为Ca、有机C、pH H2O和碱饱和度。此外，本研究还确定了4个lcc，即IV、VI、VII和VIII类，其主要限制因素是渗透率、侵蚀速率和坡度。IV类分布在集群1和集群7，总面积为626.6 ha（18.6%）。第VI类位于第5群，总面积为107.6公顷（3.2）。第七类分布在集群2、3和6，总面积为2132.1公顷（63.4%）。第八类在第四集群，总面积497.8 ha（14.8%）。从用地容量来看，只有集群1和集群7可用于农业种植，其他集群均不适宜用于农业用地。结论认为，适合研究地点特点的IWMM模型的主要优先事项是对非法采伐和不适当土地利用行为的罪犯进行执法。

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引用次数: 0

Satellite-based alpine water dynamics response to climate change across the Tibetan Plateau 基于卫星的青藏高原高寒水动态对气候变化的响应

Watershed Ecology and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wsee.2025.05.007

Yuling Liang , Hui Zhao , Meihong Wang , Xiaodan Wang

The spatiotemporal water dynamics across the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are important for sustainable utilization and management of water resources in Asia, particularly under the influence of climate change. However, comprehensive assessments of the long-term variations in lakes, marshlands, and terrestrial water storage (TWS) across the TP remain limited. This study utilized a long-term series of Landsat images of the TP to create annual lake maps with 30-m spatial resolution for the period 1990–2022, using a surface water frequency algorithm and Google Earth Engine (GEE). Based on the derived maps, the spatiotemporal trends of marshland area (MA) were analyzed. We also investigated changes in TWS from 2002 to 2022 using GRACE and GRACE-FO data products. Furthermore, we conducted a quantitative analysis of the drivers of changes in lake area (LA) and TWS. Results show that from 1990 to the 2020s, both LA and the number of lakes increased rapidly, with the most pronounced changes occurring in the Inner Plateau. In contrast, MA exhibited a declining trend during 1990–2020, also predominantly in the Inner Plateau. TWS exhibited an overall increasing trend, predominantly occurring in the Inner Plateau, where lakes are most densely distributed—mirroring the spatial pattern of lake expansion. The findings of this study could assist both the government and the general public in confronting the escalating challenges regarding water resources and water security in China.

青藏高原时空水动态对亚洲水资源的可持续利用和管理具有重要意义，特别是在气候变化的影响下。然而，对整个青藏高原湖泊、沼泽地和陆地储水量（TWS）长期变化的综合评估仍然有限。本研究利用青藏高原的一系列长期Landsat图像，利用地表水频率算法和谷歌地球引擎（GEE），创建了1990-2022年期间30米空间分辨率的年度湖泊地图。在此基础上，分析了湿地面积的时空变化趋势。我们还使用GRACE和GRACE- fo数据产品调查了2002年至2022年TWS的变化。此外，我们还对湖泊面积（LA）和TWS变化的驱动因素进行了定量分析。结果表明：1990 ~ 21世纪20年代，湖泊数量和LA均呈快速增长趋势，其中以内高原变化最为明显；1990—2020年，MA呈下降趋势，且主要集中在高原腹地。TWS总体呈增加趋势，主要发生在湖泊分布最密集的内高原地区，反映了湖泊扩张的空间格局。本研究的结果可以帮助政府和公众应对中国水资源和水安全方面日益严峻的挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon and nutrients in the southern Sundarbans of Bangladesh 孟加拉国孙德尔本斯南部土壤有机碳和养分的空间分布

Watershed Ecology and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wsee.2025.03.005

Abu Bakar Siddique , Muhaiminul Islam , Nishat Tasnim , Abdullah Al Maruf , Abu Sayed Al Helal , Masum Howlader

The Sundarbans, the world’s largest mangrove forest plays a crucial role in carbon sequestration and coastal ecosystem stability. This study investigated the spatial distribution of surface soil nutrients, organic carbon (%OC), salinity, and pH, along with their interrelationships, at a regional scale in the southern part of the Sundarbans. In this study, a total of 21 soil samples were taken from 10 cm depth at 21 locations in the southern part of the Sundarbans areas. The surface soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory to determine essential soil properties, including organic carbon (%OC), nitrogen (%N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), pH, electric conductivity (EC), and salinity. The results showed spatial variations of nutrient concentrations, with higher surface soil organic carbon (%OC) and nutrient levels observed in areas with lower salinity and pH. Pearson’s correlation matrix (PCM) analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between surface OC and both salinity and pH (p < 0.05). Moreover, the soils were predominantly silt-textured, with nutrient levels ranging from normal to brackish-saline, largely influenced by salinity intrusion. Cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinct patterns in surface soil physicochemical properties, suggesting that salinity, pH, and organic carbon are main factors influencing nutrient distribution in the study area. The study emphasizes the need to conserve the Sundarbans by reducing anthropogenic activities, regulating freshwater inflows to control salinity, and promoting mangrove regeneration to maintain soil health and ecological balance.

孙德尔本斯是世界上最大的红树林，在碳封存和沿海生态系统稳定方面发挥着至关重要的作用。研究了孙德尔本斯南区表层土壤养分、有机碳（%OC）、盐度和pH的空间分布特征及其相互关系。本研究在孙德尔本斯地区南部的21个地点采集了21个10 cm深度的土壤样本。在实验室对表层土壤样品进行分析，以确定土壤的基本性质，包括有机碳（%OC）、氮（%N）、磷(P)、钾(K)、镁（Mg）、钙（Ca）、硫(S)、pH、电导率（EC）和盐度。结果显示养分浓度存在空间差异，在盐度和pH较低的地区，表层土壤有机碳（%OC）和养分水平较高。Pearson 's相关矩阵（PCM）分析显示，表层土壤有机碳（%OC）与盐度和pH均呈显著负相关(p <；0.05)。此外，土壤以粉砂质为主，营养水平从正常到微咸不等，主要受盐度入侵的影响。聚类分析（CA）和主成分分析（PCA）揭示了表层土壤理化性质的明显变化规律，表明盐度、pH和有机碳是影响研究区土壤养分分布的主要因素。该研究强调需要通过减少人为活动、调节淡水流入以控制盐度、促进红树林再生以保持土壤健康和生态平衡来保护孙德尔本斯。

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引用次数: 0

Hydrological challenges and agricultural opportunities in Northern Ghana: addressing climate change impacts and future pathways 加纳北部的水文挑战和农业机遇：应对气候变化影响和未来途径

Watershed Ecology and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wsee.2025.08.001

Prosper Kpiebaya , Abdul-Ganiyu Shaibu , Eliasu Salifu , Mabel Kumah , Mohammed Alhassan Issah , Rophina Muotieme Tingan

The management of water resources in agriculture is of paramount importance, especially in regions facing hydrological challenges exacerbated by climate change variability. This study explores the hydrological challenges, opportunities, and the way forward for agriculture in the Northern part of Ghana. The region faces issues such as water scarcity, erratic rainfall patterns, land degradation, floods, and droughts, which significantly impact agricultural productivity and livelihoods. This study identifies the region’s critical water management gaps and highlights both barriers and opportunities for sustainable agricultural growth. Our analysis emphasizes that climate-smart water technologies, such as drip irrigation, rainwater harvesting, and hydrological modeling, can significantly enhance water-use efficiency and resilience. Coupled with participatory water governance, infrastructure upgrades, and sustainable land management, these approaches can mitigate water scarcity, soil erosion, and climate risks. Through a comprehensive review of literature and analysis of hydrological data, this study provides insights into the complex interactions between climate change, water resources, and agriculture in Northern Ghana. By understanding these dynamics and implementing appropriate adaptation strategies, stakeholders can work towards building a more resilient agricultural sector capable of addressing the challenges posed by climate change variability.

农业水资源管理至关重要，特别是在面临因气候变化多变性而加剧的水文挑战的地区。本研究探讨了加纳北部农业面临的水文挑战、机遇和未来发展方向。该地区面临着水资源短缺、降雨模式不稳定、土地退化、洪水和干旱等问题，这些问题严重影响了农业生产力和生计。本研究确定了该地区在水管理方面的重大差距，并强调了可持续农业增长的障碍和机遇。我们的分析强调，气候智能型水资源技术，如滴灌、雨水收集和水文建模，可以显著提高水资源利用效率和复原力。这些方法与参与式水治理、基础设施升级和可持续土地管理相结合，可以缓解水资源短缺、土壤侵蚀和气候风险。通过对文献的全面回顾和对水文数据的分析，本研究深入了解了加纳北部气候变化、水资源和农业之间复杂的相互作用。通过了解这些动态并实施适当的适应战略，利益相关者可以努力建设一个更具抵御力的农业部门，能够应对气候变化多变性带来的挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Lake Babati ecosystem, Tanzania: biodiversity status, anthropogenic threats, and land use implications − a review 坦桑尼亚巴巴提湖生态系统：生物多样性现状、人为威胁和土地利用影响综述

Watershed Ecology and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wsee.2025.06.002

Jackson Henry Katonge, Leopody Gayo

This is a systematic literature review exploring the effects of anthropogenic activities and land use changes on biodiversity and the ecological health of Lake Babati. A structured search using PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) 2020 employed three major academic databases, namely Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. A key factor for choosing sources was their connection to Lake, along with being peer-reviewed, verified by institutions, providing real data on ecological or socio-economic impacts, and being written in English. Information was collected and analyzed by categorizing it into key drivers: changes in land use, pollution, and overfishing. Farming near the lake, cattle grazing and drinking, unsustainable brick-making, overgrazing, illegal fishing, inadequate waste management, and urban expansion have been reported. These practices have led to pollution, the spread of water hyacinth and sedges, nutrient loading, eutrophication, decreased dissolved oxygen, deforestation, soil erosion, flooding, and biodiversity loss-all of which endanger aquatic life. Between 1992 and 2022, land-use changes in Babati Town included increases in institutional land (797.2 ha), industrial land (64.7 ha), and agricultural land (691 ha), while forested areas (−705 ha), undeveloped land (−993 ha), and the lake surface (−173 ha) declined. Fish catch weight fell by 88 %, and daily catch rates declined by 90.8 %, with the most severe decline occurring between 1992 and 2002. Ecological changes have impacted the livelihoods of local communities that depended on fishing and agriculture. We recommend sustainable land use, better water quality monitoring, community conservation, local socio-economic resilience, and strong governance to support waste management and ecosystem restoration.

本文对人类活动和土地利用变化对巴巴提湖生物多样性和生态健康的影响进行了系统的文献综述。使用PRISMA（系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目）2020进行结构化搜索，使用了三个主要的学术数据库，即Scopus， PubMed和Web of Science。选择来源的一个关键因素是它们与Lake的联系，以及同行评审、机构验证、提供生态或社会经济影响的真实数据，以及用英文撰写。收集和分析信息，将其分类为关键驱动因素：土地利用变化、污染和过度捕捞。据报道，湖泊附近的农业、放牧和饮用牲畜、不可持续的制砖、过度放牧、非法捕鱼、废物管理不足以及城市扩张。这些做法导致了污染、水葫芦和芦苇的蔓延、养分负荷、富营养化、溶解氧减少、森林砍伐、土壤侵蚀、洪水和生物多样性丧失——所有这些都危及水生生物。1992 - 2022年间，巴巴提镇的土地利用变化包括机构用地（797.2 ha）、工业用地（64.7 ha）和农业用地（691 ha）的增加，而森林面积（- 705 ha）、未开发用地（- 993 ha）和湖面面积（- 173 ha）的减少。渔获重量下降88%，日渔获率下降90.8%，其中最严重的下降发生在1992年至2002年之间。生态变化影响了依赖渔业和农业的当地社区的生计。我们建议可持续的土地利用、更好的水质监测、社区保护、地方社会经济复原力和强有力的治理，以支持废物管理和生态系统恢复。

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引用次数: 0

Weakly supervised bird-flock counting in wetlands based on multimodal optical image perception 基于多模态光学图像感知的湿地弱监督鸟群计数

Watershed Ecology and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wsee.2025.05.006

Shuxiang Feng , Mengxue Lyu , Xuetao Han , Chang Liu , Jun Qiu

As crucial bio-indicators for wetland ecosystem health assessment, wetland birds play a pivotal role in ecological monitoring and conservation. This study address three challenges in avian population monitoring using optical remote sensing imagery, including high cost of manual annotation, difficulty in extracting small target features in complex background, and insufficient adaptability of multi-scale target recognition. We propose a weakly supervised bird-flock counting method based on the optical image multimodal perception model integrating optical image features and visual semantic features without location annotation. Based on optical image feature enhancement, visual semantic features related to the counting task are extracted through visual cues (counting text prompt), and a learnable feature adapter is introduced to fuse optical image features with visual semantic features. Thus, an optical image multimodal perception model with residual connection mechanism and multi-scale information interaction module is constructed. The residual connection mechanism effectively alleviates the interference caused by posture changes and complex background, and the multi-scale information interaction module solves the problem of target scale change through cross-scale semantic propagation. We construct an optical images bird-flock dataset named Wetland-Bird-Count for the Yellow River Delta coastal wetlands. The experimental results show that the MAE and MSE of the proposed method are 45.2 and 54.2, which is much more accurate than other weakly supervised and unsupervised methods and close to the fully supervised counting method, which verifies that the weakly supervised cluster counting using optical image visual cues can improve the accuracy of bird flock counting under lightweight annotation. This study provides a reliable quantitative analysis tool for optical image ecological monitoring.

湿地鸟类作为湿地生态系统健康评价的重要生物指标，在湿地生态监测和保护中发挥着举足轻重的作用。针对光学遥感鸟类种群监测中存在的人工标注成本高、复杂背景下小目标特征提取困难、多尺度目标识别适应性不足等问题，进行了研究。提出了一种基于光学图像多模态感知模型的弱监督鸟群计数方法，该模型集成了光学图像特征和视觉语义特征，无需位置标注。在光学图像特征增强的基础上，通过视觉线索（计数文本提示）提取与计数任务相关的视觉语义特征，并引入可学习特征适配器将光学图像特征与视觉语义特征融合。因此，构建了具有残差连接机制和多尺度信息交互模块的光学图像多模态感知模型。残差连接机制有效缓解姿态变化和复杂背景带来的干扰，多尺度信息交互模块通过跨尺度语义传播解决目标尺度变化问题。以黄河三角洲滨海湿地为研究对象，构建了一个光学影像鸟群数据集——湿地鸟数（wetlands - bird- count）。实验结果表明，该方法的MAE和MSE分别为45.2和54.2，比其他弱监督和无监督计数方法的准确率要高得多，接近于完全监督计数方法，验证了基于光学图像视觉线索的弱监督聚类计数可以提高轻量化注释下鸟群计数的准确率。本研究为光学影像生态监测提供了可靠的定量分析工具。

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引用次数: 0

Geospatial analysis of wetland dynamics and watershed monitoring in Pokhara Valley, Nepal 尼泊尔博卡拉河谷湿地动态的地理空间分析与流域监测

Watershed Ecology and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wsee.2025.06.001

Krishna Prasad Sigdel , Narayan Prasad Ghimire , Binod Dawadi

Lakes are essential components of ecosystems and serve as important indicators of climate change and human impact. This study employed historical remote sensing images and geospatial analysis to examine the dynamics of three significant wetlands (Phewa, Begnas, and Rupa lakes) in the Pokhara Valley of Nepal, which are designated as Ramsar sites. Changes in land use land cover (LULC) and soil erosion within the watersheds of these lakes were also monitored using Landsat images and soil erosion dataset, respectively. Additionally, climatic trends in the Pokhara Valley were analyzed using data from ground-based monitoring stations. The results highlight a notable 11.39 % decline in the surface area of Phewa Lake since 1989, while the surface areas of Begnas and Rupa have remained relatively stable. Changes in LULC show an increase in forest cover (+47 to 64 %) and decrease in croplands (−36 to 59 %) across all watersheds. Urbanization is most pronounced in the Phewa watershed, leading to increased pollution and shoreline encroachment. The decline in cropland may improve water quality by decreasing agricultural runoff. However, soil erosion is most severe in cropland areas, resulting in Phewa lake receiving the highest sediment influx among the three lakes. The lake regions have been experiencing changes in temperature (0.3 °C per decade) and rainfall (insignificant slight increase). Changes in these lakes are primarily driven by watershed dynamics and human activities. These results underscore the necessity for integrated watershed management and further in-depth investigation into the effects of climate change on these ecosystems for regional sustainability.

湖泊是生态系统的重要组成部分，是气候变化和人类影响的重要指标。本研究利用历史遥感影像和地理空间分析，考察了尼泊尔博卡拉山谷三个重要湿地（Phewa、Begnas和Rupa湖）的动态变化，这三个湿地被指定为拉姆萨尔湿地。利用Landsat影像和土壤侵蚀数据，分别监测了湖泊流域土地利用、土地覆被和土壤侵蚀的变化。此外，利用地面监测站的数据分析了博卡拉山谷的气候趋势。结果表明，自1989年以来，费瓦湖的面积减少了11.39%，而贝格纳斯湖和鲁帕湖的面积保持相对稳定。LULC的变化表明，所有流域的森林覆盖增加（+ 47%至64%），农田覆盖减少（- 36%至59%）。城市化在Phewa流域最为明显，导致污染加剧和海岸线被侵占。耕地的减少可以通过减少农业径流来改善水质。然而，耕地地区水土流失最为严重，导致费瓦湖的输沙量在三个湖泊中最高。湖区一直在经历温度（每十年0.3°C）和降雨量（微不足道的轻微增加）的变化。这些湖泊的变化主要是由流域动态和人类活动驱动的。这些结果强调了综合流域管理和进一步深入研究气候变化对这些生态系统的影响对区域可持续性的必要性。

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