Watershed Ecology and the Environment最新文献

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Watershed Ecology and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-01-01

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Lake Babati ecosystem, Tanzania: biodiversity status, anthropogenic threats, and land use implications − a review 坦桑尼亚巴巴提湖生态系统：生物多样性现状、人为威胁和土地利用影响综述

Watershed Ecology and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wsee.2025.06.002

Jackson Henry Katonge, Leopody Gayo

This is a systematic literature review exploring the effects of anthropogenic activities and land use changes on biodiversity and the ecological health of Lake Babati. A structured search using PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) 2020 employed three major academic databases, namely Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. A key factor for choosing sources was their connection to Lake, along with being peer-reviewed, verified by institutions, providing real data on ecological or socio-economic impacts, and being written in English. Information was collected and analyzed by categorizing it into key drivers: changes in land use, pollution, and overfishing. Farming near the lake, cattle grazing and drinking, unsustainable brick-making, overgrazing, illegal fishing, inadequate waste management, and urban expansion have been reported. These practices have led to pollution, the spread of water hyacinth and sedges, nutrient loading, eutrophication, decreased dissolved oxygen, deforestation, soil erosion, flooding, and biodiversity loss-all of which endanger aquatic life. Between 1992 and 2022, land-use changes in Babati Town included increases in institutional land (797.2 ha), industrial land (64.7 ha), and agricultural land (691 ha), while forested areas (−705 ha), undeveloped land (−993 ha), and the lake surface (−173 ha) declined. Fish catch weight fell by 88 %, and daily catch rates declined by 90.8 %, with the most severe decline occurring between 1992 and 2002. Ecological changes have impacted the livelihoods of local communities that depended on fishing and agriculture. We recommend sustainable land use, better water quality monitoring, community conservation, local socio-economic resilience, and strong governance to support waste management and ecosystem restoration.

本文对人类活动和土地利用变化对巴巴提湖生物多样性和生态健康的影响进行了系统的文献综述。使用PRISMA（系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目）2020进行结构化搜索，使用了三个主要的学术数据库，即Scopus， PubMed和Web of Science。选择来源的一个关键因素是它们与Lake的联系，以及同行评审、机构验证、提供生态或社会经济影响的真实数据，以及用英文撰写。收集和分析信息，将其分类为关键驱动因素：土地利用变化、污染和过度捕捞。据报道，湖泊附近的农业、放牧和饮用牲畜、不可持续的制砖、过度放牧、非法捕鱼、废物管理不足以及城市扩张。这些做法导致了污染、水葫芦和芦苇的蔓延、养分负荷、富营养化、溶解氧减少、森林砍伐、土壤侵蚀、洪水和生物多样性丧失——所有这些都危及水生生物。1992 - 2022年间，巴巴提镇的土地利用变化包括机构用地（797.2 ha）、工业用地（64.7 ha）和农业用地（691 ha）的增加，而森林面积（- 705 ha）、未开发用地（- 993 ha）和湖面面积（- 173 ha）的减少。渔获重量下降88%，日渔获率下降90.8%，其中最严重的下降发生在1992年至2002年之间。生态变化影响了依赖渔业和农业的当地社区的生计。我们建议可持续的土地利用、更好的水质监测、社区保护、地方社会经济复原力和强有力的治理，以支持废物管理和生态系统恢复。

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Weakly supervised bird-flock counting in wetlands based on multimodal optical image perception 基于多模态光学图像感知的湿地弱监督鸟群计数

Watershed Ecology and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wsee.2025.05.006

Shuxiang Feng , Mengxue Lyu , Xuetao Han , Chang Liu , Jun Qiu

As crucial bio-indicators for wetland ecosystem health assessment, wetland birds play a pivotal role in ecological monitoring and conservation. This study address three challenges in avian population monitoring using optical remote sensing imagery, including high cost of manual annotation, difficulty in extracting small target features in complex background, and insufficient adaptability of multi-scale target recognition. We propose a weakly supervised bird-flock counting method based on the optical image multimodal perception model integrating optical image features and visual semantic features without location annotation. Based on optical image feature enhancement, visual semantic features related to the counting task are extracted through visual cues (counting text prompt), and a learnable feature adapter is introduced to fuse optical image features with visual semantic features. Thus, an optical image multimodal perception model with residual connection mechanism and multi-scale information interaction module is constructed. The residual connection mechanism effectively alleviates the interference caused by posture changes and complex background, and the multi-scale information interaction module solves the problem of target scale change through cross-scale semantic propagation. We construct an optical images bird-flock dataset named Wetland-Bird-Count for the Yellow River Delta coastal wetlands. The experimental results show that the MAE and MSE of the proposed method are 45.2 and 54.2, which is much more accurate than other weakly supervised and unsupervised methods and close to the fully supervised counting method, which verifies that the weakly supervised cluster counting using optical image visual cues can improve the accuracy of bird flock counting under lightweight annotation. This study provides a reliable quantitative analysis tool for optical image ecological monitoring.

湿地鸟类作为湿地生态系统健康评价的重要生物指标，在湿地生态监测和保护中发挥着举足轻重的作用。针对光学遥感鸟类种群监测中存在的人工标注成本高、复杂背景下小目标特征提取困难、多尺度目标识别适应性不足等问题，进行了研究。提出了一种基于光学图像多模态感知模型的弱监督鸟群计数方法，该模型集成了光学图像特征和视觉语义特征，无需位置标注。在光学图像特征增强的基础上，通过视觉线索（计数文本提示）提取与计数任务相关的视觉语义特征，并引入可学习特征适配器将光学图像特征与视觉语义特征融合。因此，构建了具有残差连接机制和多尺度信息交互模块的光学图像多模态感知模型。残差连接机制有效缓解姿态变化和复杂背景带来的干扰，多尺度信息交互模块通过跨尺度语义传播解决目标尺度变化问题。以黄河三角洲滨海湿地为研究对象，构建了一个光学影像鸟群数据集——湿地鸟数（wetlands - bird- count）。实验结果表明，该方法的MAE和MSE分别为45.2和54.2，比其他弱监督和无监督计数方法的准确率要高得多，接近于完全监督计数方法，验证了基于光学图像视觉线索的弱监督聚类计数可以提高轻量化注释下鸟群计数的准确率。本研究为光学影像生态监测提供了可靠的定量分析工具。

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Watershed Ecology and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-01-01

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Watershed Ecology and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-01-01

引用次数: 0

Watershed Ecology and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-01-01

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Geospatial analysis of wetland dynamics and watershed monitoring in Pokhara Valley, Nepal 尼泊尔博卡拉河谷湿地动态的地理空间分析与流域监测

Watershed Ecology and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wsee.2025.06.001

Krishna Prasad Sigdel , Narayan Prasad Ghimire , Binod Dawadi

Lakes are essential components of ecosystems and serve as important indicators of climate change and human impact. This study employed historical remote sensing images and geospatial analysis to examine the dynamics of three significant wetlands (Phewa, Begnas, and Rupa lakes) in the Pokhara Valley of Nepal, which are designated as Ramsar sites. Changes in land use land cover (LULC) and soil erosion within the watersheds of these lakes were also monitored using Landsat images and soil erosion dataset, respectively. Additionally, climatic trends in the Pokhara Valley were analyzed using data from ground-based monitoring stations. The results highlight a notable 11.39 % decline in the surface area of Phewa Lake since 1989, while the surface areas of Begnas and Rupa have remained relatively stable. Changes in LULC show an increase in forest cover (+47 to 64 %) and decrease in croplands (−36 to 59 %) across all watersheds. Urbanization is most pronounced in the Phewa watershed, leading to increased pollution and shoreline encroachment. The decline in cropland may improve water quality by decreasing agricultural runoff. However, soil erosion is most severe in cropland areas, resulting in Phewa lake receiving the highest sediment influx among the three lakes. The lake regions have been experiencing changes in temperature (0.3 °C per decade) and rainfall (insignificant slight increase). Changes in these lakes are primarily driven by watershed dynamics and human activities. These results underscore the necessity for integrated watershed management and further in-depth investigation into the effects of climate change on these ecosystems for regional sustainability.

湖泊是生态系统的重要组成部分，是气候变化和人类影响的重要指标。本研究利用历史遥感影像和地理空间分析，考察了尼泊尔博卡拉山谷三个重要湿地（Phewa、Begnas和Rupa湖）的动态变化，这三个湿地被指定为拉姆萨尔湿地。利用Landsat影像和土壤侵蚀数据，分别监测了湖泊流域土地利用、土地覆被和土壤侵蚀的变化。此外，利用地面监测站的数据分析了博卡拉山谷的气候趋势。结果表明，自1989年以来，费瓦湖的面积减少了11.39%，而贝格纳斯湖和鲁帕湖的面积保持相对稳定。LULC的变化表明，所有流域的森林覆盖增加（+ 47%至64%），农田覆盖减少（- 36%至59%）。城市化在Phewa流域最为明显，导致污染加剧和海岸线被侵占。耕地的减少可以通过减少农业径流来改善水质。然而，耕地地区水土流失最为严重，导致费瓦湖的输沙量在三个湖泊中最高。湖区一直在经历温度（每十年0.3°C）和降雨量（微不足道的轻微增加）的变化。这些湖泊的变化主要是由流域动态和人类活动驱动的。这些结果强调了综合流域管理和进一步深入研究气候变化对这些生态系统的影响对区域可持续性的必要性。

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Integrated watershed management for transforming dryland livelihoods: A climate-smart strategy for sustainable dryland agriculture in India 改变旱地生计的综合流域管理：印度可持续旱地农业的气候智能型战略

Watershed Ecology and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wsee.2025.03.006

Ram A. Jat , Dinesh Jinger , Anita Kumawat , Saswat Kumar Kar , Indu Rawat , Suresh Kumar , Venkatesh Paramesh , Vijay Singh Meena , Rajesh Kaushal , Kuldeep Kumar , Hari Singh Meena , S.P. Wani , Rajbir Singh , M. Madhu

In India, 51 % of the net sown area relies on rainfed agriculture, with 40 % of landholdings unirrigated and 13 % partially irrigated. Rainfed farming produces 40 % of food grains and supports two-thirds of the livestock population but faces challenges like land degradation, low productivity, and biodiversity loss due to erratic monsoons and extreme weather. Additionally, India’s water scarcity is worsening, with per capita availability expected to reduce from 802 cubic meters in 2022 to 677 cubic meters by 2050. Therefore, to meet the diverse food requirements of the burgeoning population of the country, conservation of natural resources, and improving the living standard of the resource-poor small and marginal farmers is imperative. Integrated watershed management (IWM) has emerged as a climate-smart strategy to address these challenges by enhancing soil and water conservation, agricultural productivity, and livelihoods in dryland systems. This study assesses the impact of IWM on dryland agriculture in India by analyzing various interventions such as in-situ and ex-situ water conservation, soil health management, and the use of modern technologies like remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS). The results revealed that the adoption of IWM practices has led to significant improvements in soil moisture retention (20–25 %), soil organic carbon (22–32 %) agricultural productivity (30–45 %), and water use efficiency (15–25 %). Additionally, soil conservation techniques have reduced soil loss and runoff by 25–50 % and 50–60 %, respectively. Furthermore, the cultivation of lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus), anjan grass (Cenchrus ciliaris), and bamboo (Bambusa spp.) could be the nature-based solutions for mitigating the impact of climate change due to their soil binding capacity and carbon sequestration potential. Moreover, this review indicates the potential of fast-growing trees (Melia dubia) under the agroforestry system in enhancing carbon sequestration by >100 % over sole cultivation. These results demonstrate that IWM is a sustainable solution to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on dryland farming systems and improve rural livelihoods. Further, the study suggests that IWM practices helps to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs) such as zero hunger, no poverty, and climate action etc., particularly in the face of climate change in water-scarce regions.

在印度，51%的净播种面积依靠雨养农业，40%的土地没有灌溉，13%的土地只有部分灌溉。雨养农业生产了40%的粮食，养活了三分之二的牲畜，但面临着土地退化、生产力低下和因不稳定的季风和极端天气导致的生物多样性丧失等挑战。此外，印度的水资源短缺正在恶化，人均可用水量预计将从2022年的802立方米减少到2050年的677立方米。因此，为了满足该国不断增长的人口对食物的多样化需求，保护自然资源，提高资源贫乏的小农和边缘农民的生活水平势在必行。综合流域管理（IWM）已成为一项气候智能型战略，通过加强旱地系统的水土保持、农业生产力和生计来应对这些挑战。本研究通过分析各种干预措施，如原位和非原位水土保持、土壤健康管理以及遥感（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）等现代技术的使用，评估了IWM对印度旱地农业的影响。结果表明，采用IWM措施可显著提高土壤保墒（20 - 25%）、土壤有机碳（22 - 32%）、农业生产力（30 - 45%）和水分利用效率（15 - 25%）。此外，土壤保持技术使土壤流失和径流分别减少了25 - 50%和50 - 60%。此外，种植柠檬草（Cymbopogon flexuosus）、冬青草（Cenchrus ciliaris）和竹子（Bambusa spp.）可能是缓解气候变化影响的自然解决方案，因为它们具有土壤结合能力和碳固存潜力。此外，本综述还指出，在农林复合系统下，速生乔木（Melia dubia）的固碳潜力比单独种植提高100%。这些结果表明，IWM是缓解气候变化对旱地农业系统不利影响和改善农村生计的可持续解决方案。此外，研究表明，IWM实践有助于实现可持续发展目标（sdg），如零饥饿、无贫困和气候行动等，特别是在缺水地区面临气候变化的情况下。

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Watershed Ecology and the Environment

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Watershed Ecology and the Environment

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