Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are extensively utilised in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their multipotent differentiation capabilities. However, the therapeutic efficacy of BMSCs is highly dependent on the transplantation route. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of commonly used BMSCs transplantation methods and identify the optimal delivery approach for cartilage repair. Our results demonstrated that all transplantation methods could significantly suppress pro-inflammatory factors, including IL-1β, iNOS, and MMP-9, while enhancing the activity of the key antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). The intra-articular injection group exhibited the most substantial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant improvements. In vivo tracking experiments revealed that BMSCs from all groups were capable of homing to the cartilage defect site at 4 weeks post-modelling. Notably, the intra-articular injection group recruited the highest number of BMSCs to the defect area. Further histological analysis indicated that the joints treated with intra-articular injection displayed superior cartilage regeneration, characterised by a smooth tissue surface and coloration closely resembling adjacent native cartilage. In conclusion, while all tested BMSCs transplantation approaches contributed to cartilage repair, intra-articular injection demonstrated the most favourable therapeutic outcomes.
Inflammatory biomarkers, such as leukocyte ratios, have emerged as promising tools for diagnosing and prognosticating brain gliomas. This study systematically reviewed and analysed the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of peripheral blood leukocyte ratios in glioma. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies published in English. Eligible studies evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) of inflammatory ratios, as well as their associations with survival outcomes. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A total of 29 assessments with 13,189 observations compared the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) between glioma patients and non-glioma groups, yielding a pooled standardised mean difference (SMD) of 0.445 (95% CI: 0.280–0.609, p < 0.0001; I2 = 85.1%). When compared to healthy individuals (10 assessments, 4444 observations), glioma patients exhibited a significantly elevated NLR (SMD: 0.797, 95% CI: 0.576–1.019, p < 0.0001; I2 = 87.5%). Compared to meningioma (5 assessments, 3227 observations), glioma patients had a significantly higher NLR (SMD: 0.352, 95% CI: 0.280–0.424, p < 0.0001; I2 = 24.7%). In comparisons with brain metastasis (4 assessments, 428 observations), the difference was not significant (SMD: −0.112, p = 0.3315; I2 = 44.6%). The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (25 assessments, 12,085 observations) showed no significant difference between glioma and non-glioma groups (SMD: 0.1291, p = 0.0836; I2 = 81.4%). Similarly, the derived NLR (dNLR) was significantly higher in glioma patients than in non-glioma groups (SMD: 0.2421, p < 0.0001; I2 = 49.9%). The lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) was significantly lower in glioma compared to meningioma (SMD: −0.2989, p < 0.0001; I2 = 0.0%). MLR analysis showed high heterogeneity (I2 = 99.5%) with non-significant findings (p = 0.4476). These findings suggest NLR and dNLR as potential biomarkers for glioma diagnosis. Peripheral blood leukocyte ratios, particularly NLR, represent valuable biomarkers for glioma diagnosis and prognosis. Further research is warranted to enhance their precision and clinical utility.
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a prevalent disorder associated with chronic inflammation, significantly affecting spinal health and general quality of life. This study examines the anti-inflammatory properties of Friedelin (FD) and its impact on the NF-κB signalling pathway in relation to IVDD. In vivo experiments utilising cervical intervertebral disc tissue from mice exhibiting cervical spine instability and in vitro assays with nucleus pulposus (NP) cells revealed that FD treatment significantly diminished NP degeneration and inflammatory cytokine production, concurrently inhibiting NF-κB activation. FD triggered autophagic clearance of p65, reducing inflammatory cytokine output. This effect was mediated by selective inhibition of p65 phosphorylation, independent of IKK activity, highlighting its targeted action on NF-κB signalling. Moreover, FD enhanced the association between p65 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF182, facilitating p65 degradation via autophagy. The findings indicate that FD mitigates IVDD by diminishing NP degradation and inflammation while also presenting a potential therapeutic strategy that targets the NF-κB signalling pathway through autophagic processes.
Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is an inherited hemorrhagic disorder characterised by impaired platelet functions, manifested clinically as spontaneous bleeding. It is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Platelet dysfunction in patients with GT is caused by quantitative and/or qualitative deficiencies in αIIbβ3, which result from mutations in the genes encoding αIIbβ3. These genetic alterations lead to platelet dysfunction characterised by impaired fibrinogen binding capacity upon agonist stimulation, defective aggregation and spreading. While classical GT typically exhibits normal platelet counts and morphology, very rare mutations in ITGA2B (encoding αIIb) and/or ITGB3 (encoding β3) cause macrothrombocytopenia or increased platelet anisotropy (heterogeneity of platelet size and morphology). This type of mutation mainly localises in the membrane-proximal region of αIIbβ3 and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. This particular type of disorder is called ITGA2B/ITGB3-related macrothrombocytopenia and has been considered a subset of congenital macrothrombocytopenia. Current research suggests that gain-of-function mutations in ITGA2B or ITGB3 underlie the pathogenesis of most ITGA2B/ITGB3-related macrothrombocytopenia and mechanistically distinguish it from classical GT. However, recent reports have documented non-activating ITGB3 mutations that also cause macrothrombocytopenia, presenting a profound challenge to the mechanistic understanding of ITGA2B/ITGB3-related macrothrombocytopenia. This review summarises the reported cases of gain-of-function mutations in ITGA2B and ITGB3 associated with ITGA2B/ITGB3-related macrothrombocytopenia hitherto and discusses the potential molecular pathways contributing to the unique phenotypes in ITGA2B/ITGB3-related macrothrombocytopenia.
Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV) remain among the leading causes of liver disease worldwide. Current antiviral drugs, such as nucleotide analogues (NAs), can reduce the replication of new HBV and HCV infections but cannot completely eliminate chronic infections. This is primarily because a stable form of viral DNA, known as covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), persists in liver cells and continues to sustain the infection. In recent years, the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system has emerged as a powerful tool for precisely cutting and inactivating specific DNA sequences. Due to its efficiency and ease of use, researchers have applied CRISPR/Cas9 in numerous studies to directly target and disrupt the HBV genome, demonstrating promising antiviral effects in both cell cultures and animal models. Targeting multiple sites within the HBV genome has been shown to further enhance its effectiveness, paving the way for potential combination therapies aimed at disabling both cccDNA and HBV and HCV DNA integrated into the host genome. Despite its potential, CRISPR/Cas9 still faces significant challenges before clinical application, most notably the risk of off-target effects—unintended cleavage of non-target DNA sequences—and the difficulty of delivering the system efficiently into liver cells in vivo. Future progress will depend on improving the tool's precision, efficiency, flexibility and delivery methods. In this review, we explore recent advances in designing guide RNAs (gRNAs) for targeting HBV and HCV, as well as the delivery systems used to transport CRISPR/Cas9 into cells. We also discuss the remaining challenges and potential strategies for advancing CRISPR/Cas9 from the laboratory toward a viable clinical cure for HBV and HCV.
This study investigated the potential causal relationship between gut microbiota (GM) and sleep apnoea using Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis. Summary-level genome-wide association (GWAS) data for 473 GM and sleep apnoea were obtained from the IEU Open GWAS database. A two-sample MR framework was applied to assess the potential causal effects of GM on sleep apnoea. The primary analysis was conducted using the inverse variance–weighted (IVW) method, complemented by MR-Egger regression, weighted median, weighted mode and simple mode approaches to ensure robustness. To further account for horizontal pleiotropy and weak instrument bias, Bayesian Weighted Mendelian Randomisation (BWMR) analysis was performed as a key sensitivity model. Sensitivity analyses, including heterogeneity tests and pleiotropy assessments, were conducted to evaluate the stability and reliability of the results. IVW identified 33 GM associated with sleep apnoea (p < 0.05); BWMR confirmed 24 with significant causal effects, including 10 showing negative (protective) and 14 showing positive (risk) associations. Sensitivity analyses supported robustness: MR-PRESSO indicated outlier signals in 3 GM, Cochran's Q detected heterogeneity in 5 GM, and MR-Egger intercept suggested directional pleiotropy in 3 GM; all remaining GM showed non-significant sensitivity metrics. Leave-one-out analyses showed no single SNP disproportionately influenced the estimates, reinforcing the stability of the findings. This MR study provides genetic evidence supporting a potential causal association between GM and sleep apnoea. These findings provide new insights that may inform future research and prevention strategies.
Between 50% and 80% of children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are estimated to experience sleep disturbances, highlighting the importance of exploring the role of the circadian clock in ASD development. Previous studies have identified a potential link between Bmal1 deficiency and ASD in mouse models. In this study, we first characterise the expression patterns of circadian proteins. Subsequent behavioural tests and western blot analyses revealed that mice exposed to valproic acid (VPA) displayed autistic-like behaviours, along with altered circadian protein expression and disruption in Wnt signalling protein levels. Further studies showed that Bmal1 knockout exacerbates these behavioural changes and further impaired Wnt signalling and downstream protein expression in VPA-exposed mice. Notably, treatment with the circadian biomarker melatonin reversed Wnt downregulation and improved the behaviour deficit in VPA-exposed mice. The therapeutic effect of melatonin appears to be mediated by its regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, which is linked to Bmal1-mediated circadian dysfunction. Together, our findings provide experimental evidence supporting the role of circadian dysregulation in ASD pathogenesis, highlight the therapeutic potential of melatonin in VPA-exposed mice, and suggest that Bmal1 may act as a co-activator in the Wnt-β-catenin signalling pathway.
While Tuina has demonstrated clinical efficacy in alleviating neuropathic pain (NP) induced by peripheral nerve injury, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Synaptic plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) is a key regulator of pain processing, wherein astrocytes play a central role. Regulation of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) is particularly important in NP modulation. Accumulating evidence suggests that Tuina exerts analgesic effects by inhibiting aberrant synaptic plasticity. This study explored whether Tuina regulates synaptic plasticity through astrocytes to attenuate NP. Using an in vivo model, Tuina or the astrocytic inhibitor fluorocitrate was administered to a chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced NP rat model for 14 days. Tuina significantly alleviated pain hypersensitivity in CCI rats, improved structural damage, suppressed astrocytic activation, reduced glutamate accumulation and restored the SDH's expression of proteins linked to synaptic plasticity. These effects were associated with inhibition of astrocytic NDRG2 and upregulation of GLT-1. Conversely, NDRG2 overexpression through AAV impaired Tuina's ability to promote glutamate transport, leading to glutamate accumulation, enhanced excitatory transmission and reduced analgesic efficacy. In conclusion, Tuina alleviates NP by modulating the astrocytic NDRG2/GLT-1 pathway, reducing synaptic glutamate levels and normalising synaptic plasticity. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into Tuina's analgesic action and have identified NDRG2/GLT-1 as a possible therapeutic target for NP treatment.
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：