{"title":"Does Appropriate Timing for Early Introduction Differ Between Hen's Eggs and Nuts?","authors":"Sayaka Hamaguchi, Mayako Saito-Abe, Tatsuki Fukuie, Yukihiro Ohya, Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada","doi":"10.1111/cea.14519","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cea.14519","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10207,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Allergy","volume":"54 9","pages":"700-702"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141787395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weihong Shi, Ning Liu, Jin-Xian Huang, Hao Xiao, Juan Meng, Philip H Li
Penicillins are the most frequently prescribed class of medications worldwide and first-line antibiotic of choice for most bacterial infections. They are also commonly labelled as the culprit of drug 'allergy'; leading to obligatory use of second-line antibiotics, suboptimal antibiotic therapy and increased antimicrobial resistance. However, the majority of reported penicillin 'allergy' labels are found to be incorrect after allergy testing, emphasising the importance of proper drug allergy testing and evaluation. Penicillin skin testing (PST) remains an important component of drug allergy diagnosis; however, its practice and policies significantly differ across the world. Inappropriate and non-evidence-based PST practices can lead to consequences associated with allergy mislabelling. Even within different regions of China, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, there are marked differences in the implementation, execution and interpretation of PST. This review aims to examine the differences in PST between Mainland China, Hong Kong and the rest of the world. We critically analyse the current practice of 'pre-emptive' PST in Mainland China, which has a significant false-positive rate leading to high levels of penicillin allergy mislabelling. Non-evidence-based practices further compound the high false-positive rates of indiscriminatory PST. We postulate that inappropriate PST policies and practices may exacerbate the mislabelling of penicillin allergy, leading to unnecessary overuse of inappropriate second-line antibiotics, increasing antimicrobial resistance and healthcare costs. We advocate for the importance of more collaborative research to improve the contemporary workflow of penicillin allergy diagnosis, reduce mislabelling and promote the dissemination of evidence-based methods for allergy diagnosis.
{"title":"Penicillin Allergy in China: Consequences of Inappropriate Skin Testing Practices and Policies.","authors":"Weihong Shi, Ning Liu, Jin-Xian Huang, Hao Xiao, Juan Meng, Philip H Li","doi":"10.1111/cea.14546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.14546","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Penicillins are the most frequently prescribed class of medications worldwide and first-line antibiotic of choice for most bacterial infections. They are also commonly labelled as the culprit of drug 'allergy'; leading to obligatory use of second-line antibiotics, suboptimal antibiotic therapy and increased antimicrobial resistance. However, the majority of reported penicillin 'allergy' labels are found to be incorrect after allergy testing, emphasising the importance of proper drug allergy testing and evaluation. Penicillin skin testing (PST) remains an important component of drug allergy diagnosis; however, its practice and policies significantly differ across the world. Inappropriate and non-evidence-based PST practices can lead to consequences associated with allergy mislabelling. Even within different regions of China, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, there are marked differences in the implementation, execution and interpretation of PST. This review aims to examine the differences in PST between Mainland China, Hong Kong and the rest of the world. We critically analyse the current practice of 'pre-emptive' PST in Mainland China, which has a significant false-positive rate leading to high levels of penicillin allergy mislabelling. Non-evidence-based practices further compound the high false-positive rates of indiscriminatory PST. We postulate that inappropriate PST policies and practices may exacerbate the mislabelling of penicillin allergy, leading to unnecessary overuse of inappropriate second-line antibiotics, increasing antimicrobial resistance and healthcare costs. We advocate for the importance of more collaborative research to improve the contemporary workflow of penicillin allergy diagnosis, reduce mislabelling and promote the dissemination of evidence-based methods for allergy diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":10207,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Allergy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141757449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emma Genberg, Paula Kauppi, Johanna Sahlman, Anu Laulajainen-Hongisto, Markus Lilja, Sari Hammarén-Malmi, Lena Hafrén, Antti Mäkitie, Seija Vento, Sanna Toppila-Salmi, Paula Virkkula
{"title":"Asthma is Underdiagnosed and Often Uncontrolled in Preoperative Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps.","authors":"Emma Genberg, Paula Kauppi, Johanna Sahlman, Anu Laulajainen-Hongisto, Markus Lilja, Sari Hammarén-Malmi, Lena Hafrén, Antti Mäkitie, Seija Vento, Sanna Toppila-Salmi, Paula Virkkula","doi":"10.1111/cea.14548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.14548","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10207,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Allergy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141757448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mutong Zhao, Yi Zhuang, Yuan Liang, Lin Ma, Chunping Shen
{"title":"Upadacitinib for Refractory Paediatric Atopic Dermatitis: A Real-World Study on Effectiveness and Safety in Dupilumab Nonresponders","authors":"Mutong Zhao, Yi Zhuang, Yuan Liang, Lin Ma, Chunping Shen","doi":"10.1111/cea.14518","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cea.14518","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10207,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Allergy","volume":"54 9","pages":"694-696"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141757450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of Commercial Early Introduction Products in Infants: Protein Content of Early Introduction Products","authors":"Sayaka Hamaguchi, Daisuke Harama, Mayako Saito-Abe, Fumi Ishikawa, Miori Sato, Tatsuki Fukuie, Yukihiro Ohya, Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada","doi":"10.1111/cea.14539","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cea.14539","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10207,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Allergy","volume":"54 11","pages":"939-942"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141751235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>In Europe, North America and China, most infants are wholly or partially fed with a commercial milk formula during their first year despite consistent public health recommendations promoting breastfeeding. For some nonbreastfed babies, a standard first infant formula may not meet their nutritional needs, because of cows' milk allergy, an inherited metabolic condition, illness or prematurity. These infants may need ‘specialised’ infant formulas, which are classified by the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization Codex Alimentarius as Foods for Special Medical Purposes (FSMP) [<span>1</span>]. FSMP include low-allergy formulas such as soya formula, extensively hydrolysed formula and amino-acid formula, used for formula-fed infants with cows' milk allergy.</p><p>Legal definitions and regulatory requirements for FSMP are that they should be used under medical supervision and there should be scientific evidence that they are safe and meet the nutritional requirements of the intended target population. In Europe, there is also guidance on how to assess products against these requirements [<span>2</span>]. However, there is a lack of regulatory oversight for FSMP, and they are frequently used without medical supervision. Commercial milk formula companies are often able to choose whether to market a product as FSMP or as a standard infant formula. Thus, in the United Kingdom, antireflux and comfort milks are marketed as FSMP, despite the lack of evidence that comfort milks alleviate colic or constipation, whereas soya formula and lactose-free formula are not marketed as FSMP despite falling under the international definition of FSMP set by Codex. All four product types can be purchased over the counter in pharmacies, and in shops and supermarkets. In the United States, a comprehensive national survey found that almost 60% of formula purchased in stores had reduced or absent lactose [<span>3</span>]. Low-allergy formulas are also lactose-free or lactose-reduced, posing health risks above standard infant formulas because nonlactose carbohydrate sources such as maltodextrin and glucose syrup are associated with dental caries and early childhood obesity [<span>4</span>].</p><p>Other health risks associated with infant FSMP include increased risk of bacterial contamination due to the addition of probiotics, making proper sterilisation impossible, and potential adverse effects from components such as phyto-oestrogens in soya formula and thickeners in antireflux formula. In general, the health risks associated with FSMP are not clearly communicated to consumers through product labelling.</p><p>Infant FSMP not only carry health risks but also are more expensive than their brand-equivalent first infant formulas (Table 1). The record high prices of first infant formula in the current cost of living crisis are a concern for parents and carers, and high prices may lead to unsafe feeding practices [<span>5</span>]. This concern is exacerbat
{"title":"Specialised Infant Formulas: Overused, Overpriced and Obesogenic","authors":"Victoria L. Sibson, Susan Westland","doi":"10.1111/cea.14532","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cea.14532","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In Europe, North America and China, most infants are wholly or partially fed with a commercial milk formula during their first year despite consistent public health recommendations promoting breastfeeding. For some nonbreastfed babies, a standard first infant formula may not meet their nutritional needs, because of cows' milk allergy, an inherited metabolic condition, illness or prematurity. These infants may need ‘specialised’ infant formulas, which are classified by the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization Codex Alimentarius as Foods for Special Medical Purposes (FSMP) [<span>1</span>]. FSMP include low-allergy formulas such as soya formula, extensively hydrolysed formula and amino-acid formula, used for formula-fed infants with cows' milk allergy.</p><p>Legal definitions and regulatory requirements for FSMP are that they should be used under medical supervision and there should be scientific evidence that they are safe and meet the nutritional requirements of the intended target population. In Europe, there is also guidance on how to assess products against these requirements [<span>2</span>]. However, there is a lack of regulatory oversight for FSMP, and they are frequently used without medical supervision. Commercial milk formula companies are often able to choose whether to market a product as FSMP or as a standard infant formula. Thus, in the United Kingdom, antireflux and comfort milks are marketed as FSMP, despite the lack of evidence that comfort milks alleviate colic or constipation, whereas soya formula and lactose-free formula are not marketed as FSMP despite falling under the international definition of FSMP set by Codex. All four product types can be purchased over the counter in pharmacies, and in shops and supermarkets. In the United States, a comprehensive national survey found that almost 60% of formula purchased in stores had reduced or absent lactose [<span>3</span>]. Low-allergy formulas are also lactose-free or lactose-reduced, posing health risks above standard infant formulas because nonlactose carbohydrate sources such as maltodextrin and glucose syrup are associated with dental caries and early childhood obesity [<span>4</span>].</p><p>Other health risks associated with infant FSMP include increased risk of bacterial contamination due to the addition of probiotics, making proper sterilisation impossible, and potential adverse effects from components such as phyto-oestrogens in soya formula and thickeners in antireflux formula. In general, the health risks associated with FSMP are not clearly communicated to consumers through product labelling.</p><p>Infant FSMP not only carry health risks but also are more expensive than their brand-equivalent first infant formulas (Table 1). The record high prices of first infant formula in the current cost of living crisis are a concern for parents and carers, and high prices may lead to unsafe feeding practices [<span>5</span>]. This concern is exacerbat","PeriodicalId":10207,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Allergy","volume":"54 7","pages":"452-454"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cea.14532","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141751236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rebecca C. Knibb, Eva L. Wooding, Heather Padley, Constantinos Petrides, Rosalynd Gourgey, Antony Aston, Louise J. Michaelis, Siân Ludman
{"title":"Psychology Provision for People With Food Allergy: A Survey of UK Healthcare Professionals and Psychologists","authors":"Rebecca C. Knibb, Eva L. Wooding, Heather Padley, Constantinos Petrides, Rosalynd Gourgey, Antony Aston, Louise J. Michaelis, Siân Ludman","doi":"10.1111/cea.14545","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cea.14545","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10207,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Allergy","volume":"54 11","pages":"933-935"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141731048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sara Benedé, Leticia Pérez-Rodríguez, David Menchén-Martínez, Elena Molina, Rosina López-Fandiño
<p>Cases of adverse reactions to food in young children at their first known exposure have raised intriguing questions about food allergy development, leading to the hypothesis that sensitisation, at least to certain allergens such as peanut, may occur by contact through non-oral pathways like airway inhalation [<span>1</span>]. Interestingly, the biological activity of house dust mite (HDM) allergens stimulates bystander responses to other proteins, which implies that respiratory exposure to food allergens present in domestic dust, such as egg proteins could potentially lead to systemic sensitisation [<span>2</span>]. These findings suggest the possibility that prior sensitisation to egg proteins through the respiratory tract, facilitated by the adjuvant activity of accompanying HDM components, could lead to food allergies when egg is later ingested, in a way similar to that described for peanuts [<span>3, 4</span>]. To test this hypothesis, we used a murine model of sensitisation, without exogenous adjuvants, to investigate the immunostimulant properties of the proteolytically active and inactive forms of HDM in the development of allergy to egg white (EW) when administered either through inhalation or orally. Six-week-old female BALB/c mice received intranasally six doses of HDM, proteolytically inactive HDM (hereafter iHDM), or combinations of EW + HDM and EW + iHDM, followed by eight intragastric gavages with EW, before being intranasally challenged with EW. Materials and methods are provided in the open access repository OSF (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/YCNPF).</p><p>Mice that received intranasally EW and its combinations with HDM or iHDM developed EW-specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies, while prior exposure to HDM or iHDM alone did not induce antibodies specific to EW after repeated oral EW administrations over 2 weeks (Figure 1a). Repeated oral administrations of EW did not elicit clinical signs or temperature changes, but, on Day 39, the jejunal concentration of MCP-1 was significantly elevated in mice that had received EW, EW + HDM and EW + iHDM intranasally (Figure 1b), indicating mast cell activation and degranulation in the intestinal mucosa of mice that had produced specific antibodies towards EW. Conversely, intranasal challenge with EW caused anaphylaxis symptoms in the mice that had previously received EW through the airways, particularly in the groups administered EW + HDM and EW + iHDM, which also experienced significant temperature drops, showing that both extracts had adjuvant activity that facilitated airway sensitisation to EW and anaphylaxis following intranasal challenge. Consistently, the concentration of MCP-1 in lung homogenates was significantly elevated in mice exposed to EW + HDM and EW + iHDM (Figure 1b). Mice receiving EW, EW + HDM and EW + iHDM exhibited significantly higher lung levels of IL-6 and IL-4, while the level of TNF-α was significantly higher in the mice exposed to EW + iHDM (Figure 1b). Analyses in t
幼儿在首次接触食物时出现不良反应的病例引发了有关食物过敏发展的有趣问题，从而提出了这样的假设：至少对某些过敏原（如花生）的过敏可能是通过非口途径（如气道吸入）接触引起的[1]。有趣的是，屋尘螨（HDM）过敏原的生物活性会刺激旁观者对其他蛋白质产生反应，这意味着通过呼吸道接触家庭灰尘中的食物过敏原（如鸡蛋蛋白）有可能导致全身过敏[2]。这些研究结果表明，通过呼吸道对鸡蛋蛋白产生过敏之前，由于伴随的人类发展指数（HDM）成分的佐剂作用，可能会导致后来摄入鸡蛋时产生食物过敏，其方式与花生过敏的方式类似[3, 4]。为了验证这一假设，我们使用了一种不含外源性佐剂的小鼠致敏模型，以研究蛋白水解活性和非活性形式的 HDM 在通过吸入或口服给药导致对蛋白（EW）过敏的过程中的免疫刺激特性。六周大的雌性 BALB/c 小鼠在鼻腔内接受六次 HDM、蛋白水解非活性 HDM（以下简称 iHDM）或 EW + HDM 和 EW + iHDM 的组合剂量，然后在胃内灌胃八次 EW，最后接受 EW 的鼻腔挑战。小鼠鼻内注射EW及其与HDM或iHDM的组合后会产生EW特异性IgE和IgG1抗体，而之前单独接触HDM或iHDM的小鼠在2周内重复口服EW后不会诱发EW特异性抗体（图1a）。重复口服 EW 不会引起临床症状或体温变化，但在第 39 天，鼻内注射 EW、EW + HDM 和 EW + iHDM 的小鼠空肠 MCP-1 浓度显著升高（图 1b），这表明产生 EW 特异性抗体的小鼠肠粘膜肥大细胞活化和脱颗粒。相反，鼻内挑战 EW 会导致之前通过气道接受 EW 的小鼠出现过敏性休克症状，特别是在注射 EW + HDM 和 EW + iHDM 的组别中，体温也会显著下降，这表明这两种提取物都具有佐剂活性，可促进气道对 EW 的过敏和鼻内挑战后的过敏性休克。同样，暴露于 EW + HDM 和 EW + iHDM 的小鼠肺匀浆中的 MCP-1 浓度显著升高（图 1b）。接受 EW、EW + HDM 和 EW + iHDM 的小鼠肺部 IL-6 和 IL-4 水平明显升高，而 TNF-α 水平在接触 EW + iHDM 的小鼠中明显升高（图 1b）。对肺部紧密连接蛋白编码基因的表达进行分析后发现，在单独或与 EW 一起接受 HDM 的小鼠组中，Cldn3（claudin 3）和 Tjp1（zonula occludens 1）的表达上调（图 1c）。然而，在所有实验组中，编码上皮alarmins的基因，如Il33（IL-33）、Il25（IL-25）和Tslp（TSLP），以及Il6（IL-6）、Il17（IL-17）和Gata3（GATA3）的表达仍然相似（未显示）。对参与刺激肺组织 Th2 反应的树突状细胞（DC）基因的评估显示，在接受 EW + HDM 的小鼠中，Irf4（IRF4，干扰素调节因子 4）不同程度地增强（图 1c）。暴露于EW＋HDM和EW＋iHDM的小鼠脾脏细胞在受到Concanavalin A刺激后产生了IL-5和IL-13，而暴露于EW＋HDM的小鼠脾脏细胞也向培养基显著释放了IL-4（图1d），这表明鼻内暴露于EW与HDM或iHDM可促进Th2反应的发展。HDM的佐剂活性是由于HDM蛋白酶降解了气道上皮细胞中的紧密连接蛋白[5，6]。在小鼠肺中，这会诱导先天性细胞因子的产生，当这些细胞因子与共同接触的花生结合时，会促进 DCs 的活化和向肺排泄淋巴结的迁移、Th2 反应的发展以及特异性 IgE 的产生，最终引发全身性花生过敏[3]。然而，这些屏障效应至少部分是可逆的，因为新蛋白质的合成有助于维持连接的完整性[7]。这就解释了为什么在我们的研究中编码紧密连接蛋白的基因表达上调，这将作为一种改善上皮功能的补偿机制。同样，我们没有在肺组织中检测到allarmins基因表达的变化，这可能反映了自上一次鼻内给药EW与HDM或iHDM的组合后已经过去了一段时间。
{"title":"Airway Exposure to House Dust Mite Promotes the Development of Allergy to Egg White in Mice","authors":"Sara Benedé, Leticia Pérez-Rodríguez, David Menchén-Martínez, Elena Molina, Rosina López-Fandiño","doi":"10.1111/cea.14543","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cea.14543","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cases of adverse reactions to food in young children at their first known exposure have raised intriguing questions about food allergy development, leading to the hypothesis that sensitisation, at least to certain allergens such as peanut, may occur by contact through non-oral pathways like airway inhalation [<span>1</span>]. Interestingly, the biological activity of house dust mite (HDM) allergens stimulates bystander responses to other proteins, which implies that respiratory exposure to food allergens present in domestic dust, such as egg proteins could potentially lead to systemic sensitisation [<span>2</span>]. These findings suggest the possibility that prior sensitisation to egg proteins through the respiratory tract, facilitated by the adjuvant activity of accompanying HDM components, could lead to food allergies when egg is later ingested, in a way similar to that described for peanuts [<span>3, 4</span>]. To test this hypothesis, we used a murine model of sensitisation, without exogenous adjuvants, to investigate the immunostimulant properties of the proteolytically active and inactive forms of HDM in the development of allergy to egg white (EW) when administered either through inhalation or orally. Six-week-old female BALB/c mice received intranasally six doses of HDM, proteolytically inactive HDM (hereafter iHDM), or combinations of EW + HDM and EW + iHDM, followed by eight intragastric gavages with EW, before being intranasally challenged with EW. Materials and methods are provided in the open access repository OSF (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/YCNPF).</p><p>Mice that received intranasally EW and its combinations with HDM or iHDM developed EW-specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies, while prior exposure to HDM or iHDM alone did not induce antibodies specific to EW after repeated oral EW administrations over 2 weeks (Figure 1a). Repeated oral administrations of EW did not elicit clinical signs or temperature changes, but, on Day 39, the jejunal concentration of MCP-1 was significantly elevated in mice that had received EW, EW + HDM and EW + iHDM intranasally (Figure 1b), indicating mast cell activation and degranulation in the intestinal mucosa of mice that had produced specific antibodies towards EW. Conversely, intranasal challenge with EW caused anaphylaxis symptoms in the mice that had previously received EW through the airways, particularly in the groups administered EW + HDM and EW + iHDM, which also experienced significant temperature drops, showing that both extracts had adjuvant activity that facilitated airway sensitisation to EW and anaphylaxis following intranasal challenge. Consistently, the concentration of MCP-1 in lung homogenates was significantly elevated in mice exposed to EW + HDM and EW + iHDM (Figure 1b). Mice receiving EW, EW + HDM and EW + iHDM exhibited significantly higher lung levels of IL-6 and IL-4, while the level of TNF-α was significantly higher in the mice exposed to EW + iHDM (Figure 1b). Analyses in t","PeriodicalId":10207,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Allergy","volume":"54 10","pages":"777-780"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cea.14543","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141619481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号