Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase enzymes catalyze the conversion of DNA methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), thereby initiating DNA demethylation. In mice, Tets also regulate gene activity by binding the regulatory elements of target genes. 5hmC is associated with euchromatic regions and epigenetic reprogramming events. In this study, we examined the levels of 5mC and 5hmC in two major groups of Japanese wrinkled frogs (Rana rugosa) with morphologically distinct sex chromosome constitutions, ZZ/ZW and XX/ XY. Patterns of 5mC and 5hmC, as determined by immunostaining, were indistinguishable between homologous sex chromosomes in ZZ cells and XX cells. Genome-wide conversion of 5mC to 5hmC, followed by cell cycle-mediated dilution, was induced in PHA-stimulated peripheral blood cells in adult frogs. Tet enzymes may share an evolutionarily conserved function associated with a global epigenetic reprogramming event during dedifferentiation in mammals and frogs.
{"title":"Chromosomal distribution patterns of global 5mC and 5hmC on the ZZ/ZW and XX/XY chromosomes in the Japanese wrinkled frog, Rana rugosa, induced by Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase enzymes","authors":"Musashi Kubiura, I. Miura, M. Tada","doi":"10.11352/SCR.18.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11352/SCR.18.15","url":null,"abstract":"Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase enzymes catalyze the conversion of DNA methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), thereby initiating DNA demethylation. In mice, Tets also regulate gene activity by binding the regulatory elements of target genes. 5hmC is associated with euchromatic regions and epigenetic reprogramming events. In this study, we examined the levels of 5mC and 5hmC in two major groups of Japanese wrinkled frogs (Rana rugosa) with morphologically distinct sex chromosome constitutions, ZZ/ZW and XX/ XY. Patterns of 5mC and 5hmC, as determined by immunostaining, were indistinguishable between homologous sex chromosomes in ZZ cells and XX cells. Genome-wide conversion of 5mC to 5hmC, followed by cell cycle-mediated dilution, was induced in PHA-stimulated peripheral blood cells in adult frogs. Tet enzymes may share an evolutionarily conserved function associated with a global epigenetic reprogramming event during dedifferentiation in mammals and frogs.","PeriodicalId":10221,"journal":{"name":"Chromosome science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89364784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Allopolyploid resynthesized Brassica napus (AACC, 2n = 38) was produced by cross-hybridization between B. rapa (AA, 2n = 20) and B. oleracea (CC, 2n = 18) for new vegetative crop breeding. Many studies have provided evidences for the phenotype instability and close relationship between A and C genome in the amphidiploid resynthesized B. napus cultivars. In fact, a new B. napus varieties, Hanakkori showed atypical morphological characters and generated many off-type progeny plants. In this study, we investigated the pollen fertility, chromosome number, structure, and behavior linked to defi ne the factors, which produce the unstable phenotypic expressions in the Hanakkori progenies. We define the chromosome number and chromosome organization using fl uorescence in situ hybridization analysis on somatic mitosis and meiosis cells. Off-type plants with lower pollen fertility show the instability of chromosome number and structures with small chromosome fragments. Observation of chromosomes behaviors at meiosis showed that the meiotic division in off-type plants led to appreciably higher abnormalities than in on-type plants. These results demonstrated that minimized abnormal chromosome structure and formation might be essential to stabilize the normal progenies in the B. napus plant breed-
{"title":"Chromosome instability of allopolyploid resynthesized Brassica napus","authors":"N. Ohmido, Kana Ueda, K. Fujii","doi":"10.11352/SCR.18.79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11352/SCR.18.79","url":null,"abstract":"Allopolyploid resynthesized Brassica napus (AACC, 2n = 38) was produced by cross-hybridization between B. rapa (AA, 2n = 20) and B. oleracea (CC, 2n = 18) for new vegetative crop breeding. Many studies have provided evidences for the phenotype instability and close relationship between A and C genome in the amphidiploid resynthesized B. napus cultivars. In fact, a new B. napus varieties, Hanakkori showed atypical morphological characters and generated many off-type progeny plants. In this study, we investigated the pollen fertility, chromosome number, structure, and behavior linked to defi ne the factors, which produce the unstable phenotypic expressions in the Hanakkori progenies. We define the chromosome number and chromosome organization using fl uorescence in situ hybridization analysis on somatic mitosis and meiosis cells. Off-type plants with lower pollen fertility show the instability of chromosome number and structures with small chromosome fragments. Observation of chromosomes behaviors at meiosis showed that the meiotic division in off-type plants led to appreciably higher abnormalities than in on-type plants. These results demonstrated that minimized abnormal chromosome structure and formation might be essential to stabilize the normal progenies in the B. napus plant breed-","PeriodicalId":10221,"journal":{"name":"Chromosome science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84279339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cytotaxonomical studies were conducted on Pilea brevicornuta Hayata in the Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan. Karyomorphology of dwarf and creeping individuals growing in riparian habitat of Amami-Oshima Island, which is morphologically distinct from normal individuals growing in forest floor, is the main focus of this report. All of the studied individuals of P. brevicornuta including dwarf ones had same chromosome number of 2n = 24. The karyotype formula is 2n = 24 = 6m + 13sm + 5st for normal individual and 2n = 24 = 6m + 12sm + 6st for dwarf individual. The chromosomes of P. brevicornuta were all small with sizes varying between 0.9 and 3.0 μm. Considering the basic chromosome number in the genus Pilea, 2n = 24 is regarded as diploid based on x = 12. Despite the high variability in morphology, P. brevicornuta had remarkably uniform karyomorphology.
{"title":"Karyological observations on dwarf individuals of Pilea brevicornuta Hayata (Urticaceae) growing in the riparian habitat in Amami-Oshima of the Ryukyus, Japan","authors":"Nure Ferdousee, T. Denda, M. Yokota","doi":"10.11352/SCR.18.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11352/SCR.18.3","url":null,"abstract":"Cytotaxonomical studies were conducted on Pilea brevicornuta Hayata in the Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan. Karyomorphology of dwarf and creeping individuals growing in riparian habitat of Amami-Oshima Island, which is morphologically distinct from normal individuals growing in forest floor, is the main focus of this report. All of the studied individuals of P. brevicornuta including dwarf ones had same chromosome number of 2n = 24. The karyotype formula is 2n = 24 = 6m + 13sm + 5st for normal individual and 2n = 24 = 6m + 12sm + 6st for dwarf individual. The chromosomes of P. brevicornuta were all small with sizes varying between 0.9 and 3.0 μm. Considering the basic chromosome number in the genus Pilea, 2n = 24 is regarded as diploid based on x = 12. Despite the high variability in morphology, P. brevicornuta had remarkably uniform karyomorphology.","PeriodicalId":10221,"journal":{"name":"Chromosome science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81370874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Equilibrina, Elena Krayukhina, K. Inoue, Y. Ishikawa, A. Kawamoto, Takayuki Kato, I. Suetake, S. Tajima, H. Takata, S. Uchiyama, K. Fukui
{"title":"The role of phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10 in chromatin condensation in vitro","authors":"I. Equilibrina, Elena Krayukhina, K. Inoue, Y. Ishikawa, A. Kawamoto, Takayuki Kato, I. Suetake, S. Tajima, H. Takata, S. Uchiyama, K. Fukui","doi":"10.11352/SCR.18.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11352/SCR.18.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10221,"journal":{"name":"Chromosome science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75178992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the Japanese rice frog, Fejervarya kawamurai, we identifi ed two unusual features of the sex ratio using artificial crosses at laboratory. Firstly, inbreeding such as sibling-sibling crosses, backcrosses, and diploid gynogenesis resulted in a male-biased sex ratio with a high rate of developmental mortality. Secondly, outbreeding reduced the mortality, and particularly outbreeding of females with males from a geographically separate population restored the sex ratio. Established mechanisms of genetic and environmental sex determination in vertebrates do not easily explain these results. Ecologically, this mechanism favors expanding populations that invade new habitat, because frogs must move continuously between populations to produce enough daughters and reduce embryonic mortality.
{"title":"Unusual sex-ratios and developmental mortality in the rice frog Fejervarya kawamurai","authors":"I. Miura, H. Ohtani, Takeshi Fujitani","doi":"10.11352/SCR.18.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11352/SCR.18.53","url":null,"abstract":"In the Japanese rice frog, Fejervarya kawamurai, we identifi ed two unusual features of the sex ratio using artificial crosses at laboratory. Firstly, inbreeding such as sibling-sibling crosses, backcrosses, and diploid gynogenesis resulted in a male-biased sex ratio with a high rate of developmental mortality. Secondly, outbreeding reduced the mortality, and particularly outbreeding of females with males from a geographically separate population restored the sex ratio. Established mechanisms of genetic and environmental sex determination in vertebrates do not easily explain these results. Ecologically, this mechanism favors expanding populations that invade new habitat, because frogs must move continuously between populations to produce enough daughters and reduce embryonic mortality.","PeriodicalId":10221,"journal":{"name":"Chromosome science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85231443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Robinson, M. Yusuf, J. Schwenke, A. Estandarte, Fucai Zhang, Gurdeep K. Bhella, Neha Parmar, J. Clark, Changyong Song, D. Nam, Gina Ratnasari, Kohei Kaneyoshi, H. Takata, K. Fukui
Microscopy methods have provided most of our knowledge to date on the structural organisation of chromosomes. Even after decades of research, the high order structure of human chromosomes is still under investigation. The new generation of X-ray sources, X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs) have opened an opportunity for imaging these complex structures with higher than optical resolution but without the radiation damage that usually accompanies X-ray imaging. Here we report our first experimental steps towards imaging micron-sized human chromosomes using the SACLA XFEL facility in Japan using the MAXIC chamber. The paper highlights the sample preparation of chromosomes, staining and drying conditions used, as well as the imaging optimisations and shows our fi rst results.
{"title":"Damage-free imaging of human chromosomes","authors":"I. Robinson, M. Yusuf, J. Schwenke, A. Estandarte, Fucai Zhang, Gurdeep K. Bhella, Neha Parmar, J. Clark, Changyong Song, D. Nam, Gina Ratnasari, Kohei Kaneyoshi, H. Takata, K. Fukui","doi":"10.11352/SCR.18.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11352/SCR.18.69","url":null,"abstract":"Microscopy methods have provided most of our knowledge to date on the structural organisation of chromosomes. Even after decades of research, the high order structure of human chromosomes is still under investigation. The new generation of X-ray sources, X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs) have opened an opportunity for imaging these complex structures with higher than optical resolution but without the radiation damage that usually accompanies X-ray imaging. Here we report our first experimental steps towards imaging micron-sized human chromosomes using the SACLA XFEL facility in Japan using the MAXIC chamber. The paper highlights the sample preparation of chromosomes, staining and drying conditions used, as well as the imaging optimisations and shows our fi rst results.","PeriodicalId":10221,"journal":{"name":"Chromosome science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88740196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Yusuf, P. Patel, Gurdeep K. Bhella, Benjamin C. Coles, K. Mir, A. Ward, S. Botchway, I. Robinson
{"title":"Development of a robotic system interfaced to a microfl uidic device to isolate a single chromosome","authors":"M. Yusuf, P. Patel, Gurdeep K. Bhella, Benjamin C. Coles, K. Mir, A. Ward, S. Botchway, I. Robinson","doi":"10.11352/SCR.18.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11352/SCR.18.73","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10221,"journal":{"name":"Chromosome science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87630227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shahnawaz Khursheed, R. A. Laskar, A. Raina, R. Amin, Samiullah Khan
Chromosomal aberration assessment is an important index in mutation breeding for determining the mutagen potency, which helps to deduce an optimum level of mutagen dose tolerable by the species. The current experiment was carried out to study the comparative account of different concentrations of EMS (0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03% and 0.04%), gamma rays (100Gy, 200Gy, 300Gy and 400Gy) and their combinations (100 Gy + 0.01% EMS, 200 Gy + 0.02% EMS, 300 Gy + 0.03% EMS and 400 Gy + 0.04% EMS) on induced chromosomal aberrations in two varieties of Vicia faba L. viz; PRT-12 and vikrant. The control plants showed normal meiosis while the treated plants showed considerable meiotic anomaly. Percent frequency assessment showed dose dependent increase in aberrations. The different abnormalities observed were laggards, bridges, stickiness, micronuclei, disturbed polarity, cytomixis etc. Seeds treated with combination treatments showed more cytological aberrations then individual treatments of both gamma and EMS doses. The order of the most signifi cant dose from each treatment conditions (physical, chemical and combination) were 300 Gy + 0.03% EMS > 400 Gy > 0.04% EMS for var. vikrant and 400 Gy + 0.04% EMS > 0.04% EMS > 400 Gy for var. PRT-12. The comparative analysis showed higher sensitivity of variety vikrant towards the doses of mutagen used than variety PRT-12 at same dose.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of cytological abnormalities induced in Vicia faba L. genotypes using physical and chemical mutagenesis","authors":"Shahnawaz Khursheed, R. A. Laskar, A. Raina, R. Amin, Samiullah Khan","doi":"10.11352/SCR.18.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11352/SCR.18.47","url":null,"abstract":"Chromosomal aberration assessment is an important index in mutation breeding for determining the mutagen potency, which helps to deduce an optimum level of mutagen dose tolerable by the species. The current experiment was carried out to study the comparative account of different concentrations of EMS (0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03% and 0.04%), gamma rays (100Gy, 200Gy, 300Gy and 400Gy) and their combinations (100 Gy + 0.01% EMS, 200 Gy + 0.02% EMS, 300 Gy + 0.03% EMS and 400 Gy + 0.04% EMS) on induced chromosomal aberrations in two varieties of Vicia faba L. viz; PRT-12 and vikrant. The control plants showed normal meiosis while the treated plants showed considerable meiotic anomaly. Percent frequency assessment showed dose dependent increase in aberrations. The different abnormalities observed were laggards, bridges, stickiness, micronuclei, disturbed polarity, cytomixis etc. Seeds treated with combination treatments showed more cytological aberrations then individual treatments of both gamma and EMS doses. The order of the most signifi cant dose from each treatment conditions (physical, chemical and combination) were 300 Gy + 0.03% EMS > 400 Gy > 0.04% EMS for var. vikrant and 400 Gy + 0.04% EMS > 0.04% EMS > 400 Gy for var. PRT-12. The comparative analysis showed higher sensitivity of variety vikrant towards the doses of mutagen used than variety PRT-12 at same dose.","PeriodicalId":10221,"journal":{"name":"Chromosome science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90339353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A chromosome preparation method using young leaves of pear (Pyrus spp.) was developed. Young leaves, 1-2 cm long, of grafted Japanese pear ‘Kosui’ (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) were used as materials. The leaves were cut into approximately 2 mm2 for enzymatic maceration/airdrying (EMA). For EMA, enzyme mixture containing 4% Cellulase Onozuka RS, 1.5% Macerozyme R200 (Yakult), 0.3% Pectolyase Y-23 (Seishin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), and 1 mM EDTA, pH 4.2, at 37°C for 60-75 min was optimum for chromosome preparation because a large number of good preparations, with all 34 chromosomes relatively extended and well spread without cytoplasm, were observed. The 18S-5.8S-25S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) site was detected in telomeric positions of six chromosomes in fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The number and positions of rDNA sites were the same as in the results using root tips as materials (Yamamoto et al. 2010, 2012). The method developed in the present study is considered to be promising for further cytogenetic studies in pear since true-to-type chromosome samples are obtained from young leaf.
{"title":"Enzymatic maceration/air-drying method for chromosome observations in the young leaf of pear (Pyrus spp.)","authors":"Masashi Yamamoto, S. Terakami, Toshiya Yamamoto","doi":"10.11352/SCR.18.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11352/SCR.18.29","url":null,"abstract":"A chromosome preparation method using young leaves of pear (Pyrus spp.) was developed. Young leaves, 1-2 cm long, of grafted Japanese pear ‘Kosui’ (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) were used as materials. The leaves were cut into approximately 2 mm2 for enzymatic maceration/airdrying (EMA). For EMA, enzyme mixture containing 4% Cellulase Onozuka RS, 1.5% Macerozyme R200 (Yakult), 0.3% Pectolyase Y-23 (Seishin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), and 1 mM EDTA, pH 4.2, at 37°C for 60-75 min was optimum for chromosome preparation because a large number of good preparations, with all 34 chromosomes relatively extended and well spread without cytoplasm, were observed. The 18S-5.8S-25S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) site was detected in telomeric positions of six chromosomes in fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The number and positions of rDNA sites were the same as in the results using root tips as materials (Yamamoto et al. 2010, 2012). The method developed in the present study is considered to be promising for further cytogenetic studies in pear since true-to-type chromosome samples are obtained from young leaf.","PeriodicalId":10221,"journal":{"name":"Chromosome science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79141289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two sympatric forms of the Siberian lenok genus Brachymystax, sharp-snouted lenok (B. lenok, SS) and blunt-snouted lenok (B. tumensis is applied currently, BS), from the Amur River basin shared similar karyotype showing 2n = 90 and the formula of 8M+1SM+1SMST+9ST+27A, with NF = 110. However, AgNORs were located on one each pair of acrocentric and subtelocentric chromosomes in the SS lenok, and only one pair of subtelocentric chromosomes in the BS lenok. The observed karyotypic difference strongly supported these two forms to be different species. Variations of previously published lenok karyotypes also were discussed.
{"title":"Karyotypes of the lenok genus Brachymystax from the Amur River basin ? AgNORs are diff erent between sharp-snouted and blunt-snouted lenoks","authors":"S. Frolov, H. Sakai, V. N. Frolova","doi":"10.11352/SCR.18.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11352/SCR.18.59","url":null,"abstract":"Two sympatric forms of the Siberian lenok genus Brachymystax, sharp-snouted lenok (B. lenok, SS) and blunt-snouted lenok (B. tumensis is applied currently, BS), from the Amur River basin shared similar karyotype showing 2n = 90 and the formula of 8M+1SM+1SMST+9ST+27A, with NF = 110. However, AgNORs were located on one each pair of acrocentric and subtelocentric chromosomes in the SS lenok, and only one pair of subtelocentric chromosomes in the BS lenok. The observed karyotypic difference strongly supported these two forms to be different species. Variations of previously published lenok karyotypes also were discussed.","PeriodicalId":10221,"journal":{"name":"Chromosome science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89508217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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