Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.3381/tobsci-d-22-00001
D. Suchoff, M. Vann, M. McGinnis, J. H. Mason, L. Fisher
Certified organic flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) production has experienced significant expansion in the United States. Despite this expansion, there is very little information available that outlines organic nitrogen (N) programs for seedling production. To develop grower recommendations, research was conducted to evaluate the effects of a Peruvian seabird guano (SG), sodium nitrate (SN), or a combination of the two (SN_SG) in a float system on float water chemistry and seedling vigor. A conventional treatment (Conv; SQM Ultrasol Premium) was included for comparison. A greenhouse study was conducted twice between June 2016 and January 2017. Nitrogen fertilizer treatments were applied to tobacco float system water twice during the germination and growth of tobacco transplants. Float system water was collected every 5 days and analyzed for N forms, pH, dissolved oxygen, and bicarbonate. At the end of each experiment, transplant dimensions were measured and percent of usable plants collected. Float water bicarbonate concentration was <1 meq L−1 in treatments absent of SG for the duration of the study, but were in excess of 12 meq L−1 25 days after seeding (DAS) when SG was the exclusive N source. Despite high ammonium and bicarbonate concentrations with SG, neither factor negatively impacted seedling growth. Both SG and SN_SG produced as many usable plants as Conv; however, seedling height and diameter tended to be lower in SG compared to the other two treatments. No usable transplants were produced when SN was the sole fertility source, likely because of lack of nutrients other than N. Furthermore, many of the organic fertility products require biological activity to mineralize organic N to a plant-available form. This activity can have potentially detrimental outcomes on float system solution pH, dissolved oxygen, and bicarbonate levels.
{"title":"Nitrogen Fertilizer Programs for Organic Flue-Cured Tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum L.) Seedling Production","authors":"D. Suchoff, M. Vann, M. McGinnis, J. H. Mason, L. Fisher","doi":"10.3381/tobsci-d-22-00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3381/tobsci-d-22-00001","url":null,"abstract":"Certified organic flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) production has experienced significant expansion in the United States. Despite this expansion, there is very little information available that outlines organic nitrogen (N) programs for seedling production. To develop grower recommendations, research was conducted to evaluate the effects of a Peruvian seabird guano (SG), sodium nitrate (SN), or a combination of the two (SN_SG) in a float system on float water chemistry and seedling vigor. A conventional treatment (Conv; SQM Ultrasol Premium) was included for comparison. A greenhouse study was conducted twice between June 2016 and January 2017. Nitrogen fertilizer treatments were applied to tobacco float system water twice during the germination and growth of tobacco transplants. Float system water was collected every 5 days and analyzed for N forms, pH, dissolved oxygen, and bicarbonate. At the end of each experiment, transplant dimensions were measured and percent of usable plants collected. Float water bicarbonate concentration was <1 meq L−1 in treatments absent of SG for the duration of the study, but were in excess of 12 meq L−1 25 days after seeding (DAS) when SG was the exclusive N source. Despite high ammonium and bicarbonate concentrations with SG, neither factor negatively impacted seedling growth. Both SG and SN_SG produced as many usable plants as Conv; however, seedling height and diameter tended to be lower in SG compared to the other two treatments. No usable transplants were produced when SN was the sole fertility source, likely because of lack of nutrients other than N. Furthermore, many of the organic fertility products require biological activity to mineralize organic N to a plant-available form. This activity can have potentially detrimental outcomes on float system solution pH, dissolved oxygen, and bicarbonate levels.","PeriodicalId":10257,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Tobacco Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83910108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fernanda F Zenkner, M. Margis-Pinheiro, Alexandro Cagliari
Alkaloids are important compounds found in Nicotiana plants, essential in plant defense against herbivores. The main alkaloid of Nicotiana tabacum, nicotine, is produced in roots and translocated to the leaves. Nicotine is formed by a pyrrolidine and a pyridine ring in a process involving several enzymes. The pyridine ring of nicotine is derived from nicotinic acid, whereas the pyrrolidine ring originates from polyamine putrescine metabolism. After synthesis in root cortical cells, a set of transporters is known to transport nicotine upward to the aerial part and store it in leaf vacuoles. Moreover, nicotine can be metabolized in leaves, giving rise to nornicotine through the N-demethylation process. Some Nicotiana wild species produce acyltransferase enzymes, which allow the plant to make N-acyl-nornicotine, an alkaloid with more potent insecticidal properties than nicotine. However, although we can find a wealth of information about the alkaloid production in Nicotiana spp., our understanding about nicotine biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism is still incomplete. This review will summarize these pathways on the basis on recent literature, as well as highlighting questions that need further investigation.
{"title":"Nicotine Biosynthesis inNicotiana: A Metabolic Overview","authors":"Fernanda F Zenkner, M. Margis-Pinheiro, Alexandro Cagliari","doi":"10.3381/18-063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3381/18-063","url":null,"abstract":"Alkaloids are important compounds found in Nicotiana plants, essential in plant defense against herbivores. The main alkaloid of Nicotiana tabacum, nicotine, is produced in roots and translocated to the leaves. Nicotine is formed by a pyrrolidine and a pyridine ring in a process involving several enzymes. The pyridine ring of nicotine is derived from nicotinic acid, whereas the pyrrolidine ring originates from polyamine putrescine metabolism. After synthesis in root cortical cells, a set of transporters is known to transport nicotine upward to the aerial part and store it in leaf vacuoles. Moreover, nicotine can be metabolized in leaves, giving rise to nornicotine through the N-demethylation process. Some Nicotiana wild species produce acyltransferase enzymes, which allow the plant to make N-acyl-nornicotine, an alkaloid with more potent insecticidal properties than nicotine. However, although we can find a wealth of information about the alkaloid production in Nicotiana spp., our understanding about nicotine biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism is still incomplete. This review will summarize these pathways on the basis on recent literature, as well as highlighting questions that need further investigation.","PeriodicalId":10257,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Tobacco Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84896509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With rising input costs, flue-cured tobacco producers must consider modern fertility programs that focus on reduced application rates of alternative nutrient sources. To demonstrate the usability o...
{"title":"VERIFICATION OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION RATES TO FLUE-CURED TOBACCO","authors":"M. Vann, L. Fisher","doi":"10.3381/17-061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3381/17-061","url":null,"abstract":"With rising input costs, flue-cured tobacco producers must consider modern fertility programs that focus on reduced application rates of alternative nutrient sources. To demonstrate the usability o...","PeriodicalId":10257,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Tobacco Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81918863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From 2013 to 2015, research was conducted to estimate the maximum expected residue levels for the insecticides cyantraniliprole and spinosad following application to flue-cured tobacco. Data were generated in order to assist industry in establishing Guidance Residue Limits for both compounds. The insecticides were applied to fields of tobacco at maximum rates in accordance with the labeled rates and the harvested/cured leaf was analyzed in a lab for chemical residues. The findings indicated that the expected residues on cured leaf would be low or not quantifiable under existing detection techniques.
{"title":"CYANTRANILIPROLE AND SPINOSAD RESIDUES IN FLUE-CURED TOBACCO","authors":"M. Vann, and L.R. Fisher, D. S. Whitley","doi":"10.3381/17-059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3381/17-059","url":null,"abstract":"From 2013 to 2015, research was conducted to estimate the maximum expected residue levels for the insecticides cyantraniliprole and spinosad following application to flue-cured tobacco. Data were generated in order to assist industry in establishing Guidance Residue Limits for both compounds. The insecticides were applied to fields of tobacco at maximum rates in accordance with the labeled rates and the harvested/cured leaf was analyzed in a lab for chemical residues. The findings indicated that the expected residues on cured leaf would be low or not quantifiable under existing detection techniques.","PeriodicalId":10257,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Tobacco Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89548567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Significant variability in cured-leaf tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) content is commonly observed when sampling within dark air-curing barns. This variability may be due to inconsistency in th...
{"title":"Analysis of Variability in Curing Conditions and Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines Within Barns of Dark Air-Cured Tobacco","authors":"M. Richmond, R. Pearce, B. Goff, W. Bailey","doi":"10.3381/17-060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3381/17-060","url":null,"abstract":"Significant variability in cured-leaf tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) content is commonly observed when sampling within dark air-curing barns. This variability may be due to inconsistency in th...","PeriodicalId":10257,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Tobacco Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89355303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Field experiments were conducted in 2012, 2013, and 2014 near Murray, KY to evaluate response of dark fire-cured tobacco to potassium rate and application method. Treatments included 4 rates of potassium based on soil test K values with potassium sulfate (0–0–50) at 0%, 50%, 100%, and 150% of the recommended potassium rate in each year. All potassium treatments were either manually broadcast applied and incorporated 1 day prior to transplanting or manually band applied and incorporated 7 days after transplanting. Based on soil tests for the location of the 2012–13 tests, a higher rate of potassium fertilizer was recommended, compared to the 2014 location. Potassium rate and application method did not have a significant effect on yield components (lug, second, and leaf) in any year; however, there was a response in 2012–13 for total yield. Within the 100% recommended rate in 2012–13, broadcast (3,367 kg ha−1) application of potassium resulted in significantly higher yield than banded application (3,001 kg ...
{"title":"DARK FIRE-CURED TOBACCO RESPONSE TO POTASSIUM RATE AND APPLICATION METHOD","authors":"M. Richmond, R. Pearce, W. Bailey","doi":"10.3381/16-051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3381/16-051","url":null,"abstract":"Field experiments were conducted in 2012, 2013, and 2014 near Murray, KY to evaluate response of dark fire-cured tobacco to potassium rate and application method. Treatments included 4 rates of potassium based on soil test K values with potassium sulfate (0–0–50) at 0%, 50%, 100%, and 150% of the recommended potassium rate in each year. All potassium treatments were either manually broadcast applied and incorporated 1 day prior to transplanting or manually band applied and incorporated 7 days after transplanting. Based on soil tests for the location of the 2012–13 tests, a higher rate of potassium fertilizer was recommended, compared to the 2014 location. Potassium rate and application method did not have a significant effect on yield components (lug, second, and leaf) in any year; however, there was a response in 2012–13 for total yield. Within the 100% recommended rate in 2012–13, broadcast (3,367 kg ha−1) application of potassium resulted in significantly higher yield than banded application (3,001 kg ...","PeriodicalId":10257,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Tobacco Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90426684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One hundred eighty four strains of Ralstonia solanacearum isolated in 2007 and 2008 from 11 tobacco fields in North Carolina were evaluated for genotypic diversity and aggressiveness. All strains were race 1, biovar 1, and belonged to phylotype II. Genetic diversity of the strains was assessed with the use of repetitive sequence–based polymerase chain reaction. DNA primers (REP, ERIC, and BOX) were used to generate genomic fingerprints. Both REP and BOX revealed 3 patterns: Ar, Cr, and Dr and Ab, Cb, and Db, respectively. Five patterns were identified with ERIC-PCR. Pattern Ae was found in 80% of the strains collected. Pattern Be was in 4%, pattern Ce in 13%, pattern De in 2%, and pattern Ee in 1% of the strains collected. Cluster analyses showed that the strains were 88% similar and constitute a rather homogeneous group. Aggressiveness of strains was evaluated on 3 tobacco cultivars with different levels of resistance to bacterial wilt. Overall, aggressiveness depended on the field from which the strains...
{"title":"DIVERSITY OF RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM POPULATIONS AFFECTING TOBACCO CROPS IN NORTH CAROLINA","authors":"M. Katawczik, H. Tseng, A. Mila","doi":"10.3381/15-047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3381/15-047","url":null,"abstract":"One hundred eighty four strains of Ralstonia solanacearum isolated in 2007 and 2008 from 11 tobacco fields in North Carolina were evaluated for genotypic diversity and aggressiveness. All strains were race 1, biovar 1, and belonged to phylotype II. Genetic diversity of the strains was assessed with the use of repetitive sequence–based polymerase chain reaction. DNA primers (REP, ERIC, and BOX) were used to generate genomic fingerprints. Both REP and BOX revealed 3 patterns: Ar, Cr, and Dr and Ab, Cb, and Db, respectively. Five patterns were identified with ERIC-PCR. Pattern Ae was found in 80% of the strains collected. Pattern Be was in 4%, pattern Ce in 13%, pattern De in 2%, and pattern Ee in 1% of the strains collected. Cluster analyses showed that the strains were 88% similar and constitute a rather homogeneous group. Aggressiveness of strains was evaluated on 3 tobacco cultivars with different levels of resistance to bacterial wilt. Overall, aggressiveness depended on the field from which the strains...","PeriodicalId":10257,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Tobacco Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79563947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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