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The effect of potassium rate on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) 施钾量对烤烟产量和品质的影响
Pub Date : 2012-08-24 DOI: 10.3381/12-019R.1
M. Vann, L. Fisher, D. Jordan, D. Hardy, W. Smith, A. M. Stewart
Research was conducted at 2 locations in 2009 and 2010 to determine the effect of potassium rate on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. Treatments included 8 rates of potassium from sulfate of potash magnesia (K-Mag, 0–0–22): 0, 84, 112, 140, 168, 196, 224, and 252 kg K2O ha−1. A complete (N–P–K) fertilizer that supplied 134 kg K2O ha−1 was also included as a control treatment. All fertilizer was applied in a single band application within 10 days after transplanting. Yield was measured and samples were assigned an official U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) grade. Crop value was determined based on yield and grade. Tissue samples were collected throughout the season at 3 separate times: at layby, at topping, and after curing. Tissue samples were analyzed for total alkaloid and reducing sugar content as well as N, P, K, and Mg content at North Carolina State University. Soil samples were also collected at transplanting, which corresponded with potassium fertilizer application, and were analyze...
2009年和2010年在2个地点研究了施钾量对烤烟产量和品质的影响。处理包括8种硫酸钾(K-Mag, 0 - 0 - 22): 0、84、112、140、168、196、224和252 kg K2O ha - 1。对照处理还包括提供134 kg K2O ha - 1的全氮(N-P-K)肥。所有肥料在移栽后10天内一次性施用。测量了产量,并将样品分配给美国农业部(USDA)的官方等级。作物价值是根据产量和等级来确定的。组织样本在整个季节中在3个不同的时间收集:在放置时,在浇头时,在固化后。在北卡罗莱纳州立大学对组织样品进行了总生物碱和还原糖含量以及N、P、K和Mg含量的分析。移栽时也采集了与钾肥施用相对应的土壤样品,并进行了分析。
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引用次数: 7
EVALUATION OF GROWTH REGULATORS AND RIPENING AGENT USED IN FLUE-CURED TOBACCO WHEN SPRAY-SOLUTION APPLICATION IS DELAYED 延迟喷液施用时烤烟生长调节剂和催熟剂的评价
Pub Date : 2012-08-24 DOI: 10.3381/11-017.1
Peter M. Eure, L. Fisher, A. M. Stewart, D. Jordan
Information is limited concerning the effect on efficacy of flue-cured tobacco growth regulators and a ripening agent resulting from delayed application after solution preparation. Efficacy of C8-C10 fatty alcohol, flumetralin, flumetralin plus maleic hydrazide, and maleic hydrazide in 1 experiment and ethephon in a second experiment was evaluated when spray solutions were prepared the day of application or 3 and 7 days before application. Regardless of the number of days prepared before application, all solutions were applied on the same day. Solutions were mixed in the same water source with a pH of 6.7 and were stored in the dark at room temperature. Efficacy of C8-C10 fatty alcohol, flumetralin, flumetralin plus maleic hydrazide, and maleic hydrazide was not influenced when left in spray solution for up to 7 days. Leaf yellowing by ethephon 3 days after treatment was variable when spray solutions were prepared in opened or closed containers 7 days before application. Leaf yellowing by ethephon 5 days ...
关于溶液配制后延迟施用对烤烟生长调节剂和催熟剂功效的影响的资料有限。在第一个实验中分别对C8-C10脂肪醇、氟甲萘林、氟甲萘林加马来酰肼和马来酰肼进行了药效评价,在第二次实验中分别对乙烯利进行了药效评价,分别在施药当天或施药前3天和7天制备了喷雾溶液。无论施用前准备了多少天,所有溶液都在同一天施用。将溶液混合在pH值为6.7的同一水源中,在室温下避光保存。C8-C10脂肪醇、氟甲萘林、氟甲萘林加马来酰肼和马来酰肼在喷雾溶液中放置7天不影响药效。喷淋溶液在喷淋前7天在开放或封闭的容器中制备,喷淋后3天的乙烯利叶片黄变是不同的。乙烯利5天叶子变黄…
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引用次数: 4
PLANT AGE AND STRAIN OF RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM AFFECT THE EXPRESSION OF RESISTANCE OF TOBACCO CULTIVARS TO GRANVILLE WILT 株龄和品系对烟草品种对青枯病的抗性表达有影响
Pub Date : 2012-08-23 DOI: 10.3381/11-013R.1
M. Katawczik, A. Mila
Granville wilt (GW), a devastating disease of tobacco, is best managed through a combination of rotation with nonhost crops, soil fumigation, and implementation of resistant cultivars. Resistance i...
格兰维尔枯萎病是一种毁灭性的烟草疾病,最好的防治方法是与非寄主作物轮作、土壤熏蒸和种植抗性品种相结合。抵抗我…
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引用次数: 6
EVALUATION OF FLOAT TRAYS WITH HIGH CELL NUMBERS ON STAND COUNTS AND YIELDS IN A CLOSE-GROWN TOBACCO PRODUCTION SYSTEM 高细胞数浮塔对近地烟草生产系统中烟台数量和产量的评价
Pub Date : 2012-02-07 DOI: 10.3381/10-005.1
R. Mundell, Orlando D. Chambers, James P . O'Daniel, H. Davies
Abstract New applications for tobacco plants as manufacturing systems for medical and industrial products are in a sufficiently advanced stage of development that attention is now being directed at the efficiency and cost effectiveness of crop production. The greenhouse costs associated with raising transplants are an important factor, partly because the high planting density of these new tobacco crops in the field will greatly increase the number of transplants needed per unit area of production, and thus the overall cost of the crop, and partly because the transgenic transplants that will be used in some strategies will need to be raised in more stringently quarantined greenhouse facilities according to governmental regulations. Thus minimizing the square footage of greenhouse space for the production of transplants is a desirable objective. The float-bed system that is now widely used to produce tobacco transplants can physically accommodate a higher transplant density than is conventionally employed, ...
烟草植物作为医疗和工业产品制造系统的新应用正处于足够先进的发展阶段,现在人们的注意力正集中在作物生产的效率和成本效益上。与种植移植物相关的温室成本是一个重要因素,部分原因是这些新烟草作物在田间的高种植密度将大大增加单位面积生产所需的移植物数量,从而增加作物的总体成本,部分原因是将用于某些策略的转基因移植物将需要根据政府规定在更严格隔离的温室设施中种植。因此,最大限度地减少生产移植物的温室空间的平方英尺是一个理想的目标。现在广泛用于生产烟草移栽的浮床系统可以在物理上适应比传统采用的更高的移栽密度。
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引用次数: 3
EFFICACY OF AZOXYSTROBIN FUNGICIDE AGAINST SORE SHIN OF SHADE TOBACCO CAUSED BY RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI 氮唑菌酯杀菌剂对茄枯丝核菌所致阴烟胫痛的防治效果
Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.3381/11-014.1
J. LaMondia
Azoxystrobin fungicide was evaluated for efficacy against Rhizoctonia solani, causal agent of tobacco sore shin, in greenhouse and in vitro tests. Azoxystrobin significantly increased root weights and reduced disease ratings compared with untreated controls in 2004 and 2005, and also reduced the percent of the stem girdled in 2005 (not measured in 2004). Some phytotoxicity (observed as flecks) was visible on 1 or 2 leaves of Quadris-treated transplants about 1 week after treatment. Leaves that expanded after treatment did not show symptoms. Activity of azoxystrobin fungicide in vitro was not as effective as might be expected from field observations and greenhouse experiments. Dose– response experiments of R. solani mycelial growth rate on azoxystrobin-amended half-strength Potato dextrose agar measured mycelial growth inhibition of only 30% by 1,000 mg/ ml ai. Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), used to inhibit the alternative oxidase pathway in a number of fungi, was tested at 100 mg/ml SHAM in media to determine the efficacy of azoxystrobin against 2 isolates of R. solani in the absence of the alternative oxidase pathway. In the presence of SHAM, the inhibition of mycelial growth was over the LD50 for all concentrations tested, indicating that R. solani does use an alternative oxidation pathway in vitro. However, the observed inhibition decreased over time; inhibition averaged over all azoxystrobin concentrations was 63.3% after the first 24 hr, 52.0% after 48 hr and only 26.5% during the third–fourth day of exposure (P 5 0.001). It appears that an additional mechanism of alternative oxidation may become active over time in R. solani. Azoxystrobin (Quadris) is registered for management of tobacco blue mold and should be valuable as a transplant band treatment to protect shade-grown tobacco plants from sore shin caused by R. solani. Additional key words: alternative oxidase pathway, Nicotiana tabacum, Quadris, sore shin
采用温室试验和体外试验评价了氮唑菌酯杀菌剂对烟草溃疡病原菌索拉尼根核菌的防治效果。在2004年和2005年,与未经处理的对照相比,氮唑菌酯显著增加了根重,降低了病害等级,并且在2005年还降低了茎环的百分比(2004年未测量)。处理后1周左右,在1或2片叶片上可见一些植物毒性(以斑点的形式观察)。治疗后扩大的叶子没有表现出症状。偶氮菌酯杀菌剂的体外活性不如田间观察和温室试验所预期的那样有效。剂量效应实验表明,1000 mg/ ml ai对茄茄菌菌丝生长的抑制率仅为30%。水杨酸羟肟酸(saliicylhydroxamic acid, SHAM)是一种抑制多种真菌中选择性氧化酶途径的药物,我们在培养基中以100 mg/ml的SHAM浓度测试了偶氮霉酯酶(azoxystrobin)对2株无选择性氧化酶途径病原菌的抑制作用。在SHAM存在的情况下,对菌丝生长的抑制在所有测试浓度下都超过LD50,这表明番茄红霉在体外确实使用了另一种氧化途径。然而,观察到的抑制作用随着时间的推移而减弱;所有氮嘧菌酯浓度的平均抑制作用在24小时后为63.3%,48小时后为52.0%,在暴露的第3 - 4天仅为26.5% (P < 0.05)。随着时间的推移,一种额外的替代氧化机制可能变得活跃。Azoxystrobin (Quadris)已注册用于烟草蓝霉病的管理,作为一种移植带处理应该是有价值的,以保护遮荫种植的烟草植物免受茄蓝霉病引起的胫痛。附加关键词:替代氧化酶途径,烟草,Quadris,胫骨痛
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引用次数: 10
EFFECTS OF 1-METHYLCYCLOPROPENE ON FLUE-CURED TOBACCO (NICOTIANA TABACUM L.) WITH THE INITIATION OF CHEMICAL SENESCENCE FROM APPLICATIONS OF 2-CHLOROETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID 1-甲基环丙烯对烤烟(nicotiana tabacum)的影响随着2-氯乙基膦酸应用引发化学衰老
Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.3381/10-007.1
Zachary Taylor, L. Fisher, W. Smith, K. Edmisten, R. Wells, D. Jordan, S. Blankenship
Abstract Ripening and holding ability of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) are critical components of producing high-quality leaf desired by the tobacco leaf buyers. Research was conducted in North Carolina during 2006 to 2008 at 2 locations to determine if applications of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) could inhibit chemically enhanced senescence from applications of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid in flue-cured tobacco. Treatments consisted of 1-MCP at 26 g ai ha−1 and at 13 g ai ha−1. Applications of 1-MCP were initiated before optimal ripeness on the basis of traditional judgment of harvest timing and included applications at: 14 days before normal final harvest, 14 and 7 days before normal final harvest, 7 days before normal final harvest, and 7 and 1 days before normal final harvest. Treatments also included applications of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid at 1,680 g ai ha−1 to enhance chemical senescence at the normal harvest timing. Soil plant analysis development (SPAD) values were taken before (b...
摘要:烤烟的成熟和保温能力是烟叶购买者生产优质烟叶的关键因素。2006年至2008年期间,在北卡罗来纳州的两个地点进行了研究,以确定在烤烟中施用1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)是否可以抑制2-氯乙基膦酸在化学上增强的衰老。1- mcp浓度分别为26 g和13 g。根据传统的采收时机判断,在最优成熟前开始施用1- mcp,分别在正常末收前14天、正常末收前14天和7天、正常末收前7天和1天施用。处理还包括在正常收获时间施用1,680 g / ha - 1的2-氯乙基膦酸,以促进化学衰老。土壤植物分析发育(SPAD)值在…
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引用次数: 0
EFFECT OF BALE SIZE AND DENSITY ON TSNA FORMATION IN BALED BURLEY TOBACCO 成捆大小和密度对白烟成捆后tsna形成的影响
Pub Date : 2011-12-30 DOI: 10.3381/10-011.1
Margarita Velandia, V. Witcher, H. P. Denton
Abstract Nitrosamines are nitrogen-containing compounds that occur in trace amounts in everyday items. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) have been identified as some of the most potent carcinogens in tobacco products. The objective of this study was to evaluate market preparation conditions affecting TSNA levels in cured burley tobacco. The data for this study were based on a market-preparation experiment design to study bale density and size effects on TSNA levels during storage in Greenville, TN following the 2005, 2006, and 2007 growing seasons. Standard and flue-cured sized bales were evaluated at standard and high density levels. The effects of bale size and density were estimated by evaluating TSNA content changes between the baling and sale time. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for all the years combined. Results show that bale size and density do not have a significant effect on TSNA level changes.
亚硝胺是一种含氮化合物,存在于日常用品中。烟草特异性亚硝胺(TSNA)已被确定为烟草制品中一些最有效的致癌物。本研究的目的是评价影响烤烟中TSNA含量的市场准备条件。本研究的数据基于一项市场准备试验设计,旨在研究2005、2006和2007年生长季节后,在田纳西州格林维尔储存期间,捆密度和尺寸对TSNA水平的影响。在标准和高密度水平上对标准和烤制大小的包进行了评估。通过评价TSNA含量在打捆和销售时间之间的变化,评价了不同尺寸和密度对玉米的影响。对所有年份进行方差分析(ANOVA)。结果表明,包粗和密度对TSNA水平变化无显著影响。
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引用次数: 1
THE IMPORTANCE OF MOISTURE TIMELINESS FOR OPTIMAL CROP YIELD AND LEAF QUALITY IN BURLEY TOBACCO1 水分及时性对白肋烟最佳产量和叶品质的重要性
Pub Date : 2011-12-30 DOI: 10.3381/09-003.1
T. Bridges, L. R. Walton, G. Palmer
Abstract Time periods during the burley growing season were identified when increases or decreases in available moisture had significant influences on burley crop yield and crop quality. This was accomplished with the use of 42 years of daily precipitation and evapotranspiration data (1959–2000) along with the yearly crop yield data for the Kentucky locations of Louisville, Lexington, and Paducah. Crop quality was defined with the use of 3 leaf color groups—tan, red, and green—and a yearly grade index, and these were determined from Kentucky statewide sales percentages for the period of record. Available moisture was defined as the difference in daily precipitation and evapotranspiration, and this difference was used to define a growing-season available moisture index (AMI) for each year in the period of record. Correlation procedures were used to search the growing season for time periods when increases or decreases in the AMI resulted in significant increases or decreases in the various color groups and...
摘要在白肋草生长季节,有效水分的增加或减少对白肋草产量和作物品质有显著影响。这是通过使用42年的日降水和蒸散数据(1959-2000)以及肯塔基州路易斯维尔、列克星敦和帕迪尤卡地区的年度作物产量数据完成的。作物质量的定义是使用3种叶子颜色组——棕褐色、红色和绿色——以及年度等级指数,这些是根据肯塔基州记录期间的全州销售百分比确定的。有效水分被定义为日降水量和蒸散量的差值,并以此差值定义了记录期内每年的生长期有效水分指数(AMI)。相关程序用于搜索生长季节的时间周期,当AMI的增加或减少导致各种颜色组和…
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引用次数: 1
ON-FARM PERFORMANCE OF A MECHANICAL BURLEY TOBACCO HARVESTING SYSTEM 机械白肋烟收获系统的农场性能
Pub Date : 2011-01-01 DOI: 10.3381/10-008.1
L. Wells, T. Smith, G. B. Day, M. Harpring
Abstract A mechanical burley tobacco harvesting system manufactured by GCH International, Inc. was evaluated on 2 burley farms in 2007. Self-propelled harvesters placed mature plants into portable ...
摘要2007年,对GCH国际公司生产的白肋烟机械采收系统在2个白肋烟农场进行了评价。自行式收割机将成熟的植物放入便携式…
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引用次数: 2
THE EFFECTS OF 1-METHYLCYCLOPROPENE ON RIPENING DELAY AND HOLDING ABILITY IN FLUE-CURED TOBACCO 1-甲基环丙烯对烤烟延迟成熟和保持能力的影响
Pub Date : 2011-01-01 DOI: 10.3381/10-006.1
Zachary Taylor, L. Fisher, W. Smith, K. Edmisten, R. Wells, D. Jordan, S. Blankenship
Abstract Ripening and holding ability of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) are critical components of producing the high-quality leaf desired by buyers. Research was conducted at 2 location...
摘要:烤烟(Nicotiana tabacum L.)的成熟和保持能力是生产高品质烟叶的关键因素。研究在两个地点进行……
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引用次数: 3
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