Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine最新文献

The optimal diagnosis strategy for pulmonary embolism (PE) in the emergency department (ED) remains complex. This review summarizes PE diagnosis with clinical presentation, decision rules and investigations for acute PE. This review was performed using studies published between January 1, 2010, and September 1, 2023. PE should be considered in ED in patients with chest pain, shortness of breath, syncope or signs of deep veinous thrombosis. Definitive diagnosis of PE relies on thoracic imaging, with the use of chest tomographic pulmonary angiogram or ventilation-perfusion lung scintigraphy. To limit the continuous increased use of chest imaging, the clinical probability should be the first step for PE workup. The pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC) can rule out PE at this stage. If not, for low or intermediate probability, several clinical decision rules have been validated, either by ruling out PE on clinical signs, or by raising D-dimer thresholds (YEARS or PEGeD [Pulmonary Embolism Graduated D-Dimer] criteria) or by combination of these different rules. It is recommended that patients with a high clinical probability of PE should undergo chest imaging without the need for D-dimer testing. The PE diagnostic approach can be tailored in specific populations such as pregnant, younger, COVID-19, or cancer patients. PE diagnosis workup illustrates the complexity of modern probabilistic-based approaches of decision-making in medicine. It is recommended to use a Bayesian approach with the evaluation of clinical probability, then order D-dimer if the PERC rule is positive, then adapt the D-dimer threshold for ordering chest imaging using clinical decision rules.

Objective: The use of pediatric length-based weight estimation tapes with precalculated drug doses is advocated by major Advanced Life Support organizations, but concerns have been raised on the accuracy of these systems. The objective of this systematic review was to collect, review, evaluate, and create a synthesis of the current literature to establish whether there is high-quality evidence for use of length-based tapes in accurate drug dose administration. A further objective was to compare these tapes with other dosing aids.

Methods: Eligible studies were identified and analyzed if they were peer reviewed, full text articles containing original data. Studies including any form of length-based precalculated drug dosing methodology in children aged 0 to 18 years were included.

Results: Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The most studied of the tapes was the Broselow tape in 16 studies (88.9%). When these tapes were used on their own without additional reference material, they produced a substantial number of potentially harmful dosing errors (>20% error). No tape was superior to another. Using the tapes was better than using no dosing aid but was inferior to using both comprehensive drug dosing guides and novel color-coded medication administration systems.

Conclusion: There was no high-quality evidence that the use of length-based tapes with precalculated drug doses leads to accurate drug dosing. However, comprehensive drug dosing systems were more effective at reducing dosing errors than were length-based tapes on their own. The confounding effect of weight estimation accuracy on drug dosing accuracy has not been sufficiently studied.

Objective: Emergency department (ED) triage systems are used to classify the severity and urgency of emergency patients, and Korean medical institutions use the Korean Triage and Acuity Scale (KTAS). During the COVID-19 pandemic, appropriate treatment for emergency patients was delayed due to various circumstances, such as overcrowding of EDs, lack of medical workforce resources, and increased workload on medical staff. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the KTAS in predicting the urgency of emergency patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed patients who were treated in the ED during the pandemic period from January 2020 to June 2021. Patients were divided into COVID-19-screening negative (SN) and COVID-19-screening positive (SP) groups. We compared the predictability of the KTAS for urgent patients between the two groups.

Results: From a total of 107,480 patients, 62,776 patients (58.4%) were included in the SN group and 44,704 (41.6%) were included in the SP group. The odds ratios for severity variables at each KTAS level revealed a more evident discriminatory power of the KTAS for severity variables in the SN group (P<0.001). The predictability of the KTAS for severity variables was higher in the SN group than in the SP group (area under the curve, P<0.001).

Conclusion: During the pandemic, the KTAS had low accuracy in predicting patients in critical condition in the ED. Therefore, in future pandemic periods, supplementation of the current ED triage system should be considered in order to accurately classify the severity of patients.

Objective: Pain control for hip fractures is often achieved via intravenous opioids. However, opioids can have dangerous adverse effects, including respiratory depression and delirium. Peripheral nerve blockade is an alternative option for pain control that reduces the need for opioid analgesia. The purpose of this study was to compare the use of femoral nerve blocks versus standard pain control for patients with hip fractures.

Methods: This retrospective study included adult patients presenting to the emergency department with isolated hip fractures between April 2021 and September 2022. The intervention group included all patients who received a femoral nerve block during this time. An equivalent number of patients who received standard pain control during that period was randomly selected to represent the control group. The primary outcome was preoperative opioid requirement, assessed by morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs).

Results: During the study period, 90 patients were included in each group. Mean preoperative MME was 10.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.4-13.2 MME) for the intervention group and 14.0 (95% CI, 10.2-17.8 MME) for the control group (P=0.13). Patients who received a femoral nerve block also had shorter time from emergency department triage to hospital discharge (7.2 days; 95% CI, 6.2-8.0 days) than patients who received standard care (8.6 days; 95% CI, 7.210.0 days). However, this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.09).

Conclusion: Femoral nerve blockade is a safe and effective alternative to opioids for pain control in patients with hip fractures.

In a case of contrast media-induced anaphylactic shock managed with epinephrine, a 57-year-old male developed lactic acidosis without cardiogenic shock or global hypoperfusion, highlighting epinephrine's potential to trigger lactic acidosis. Despite previous management of similar reactions with antihistamines and corticosteroids, this case required intensive care unit admission and emergency intervention, with lactate levels peaking alarmingly. The rapid resolution of acidosis following epinephrine discontinuation underscores the need for careful monitoring and the consideration of alternative vasopressor strategies in severe anaphylaxis, illustrating the complex relationship between epinephrine's metabolic effects and anaphylaxis-induced tissue hypoperfusion.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the characteristics and epidemiological trends of pediatric injuries among patients visiting emergency departments (EDs) on Jeju Island.

Method: Employing a community-level serial cross-sectional analysis, we targeted pediatric patients aged 18 years or younger who visited EDs for injuries over a ten-year period. The data, sourced from the Jeju Injury Surveillance System (JISS), facilitated a comprehensive examination of injury characteristics and epidemiological trends. This included an evaluation of the annual incidence and overall trends in pediatric injury cases.

Results: The study found toddlers (42.5% of cases) to be the most frequently injured age group. Males were more prone to injuries, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.7:1. Injuries among visitors accounted for 17.3% of cases, with a seasonal spike in Summer, evenings and weekends. Most incidents occurred at home, predominantly accidental in nature, with adolescents more likely to require EMS services. The common mechanisms of injuries were blunt force (49.2%), slips/falls (22.0%), and motor vehicle collisions (13.2%), leading to bruises, cuts, and sprains. Over the decade, a general increase in pediatric injuries was observed. Accidental injuries initially surged but later stabilized, while self-harm/suicide and assault/violence injuries showed a concerning upward trend. Age-specific analysis revealed increasing trends in infants and adolescents.

Conclusion: The study underscores the crucial need for targeted injury prevention and resource allocation strategies, particularly for high-risk groups and times, to effectively mitigate pediatric trauma on Jeju Island.

Objective: Fluids administered as drug diluents with intravenous (IV) medicine constitute a substantial fraction of fluids in inpatients. Are physicians aware of fluid volumes administered with IV antibiotics for patients with suspected infections? Does addressing this lead to adjustments in 24-hour fluid administration/antibiotics?

Methods: This cross-sectional interview-based study was conducted in three emergency departments. Physicians were interviewed after prescribing around-the-clock IV antibiotics for ³24 hours to patients with suspected infection. A structured interview guide assessed the physicians' awareness, considerations, and practices when prescribing IV antibiotics. The 24-hour antibiotic fluid volume was calculated.

Results: We interviewed 100 physicians. The 24-hour fluid volume administered with IV antibiotics was 400mL (interquartile range: 300-400). Totally, 53% of physicians (n=53) were unaware of the fluid volume administered with IV antibiotics. 76% (n=76) did not account for the antibiotic fluid volume in the 24-hour fluid administration. 96% (n=96) indicated that they would not adjust prescribed fluids after receiving information about 24-hour antibiotic fluid volume administered for their specific patient; no comorbidities associated with fluid intolerance was primary reason for not adjusting prescribed fluids/antibiotics. 79% (n=79) opted for visibility of fluid volumes administered with IV antibiotics in the medical record.

Conclusion: The majority of physicians were unaware of fluid volumes administered as a drug diluent with IV antibiotics. The majority chose not to make post-prescribing adjustments to their planned fluid administration; they regarded their patient as fluid tolerable. The physicians opted for visibility of fluid volumes administered as diluents during the prescribing process.

Objectives: Around one million United States emergency department (ED) visits annually are due to acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) symptoms. Characterizing ED symptom presentation of ADHF patients may improve clinical care, yet sex and age differences in ED chief complaints have not been thoroughly investigated. This paper aims to describe differences in chief complaints and comorbid conditions for ED patients with a ADHF diagnosis, stratified by sex and age.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of adults presenting to North Carolina EDs in NC DETECT, a statewide syndromic surveillance system, between 2010 and 2016 with a diagnosis of ADHF. Frequencies of chief complaint categories for ED visits and comorbid conditions, stratified by sex and age, were evaluated and standardized differences computed.

Results: Top chief complaints were dyspnea (19.1%), chest pain (13.5%), and other respiratory complaints (13.4%). In the 18-44 age group, females when compared to males reported more nausea/vomiting (6.7% versus 4.1%) and headache (4.2% versus 2.0%). In those 45-64 and 65+ years old, complaints were similar by sex. When stratified by age group alone, the 18-44 and 45-64 age groups had more complaints of chest pain, whereas balance issues, weakness, and confusion were more common in the 65+ age group.

Conclusion: Sex and age differences in atypical ADHF symptoms were seen in in ED patients with ADHF. Characterizing variation of ADHF symptoms in ED patients can inform the identification of ED patients with ADHF and the management of ADHF-related symptoms.