Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2020.1761277
Shweta Kushwaha, Isha Anerao, Shweta Rajput, P. Bhagriya, H. Roy
Abstract Abamectin (ABM) is a naturally fermented product of Streptomyces avermitilis. It is used to control pests in livestock and agriculture. In the present study, it has been hypothesized that intoxication of ABM to Oreochromis mossambicus impairs the function of the hepatocyte. Fishes were exposed to ABM with 40, 45, and 55 ppb for 48 h. Test animals were observed at regular intervals of time and sacrificed at the end of the regimen. Liver function tests, oxidative stress parameter, and histopathological alterations were taken into account to analyze hepatotoxicity induced by the test compound. Plasma transaminase activities were increased significantly in all the treated groups. The activity of lipid peroxidation was measured higher due to ABM intoxication, whereas catalase activity was depleted. The marked focal necrotic alteration was examined in liver tissue. The low-dose group showed a less adverse effect on liver, whereas the medium and high dose induced moderate-to-severe hepatotoxicity. Data from this study demonstrate that ABM exposure generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alter liver function of fishes, which may lead to liver necrosis. The authors’ emphasis on the regulatory use of ABM to protect fish health against ABM-induced toxicological effects.
{"title":"Evaluation of abamectin induced hepatotoxicity in Oreochromis mossambicus","authors":"Shweta Kushwaha, Isha Anerao, Shweta Rajput, P. Bhagriya, H. Roy","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2020.1761277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2020.1761277","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Abamectin (ABM) is a naturally fermented product of Streptomyces avermitilis. It is used to control pests in livestock and agriculture. In the present study, it has been hypothesized that intoxication of ABM to Oreochromis mossambicus impairs the function of the hepatocyte. Fishes were exposed to ABM with 40, 45, and 55 ppb for 48 h. Test animals were observed at regular intervals of time and sacrificed at the end of the regimen. Liver function tests, oxidative stress parameter, and histopathological alterations were taken into account to analyze hepatotoxicity induced by the test compound. Plasma transaminase activities were increased significantly in all the treated groups. The activity of lipid peroxidation was measured higher due to ABM intoxication, whereas catalase activity was depleted. The marked focal necrotic alteration was examined in liver tissue. The low-dose group showed a less adverse effect on liver, whereas the medium and high dose induced moderate-to-severe hepatotoxicity. Data from this study demonstrate that ABM exposure generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alter liver function of fishes, which may lead to liver necrosis. The authors’ emphasis on the regulatory use of ABM to protect fish health against ABM-induced toxicological effects.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2020.1761277","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42991110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2020.1802814
H. Tibugari, Gerald Mafere, S. Dube, Murawu Chakavarika, R. Mandumbu, J. P. Musara, R. Mapuranga, T. Gumbo, Annabel Banda, Ndabanye Mathema, T. Goche, B. Zvigumbu, Nkosentsha Mpofu
Abstract Vegetable cultivation using river water, which may be polluted with heavy metals, can cause health problems to consumers. A study to establish cadmium and lead levels in water from Msasa, Manyame; Mukuvisi and Nyatsime Rivers was conducted in 2019. A questionnaire survey involving 105 randomly selected urban vegetable growers was conducted to examine farmer knowledge of the potential of polluted water to contaminate produce through heavy metals. Water, soil and vegetable samples were also collected and analysed for heavy metal presence using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results showed that some farmers (62%) were aware that wastewater could contain heavy metals. The majority of farmers (67%) applied phosphate-based fertilisers, a potential source of cadmium. Tested at P < 0.05, the results showed that sampled water from the four sites failed to meet the Standards Association of Zimbabwe 5560 (1997) standards. Cadmium tissue concentration from wastewater from Msasa and Manyame rivers was 1.3 and 1.17 mg g−1 respectively, which were 59 and 65 times higher than 0.02 mg g−1 from the control. Water from Manyame and Nyatsime rivers contains levels of heavy metals which exceed the Environmental Management Agency (EMA) safety guidelines. Farmers need to be educated on health hazards from contaminated wastewater. Enforcing regulations on effluent disposal, licencing of vegetable vendors and labelling of vegetables with information on source of water used to irrigate the crop can help reduce exposure of unsuspecting vegetable consumers.
{"title":"Worrying cadmium and lead levels in a commonly cultivated vegetable irrigated with river water in Zimbabwe","authors":"H. Tibugari, Gerald Mafere, S. Dube, Murawu Chakavarika, R. Mandumbu, J. P. Musara, R. Mapuranga, T. Gumbo, Annabel Banda, Ndabanye Mathema, T. Goche, B. Zvigumbu, Nkosentsha Mpofu","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2020.1802814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2020.1802814","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Vegetable cultivation using river water, which may be polluted with heavy metals, can cause health problems to consumers. A study to establish cadmium and lead levels in water from Msasa, Manyame; Mukuvisi and Nyatsime Rivers was conducted in 2019. A questionnaire survey involving 105 randomly selected urban vegetable growers was conducted to examine farmer knowledge of the potential of polluted water to contaminate produce through heavy metals. Water, soil and vegetable samples were also collected and analysed for heavy metal presence using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results showed that some farmers (62%) were aware that wastewater could contain heavy metals. The majority of farmers (67%) applied phosphate-based fertilisers, a potential source of cadmium. Tested at P < 0.05, the results showed that sampled water from the four sites failed to meet the Standards Association of Zimbabwe 5560 (1997) standards. Cadmium tissue concentration from wastewater from Msasa and Manyame rivers was 1.3 and 1.17 mg g−1 respectively, which were 59 and 65 times higher than 0.02 mg g−1 from the control. Water from Manyame and Nyatsime rivers contains levels of heavy metals which exceed the Environmental Management Agency (EMA) safety guidelines. Farmers need to be educated on health hazards from contaminated wastewater. Enforcing regulations on effluent disposal, licencing of vegetable vendors and labelling of vegetables with information on source of water used to irrigate the crop can help reduce exposure of unsuspecting vegetable consumers.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2020.1802814","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48690352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2020.1840708
M. Kazemi, B. Kaviani
Abstract Catasetum pileatum Rchb.f. is an important potting and cutting plant. This is the first report trying the polyploid induction in C. pileatum Rchb.f. Protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) explants of this orchid species were treated in vitro with different colchicine concentrations (0.00, 1.00, 2.00, 3.00, 4.00 and 5.00 mg l–1) and exposure time (24, 48 and 72 h) to induce polyploidy. Flow cytometry, chromosome counting (karyotype), and some anatomical, morphological, and physiological parameters were used to detect polyploidy induction. Treatment of 4.00 mg l–1 colchicine for 72 h resulted in a mixoploid plantlet. Results showed that none of the treatments induced tetraploidy or other levels of polyploidy, but changes in anatomical, morphological, and physiological parameters were observed. Differences in anatomical, morphological, and physiological parameters between treated plantlets were significant. The chromosome number detected by chromosome counting was 2 n = 2x = 54 in diploids. The largest size of stoma guard cells and maximum number of these cells was obtained in leaves of plantlets treated with 4.00 and 3.00 mg l–1 colchicine both for 72 h, respectively. The highest fresh and dry weights of plantlets and chlorophyll index in leaves was obtained in plantlets treated with 4.00 mg l–1 colchicine for 48 h. Average survival rates from treatments were greater than 90%.
{"title":"Anatomical, morphological, and physiological changes in colchicine-treated protocorm-like bodies of Catasetum pileatum Rchb.f. in vitro","authors":"M. Kazemi, B. Kaviani","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2020.1840708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2020.1840708","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Catasetum pileatum Rchb.f. is an important potting and cutting plant. This is the first report trying the polyploid induction in C. pileatum Rchb.f. Protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) explants of this orchid species were treated in vitro with different colchicine concentrations (0.00, 1.00, 2.00, 3.00, 4.00 and 5.00 mg l–1) and exposure time (24, 48 and 72 h) to induce polyploidy. Flow cytometry, chromosome counting (karyotype), and some anatomical, morphological, and physiological parameters were used to detect polyploidy induction. Treatment of 4.00 mg l–1 colchicine for 72 h resulted in a mixoploid plantlet. Results showed that none of the treatments induced tetraploidy or other levels of polyploidy, but changes in anatomical, morphological, and physiological parameters were observed. Differences in anatomical, morphological, and physiological parameters between treated plantlets were significant. The chromosome number detected by chromosome counting was 2 n = 2x = 54 in diploids. The largest size of stoma guard cells and maximum number of these cells was obtained in leaves of plantlets treated with 4.00 and 3.00 mg l–1 colchicine both for 72 h, respectively. The highest fresh and dry weights of plantlets and chlorophyll index in leaves was obtained in plantlets treated with 4.00 mg l–1 colchicine for 48 h. Average survival rates from treatments were greater than 90%.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2020.1840708","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44415460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2020.1740537
K. Alemu, G. Adugna, F. Lemessa, Diriba Muleta
Abstract Variations among the populations of Colletotrichum species from diseased coffee berries were studied. A total of 35 Colletotrichum isolates representing 24 districts from major coffee-producing regions of Ethiopia was studied on the basis of cultural, morphological, and pathological characteristics. The isolates differed significantly on their colony color, density, sector, and acervuli. Mycelial growth rate varied significantly (p < 0.05) among the isolates and ranged between 3.97 and 8.69 mm/day. Sporulation capacity, conidial length (12.3–17.7 μm) and conidia width (3.6–5.1 μm) also varied significantly (p < 0.05) among the isolates. The dominant forms of conidia were cylindrical and round at both ends followed by cylindrical acute at one and round at the other ends. Cluster analysis based on cultural, morphological, and pathological characteristics showed that isolates of Colletotrichum species associated diseased coffee berries fell into three distinct groups and were identified as C. kahawae, C. gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum. Among these fungal isolates, only C. kahawae was pathogenic to both detached coffee berries and coffee hypocotyls tested. The other Colletotrichum species exist as saprophytic or sequential colonizer of dead tissues. In conclusion, our study indicates the existence of variation in cultural, morphological characteristics and pathogenicity among the C. kahawae and the other related Colletotrichum isolates. However, molecular methods and other detail biochemical tests would provide the genetic diversity of the CBD pathogen populations in the country.
{"title":"Variation among colletotrichum isolates associated with coffee berry disease in Ethiopia","authors":"K. Alemu, G. Adugna, F. Lemessa, Diriba Muleta","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2020.1740537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2020.1740537","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Variations among the populations of Colletotrichum species from diseased coffee berries were studied. A total of 35 Colletotrichum isolates representing 24 districts from major coffee-producing regions of Ethiopia was studied on the basis of cultural, morphological, and pathological characteristics. The isolates differed significantly on their colony color, density, sector, and acervuli. Mycelial growth rate varied significantly (p < 0.05) among the isolates and ranged between 3.97 and 8.69 mm/day. Sporulation capacity, conidial length (12.3–17.7 μm) and conidia width (3.6–5.1 μm) also varied significantly (p < 0.05) among the isolates. The dominant forms of conidia were cylindrical and round at both ends followed by cylindrical acute at one and round at the other ends. Cluster analysis based on cultural, morphological, and pathological characteristics showed that isolates of Colletotrichum species associated diseased coffee berries fell into three distinct groups and were identified as C. kahawae, C. gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum. Among these fungal isolates, only C. kahawae was pathogenic to both detached coffee berries and coffee hypocotyls tested. The other Colletotrichum species exist as saprophytic or sequential colonizer of dead tissues. In conclusion, our study indicates the existence of variation in cultural, morphological characteristics and pathogenicity among the C. kahawae and the other related Colletotrichum isolates. However, molecular methods and other detail biochemical tests would provide the genetic diversity of the CBD pathogen populations in the country.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2020.1740537","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46629611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2020.1754320
S. Sedaghathoor, Zahra Narouei, S. A. Sajjadi, S. Piri
Abstract The effect of silver thiosulfate (STS) and putrescine was studied on the vase life and quality of cut chrysanthemum in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design. The experimental factors were composed of silver thiosulfate at four levels (0 or control, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 mM) and putrescine at three levels (0 or control, 150 and 300 ppm). The results showed that the application of STS at the rates of 0.05 and 0.1 mM improved vase life of cut chrysanthemum. Also, putrescine at the 150 and 300 ppm improved vase life by increasing relative weight and decreasing wilting percentage. The interaction of the two studied factors was insignificant for most traits including wilting percentage and vase life, which may imply that the application of either substance alone suffices to improve postharvest quality and it is not necessary to use them simultaneously in the preservative solution.
摘要采用随机完全区组设计的析因试验，研究了硫代硫酸银(STS)和腐胺对切花菊花花瓶寿命和品质的影响。实验因子由0或对照、0.02、0.05和0.1 mM 4个水平的硫代硫酸银和0或对照、150和300 ppm 3个水平的腐胺组成。结果表明，施用0.05和0.1 mM的STS可提高切花菊的花瓶寿命。此外，150和300 ppm的腐胺通过增加相对重量和降低萎蔫率来提高花瓶的寿命。这两个因子的交互作用对大多数性状(包括萎蔫率和瓶龄)不显著，这可能意味着单独使用任何一种物质都足以提高采后品质，而不需要在保鲜液中同时使用。
{"title":"The effect of chemical treatments (silver thiosulfate and putrescine) on vase life and quality of cut Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ram.) flowers","authors":"S. Sedaghathoor, Zahra Narouei, S. A. Sajjadi, S. Piri","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2020.1754320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2020.1754320","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The effect of silver thiosulfate (STS) and putrescine was studied on the vase life and quality of cut chrysanthemum in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design. The experimental factors were composed of silver thiosulfate at four levels (0 or control, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 mM) and putrescine at three levels (0 or control, 150 and 300 ppm). The results showed that the application of STS at the rates of 0.05 and 0.1 mM improved vase life of cut chrysanthemum. Also, putrescine at the 150 and 300 ppm improved vase life by increasing relative weight and decreasing wilting percentage. The interaction of the two studied factors was insignificant for most traits including wilting percentage and vase life, which may imply that the application of either substance alone suffices to improve postharvest quality and it is not necessary to use them simultaneously in the preservative solution.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2020.1754320","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48157593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2021.1875672
Erana Kebede, Berhanu Amsalu, A. Argaw, S. Tamiru
Abstract Eco-physiological and physiological characteristics are used to study native rhizobial species for their ecological and physiological adaptability to different conditions. This study aimed to assess the eco-physiological and physiological characteristics of cowpea-nodulating rhizobia isolated from major production areas of Ethiopia. Twenty-eight isolates were isolated from cowpea root nodules and evaluated for different eco-physiological and physiological characteristics. All tested isolates grew within a temperature range of 20°C and 35°C. All isolates were able to grow at pH values of between 6.0 and 8.5, with optimal growth at pH around neutral. All isolates were tolerant of NaCl concentration ranging from 0.1% to 1%. The growth of isolates decreased as the salt concentration increased. The tested isolates were able to grow on different carbon sources, such as glucose (100%), fructose (100%) glycerol (100%), mannose (96.43%), lactose (96.43%), galactose (85.71%), arabinose (60.71%) and maltose (46.43%) showing that the majority of tested rhizobia were able to use a broad range of carbohydrates as sole carbon sources. Similarly, the isolates were able to grow on L-lysine (89.29%), L-arginine (92.86%), tyrosine (82.14%), L-tryptophan (89.29%), L-asparagine (78.57%), methionine (75%) and glutamate (85.71%) as a source of amino acids. The tested isolates showed a wide diversity for their tolerance to different eco-physiological conditions (temperature, pH and salt concentration) and had the ability to utilize a large variety of carbon and nitrogen sources. The variation and diversity of tolerance to different ecological conditions and utilization of different nutrients would provide them an ecological advantage and enhance their chance for survival.
{"title":"Eco-physiological and physiological characterization of cowpea nodulating native rhizobia isolated from major production areas of Ethiopia","authors":"Erana Kebede, Berhanu Amsalu, A. Argaw, S. Tamiru","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2021.1875672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2021.1875672","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Eco-physiological and physiological characteristics are used to study native rhizobial species for their ecological and physiological adaptability to different conditions. This study aimed to assess the eco-physiological and physiological characteristics of cowpea-nodulating rhizobia isolated from major production areas of Ethiopia. Twenty-eight isolates were isolated from cowpea root nodules and evaluated for different eco-physiological and physiological characteristics. All tested isolates grew within a temperature range of 20°C and 35°C. All isolates were able to grow at pH values of between 6.0 and 8.5, with optimal growth at pH around neutral. All isolates were tolerant of NaCl concentration ranging from 0.1% to 1%. The growth of isolates decreased as the salt concentration increased. The tested isolates were able to grow on different carbon sources, such as glucose (100%), fructose (100%) glycerol (100%), mannose (96.43%), lactose (96.43%), galactose (85.71%), arabinose (60.71%) and maltose (46.43%) showing that the majority of tested rhizobia were able to use a broad range of carbohydrates as sole carbon sources. Similarly, the isolates were able to grow on L-lysine (89.29%), L-arginine (92.86%), tyrosine (82.14%), L-tryptophan (89.29%), L-asparagine (78.57%), methionine (75%) and glutamate (85.71%) as a source of amino acids. The tested isolates showed a wide diversity for their tolerance to different eco-physiological conditions (temperature, pH and salt concentration) and had the ability to utilize a large variety of carbon and nitrogen sources. The variation and diversity of tolerance to different ecological conditions and utilization of different nutrients would provide them an ecological advantage and enhance their chance for survival.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2021.1875672","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42153230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2020.1809820
Najmeh Adelifar, F. Rezanejad
Abstract The genus Bunium L. (Apiaceae) has about 50 species in the world, distributed in Asia, Europe and North Africa. Recently, Bunium has been divided into two separate genera Elwendia and Bunium. Kerman province is the largest province in Iran and has a wide distribution of these genera especially E. persica, as the most important medicinal and spice species. There are a few published studies on the morphology of these genera, especially on flower and fruit morphology. 20 morphological traits were studied to analyze the differences between species. The most important traits in the first principal component analysis (PCA1) were the number of bracts and umbellets per umbel, stylopodial length, corolla shape, empty fruits and the number of flowers and fruits per umbellet. Corolla shape was raised and vertical in B. paucifolium while horizontal and wide in three other species (E. cylindrica, E. persica and E. wolffii). There are 3 to 4 male flowers in the center of umbellet in E. cylindrica, E. wolffii and B. paucifolium while in E. Persica, no male flowers were observed. This study revealed that morphological traits particularly corolla shape are consistent with the molecular phylogenetic results reported by other researchers.
{"title":"Studying the morphological diversity of Bunium paucifolium and some Elwendia species (Apiaceae)","authors":"Najmeh Adelifar, F. Rezanejad","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2020.1809820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2020.1809820","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The genus Bunium L. (Apiaceae) has about 50 species in the world, distributed in Asia, Europe and North Africa. Recently, Bunium has been divided into two separate genera Elwendia and Bunium. Kerman province is the largest province in Iran and has a wide distribution of these genera especially E. persica, as the most important medicinal and spice species. There are a few published studies on the morphology of these genera, especially on flower and fruit morphology. 20 morphological traits were studied to analyze the differences between species. The most important traits in the first principal component analysis (PCA1) were the number of bracts and umbellets per umbel, stylopodial length, corolla shape, empty fruits and the number of flowers and fruits per umbellet. Corolla shape was raised and vertical in B. paucifolium while horizontal and wide in three other species (E. cylindrica, E. persica and E. wolffii). There are 3 to 4 male flowers in the center of umbellet in E. cylindrica, E. wolffii and B. paucifolium while in E. Persica, no male flowers were observed. This study revealed that morphological traits particularly corolla shape are consistent with the molecular phylogenetic results reported by other researchers.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2020.1809820","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44575032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2020.1810382
H. Tibugari, Pelagia Marumahoko, R. Mandumbu, E. Mangosho, Ngonidzaishe Manyeruke, Standreck Tivani, Rachel Magaya, Hardlife Chinwa
ABSTRACT Leachates from the landrace sorghum IS9456 were tested on Bidens pilosa emergence and growth at Henderson Research Station in 2018. The trial had six treatments replicated four times. Stover was put in perforated plastic pots suspended on a frame. Watering released leachates, which were received by clay pots under the suspended pots. Atrazine significantly inhibited percentage emergence (P < 0.05) and leaf area (P < 0.001) of B. pilosa compared to leachates from all sorghum plant parts and the negative control. There was no significant effect (P > 0.05) of sorghum plant part as source of aqueous extract, and atrazine on height of B. pilosa. Sorghum stalks, leaves and sorghum stalks combined with leaves significantly (P < 0.05) reduced dry weight of B. pilosa compared to treatments with heads, atrazine and no sorghum herbage. Heads, stalks, leaves and leaves combined with stalks from mature IS9456 have limited allelopathic effect on the emergence of Bidens pilosa compared to atrazine. However, stalks, leaves and leaves combined with stalks can suppress biomass of Bidens pilosa possibly due to high concentrations of water soluble allelopathic compounds. Atrazine can provide early suppression B. pilosa, while allelopathic leachates from sorghum leaves, stalks and leaves combined with stalks can suppress B. pilosa in later growth stages by reducing weed biomass.
{"title":"Allelopathic sorghum aqueous extracts reduce biomass of hairy beggarticks","authors":"H. Tibugari, Pelagia Marumahoko, R. Mandumbu, E. Mangosho, Ngonidzaishe Manyeruke, Standreck Tivani, Rachel Magaya, Hardlife Chinwa","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2020.1810382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2020.1810382","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Leachates from the landrace sorghum IS9456 were tested on Bidens pilosa emergence and growth at Henderson Research Station in 2018. The trial had six treatments replicated four times. Stover was put in perforated plastic pots suspended on a frame. Watering released leachates, which were received by clay pots under the suspended pots. Atrazine significantly inhibited percentage emergence (P < 0.05) and leaf area (P < 0.001) of B. pilosa compared to leachates from all sorghum plant parts and the negative control. There was no significant effect (P > 0.05) of sorghum plant part as source of aqueous extract, and atrazine on height of B. pilosa. Sorghum stalks, leaves and sorghum stalks combined with leaves significantly (P < 0.05) reduced dry weight of B. pilosa compared to treatments with heads, atrazine and no sorghum herbage. Heads, stalks, leaves and leaves combined with stalks from mature IS9456 have limited allelopathic effect on the emergence of Bidens pilosa compared to atrazine. However, stalks, leaves and leaves combined with stalks can suppress biomass of Bidens pilosa possibly due to high concentrations of water soluble allelopathic compounds. Atrazine can provide early suppression B. pilosa, while allelopathic leachates from sorghum leaves, stalks and leaves combined with stalks can suppress B. pilosa in later growth stages by reducing weed biomass.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2020.1810382","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45063591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2020.1767016
Simeneh Tamrat Alemu
Abstract Nowadays, lack of irrigation water is critical factor that reduce horticultural crop production and productivity. This serious shortage of irrigation water requires improvement of our irrigation methods and irrigation management techniques. “One of the possible methods to maximize crop production with limited irrigation water was deficit irrigation one way of deficit irrigation was partial rootzone drying”. Therefore, the objective of the review was to assess impact of partial root zone drying on soil water content, and physiology of plants mainly, water absorption, movement, its use efficiency by plants and to suggest role chlorophyll fluorescence on partial root zone dying irrigation management. Result of different studies showed that partial rootzone drying irrigation preserve soil moisture lessening and irrigation water absorption by compensating water absorbed from dry part of the root zone to the wetter part and dry part is irrigated or rewetted alternatively. When we use partial root-zone drying irrigation ABA mediated aquaporin activity increases, which in turn increase the movement of water upward in to stem and leaf. This occurs in both the wet to dried zones. Partial rootzone drying irrigation saves 518 m3 ha−1 irrigation water in moisture deficit year and increase irrigation water use efficiency by 70%, and it reduce grain yield by only 10% compared to full irrigation. Chlorophyll fluorescence may help in early detection of plant water stress and ultimately to irrigation scheduling o f partial rootzone drying irrigation. Generally, this review highlights some importance of partial rootzone drying irrigation and suggests methods to manage it mainly chlorophyll fluorescence.
{"title":"Review: partial root zone drying an approach to increase water use efficiency of horticultural crops and chlorophyll fluorescence","authors":"Simeneh Tamrat Alemu","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2020.1767016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2020.1767016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nowadays, lack of irrigation water is critical factor that reduce horticultural crop production and productivity. This serious shortage of irrigation water requires improvement of our irrigation methods and irrigation management techniques. “One of the possible methods to maximize crop production with limited irrigation water was deficit irrigation one way of deficit irrigation was partial rootzone drying”. Therefore, the objective of the review was to assess impact of partial root zone drying on soil water content, and physiology of plants mainly, water absorption, movement, its use efficiency by plants and to suggest role chlorophyll fluorescence on partial root zone dying irrigation management. Result of different studies showed that partial rootzone drying irrigation preserve soil moisture lessening and irrigation water absorption by compensating water absorbed from dry part of the root zone to the wetter part and dry part is irrigated or rewetted alternatively. When we use partial root-zone drying irrigation ABA mediated aquaporin activity increases, which in turn increase the movement of water upward in to stem and leaf. This occurs in both the wet to dried zones. Partial rootzone drying irrigation saves 518 m3 ha−1 irrigation water in moisture deficit year and increase irrigation water use efficiency by 70%, and it reduce grain yield by only 10% compared to full irrigation. Chlorophyll fluorescence may help in early detection of plant water stress and ultimately to irrigation scheduling o f partial rootzone drying irrigation. Generally, this review highlights some importance of partial rootzone drying irrigation and suggests methods to manage it mainly chlorophyll fluorescence.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2020.1767016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48224940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2020.1785755
Lawrence Sheringham Borquaye, Michael Konney Laryea, Edward Ntim Gasu, Mimi Antwiwaa Boateng, Prince Kyei Baffour, Abigail Kyeremateng, Gloria Doh
Abstract Unpleasant side effects associated with prolonged use of current anti-inflammatory drugs have necessitated a need for new drugs with limited side effects. Plants rich in antioxidants have been suggested as potential sources of anti-inflammatory compounds. Thus, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of extracts of Reissantia indica, Grosseria vignei and Cissus cornifolia—medicinal plants with widespread use in folkloric medicine in Ghana—were evaluated in this study. The phytochemical composition and total phenolic content (TPC) of these extracts were determined using standard methods. Antioxidant potential was screened using the ferric reducing antioxidant activity, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and the phosphomolybdenum assays. The anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated using an in vivo assay. Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides and coumarins were present in extracts of all three plants. The TPC of Reissantia indica (38.44 µg/g GAE) was twice that of Grosseria vignei (19.12 µg/g GAE) whereas Cissus cornifolia (7.59 µg/g GAE) had the lowest TPC. In all antioxidant tests, activities of the plant extracts varied in the order; Reissantia indica > Grosseria vignei > Cissus cornifolia, which was in agreement with the TPC data. All extracts exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activities, with the dose of extract required to cause half-maximal reduction in edema (ED50) below 80 mg/kg. Reissantia indica was the most potent anti-inflammatory extract with an ED50 of 47.23 mg/kg. The ethanol extracts of Reissantia indica, Grosseria vignei, and Cissus cornifolia thus exhibited potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and may be important sources of novel antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.
{"title":"Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of extracts of Reissantia indica, Cissus cornifolia and Grosseria vignei","authors":"Lawrence Sheringham Borquaye, Michael Konney Laryea, Edward Ntim Gasu, Mimi Antwiwaa Boateng, Prince Kyei Baffour, Abigail Kyeremateng, Gloria Doh","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2020.1785755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2020.1785755","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Unpleasant side effects associated with prolonged use of current anti-inflammatory drugs have necessitated a need for new drugs with limited side effects. Plants rich in antioxidants have been suggested as potential sources of anti-inflammatory compounds. Thus, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of extracts of Reissantia indica, Grosseria vignei and Cissus cornifolia—medicinal plants with widespread use in folkloric medicine in Ghana—were evaluated in this study. The phytochemical composition and total phenolic content (TPC) of these extracts were determined using standard methods. Antioxidant potential was screened using the ferric reducing antioxidant activity, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and the phosphomolybdenum assays. The anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated using an in vivo assay. Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides and coumarins were present in extracts of all three plants. The TPC of Reissantia indica (38.44 µg/g GAE) was twice that of Grosseria vignei (19.12 µg/g GAE) whereas Cissus cornifolia (7.59 µg/g GAE) had the lowest TPC. In all antioxidant tests, activities of the plant extracts varied in the order; Reissantia indica > Grosseria vignei > Cissus cornifolia, which was in agreement with the TPC data. All extracts exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activities, with the dose of extract required to cause half-maximal reduction in edema (ED50) below 80 mg/kg. Reissantia indica was the most potent anti-inflammatory extract with an ED50 of 47.23 mg/kg. The ethanol extracts of Reissantia indica, Grosseria vignei, and Cissus cornifolia thus exhibited potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and may be important sources of novel antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2020.1785755","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43924115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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