Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2018.1427306
Andrew W. Barone, G. Fernandes, R. Dziak
Abstract Bisphosphonates are used to reduce pathological osteolysis in bone cancer patients. In addition to direct effects on tumor cells, these drugs may also alter the production of immune cell factors within the tumor microenvironment. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) represents one such factor whose production by T lymphocytes is increased following bisphosphonate treatment. This study characterized the effects of alendronate (ALN), an aminobisphosphonate, and IFN-γ on viability, maturation, and osteoclastic factor production in human G292 osteosarcoma cells. Viability was assessed with a colorimetric assay; maturation by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and mineralization via alizarin red. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production were quantified with ELISAs. ALN (5 nM) had no effect on viability. IFN-γ (1,000 U/mL) decreased this parameter alone and in the presence of ALN. ALN had a transient inhibitory effect on ALP. While IFN-γ increased this parameter, ALN inhibited this effect. Whereas ALN and IFN-γ each decreased RANKL, cotreatment with IFN-γ lessened the inhibitory effect of ALN. ALN decreased MCP-1 and attenuated IFN-γ induced increases. These studies suggest that bisphosphonates have direct effects on bone tumor cells and on the actions of cytokines in the tumor microenvironment and provide a basis for optimization of bone cancer therapy.
{"title":"Effects of alendronate and interferon-γ on bone cancer cells in vitro","authors":"Andrew W. Barone, G. Fernandes, R. Dziak","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2018.1427306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2018.1427306","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bisphosphonates are used to reduce pathological osteolysis in bone cancer patients. In addition to direct effects on tumor cells, these drugs may also alter the production of immune cell factors within the tumor microenvironment. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) represents one such factor whose production by T lymphocytes is increased following bisphosphonate treatment. This study characterized the effects of alendronate (ALN), an aminobisphosphonate, and IFN-γ on viability, maturation, and osteoclastic factor production in human G292 osteosarcoma cells. Viability was assessed with a colorimetric assay; maturation by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and mineralization via alizarin red. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production were quantified with ELISAs. ALN (5 nM) had no effect on viability. IFN-γ (1,000 U/mL) decreased this parameter alone and in the presence of ALN. ALN had a transient inhibitory effect on ALP. While IFN-γ increased this parameter, ALN inhibited this effect. Whereas ALN and IFN-γ each decreased RANKL, cotreatment with IFN-γ lessened the inhibitory effect of ALN. ALN decreased MCP-1 and attenuated IFN-γ induced increases. These studies suggest that bisphosphonates have direct effects on bone tumor cells and on the actions of cytokines in the tumor microenvironment and provide a basis for optimization of bone cancer therapy.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2018.1427306","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44819519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2018.1470895
Yenkai Lim, C. Punyadeera
Abstract Saliva is considered as the front-line of non-invasive diagnostics as novel biomarkers continue to emerge for an array of systemic diseases. Biomarker development pipeline relies heavily on pre-analytical process such as saliva collection, handling, transport and storage. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the applicability of MAWI Cell Stabilization (MCS) buffer to transport and store saliva samples at room temperature for downstream applications. Human and bacterial genomic DNA (gDNA) and total protein in saliva samples with and without MCS buffer were quantified for a week at three time-points at room temperature. Based on our findings, MCS buffer was able to preserve human gDNA and total protein within the testing time-points. While bacterial gDNA was accurately preserved, MCS buffer was unable to halt bacterial growth at room temperature. We have identified a non-alcohol-based, non-lytic buffer that could maintain the integrity of both genomic materials and proteins in saliva samples. MCS buffer offers a method to potentially transport and store saliva samples at room temperature, accelerating the translation of salivary assays in remote/rural and resource limited settings.
{"title":"A pilot study to investigate the feasibility of transporting saliva samples at room temperature with MAWI Cell Stabilization buffer","authors":"Yenkai Lim, C. Punyadeera","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2018.1470895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2018.1470895","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Saliva is considered as the front-line of non-invasive diagnostics as novel biomarkers continue to emerge for an array of systemic diseases. Biomarker development pipeline relies heavily on pre-analytical process such as saliva collection, handling, transport and storage. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the applicability of MAWI Cell Stabilization (MCS) buffer to transport and store saliva samples at room temperature for downstream applications. Human and bacterial genomic DNA (gDNA) and total protein in saliva samples with and without MCS buffer were quantified for a week at three time-points at room temperature. Based on our findings, MCS buffer was able to preserve human gDNA and total protein within the testing time-points. While bacterial gDNA was accurately preserved, MCS buffer was unable to halt bacterial growth at room temperature. We have identified a non-alcohol-based, non-lytic buffer that could maintain the integrity of both genomic materials and proteins in saliva samples. MCS buffer offers a method to potentially transport and store saliva samples at room temperature, accelerating the translation of salivary assays in remote/rural and resource limited settings.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2018.1470895","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46040494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A novel type of bone cement, magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC), was fabricated by mixing 5% phosphoric acid with magnesia, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sucrose, hydroxyapatite, and sodium tri-polyphosphate powders. The surface morphology and mechanical strength of MKPC were investigated together with tissue responses following implantation into rabbit condylar defects, using commercially available calcium phosphate cement (CPC) as the control. The results showed that MKPC had a higher compressive strength (25.40 ± 0.61 MPa) than CPC (16.45 ± 1.91 Mpa) and did not initiate foreign body reaction, inflammation, or necrosis in vivo. Both cements were resorbed by creeping substitution, in which the resorbed cement was replaced by the newly formed bone. MKPC had a higher resorption rate and enhanced bone regeneration compared to CPC. The data presented here indicate that MKPC could be a potential bone void filler for bio-adhesion in clinical applications.
{"title":"A study on bone cement containing magnesium potassium phosphate for bone repair","authors":"Zhixiang Zhang, Zaijun Yang, Zhenyong Chen, Tairan Kang, Xiangsheng Ding, Yunxiang Li, Yongmei Liao, Chun-Hao Chen, Huipin Yuan, Hongwei Peng","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2018.1487255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2018.1487255","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A novel type of bone cement, magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC), was fabricated by mixing 5% phosphoric acid with magnesia, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sucrose, hydroxyapatite, and sodium tri-polyphosphate powders. The surface morphology and mechanical strength of MKPC were investigated together with tissue responses following implantation into rabbit condylar defects, using commercially available calcium phosphate cement (CPC) as the control. The results showed that MKPC had a higher compressive strength (25.40 ± 0.61 MPa) than CPC (16.45 ± 1.91 Mpa) and did not initiate foreign body reaction, inflammation, or necrosis in vivo. Both cements were resorbed by creeping substitution, in which the resorbed cement was replaced by the newly formed bone. MKPC had a higher resorption rate and enhanced bone regeneration compared to CPC. The data presented here indicate that MKPC could be a potential bone void filler for bio-adhesion in clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":"28 29","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2018.1487255","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41307019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2018.1513312
A. Namuli, J. Bazira, Tolo Umba Casim, P. O. Engeu
Abstract The antimalarial active compounds in Artemisia annua include artemisinin, flavonoids, and aromatic oils. Artemisinin is the main antimalarial compound in A. annua, it used in the formulation of artemisinin-based combined therapies used to treat malaria. Artemisinin is largely obtained from A. annua plant but the content in it is very low and its production commercially is not cost effective worldwide. Flavonoids have a synergistic effect with artemisinin against malaria and are partly responsible for the prophylactic effect of A. annua herbal tea. Essential oils from A. annua are effective mosquito repellents. Most attempts have been made to try to raise artemisinin content. However, few or none has been tried to increase the flavonoids and aromatic oils. This article presents a review of various efforts that have been carried out to increase these antimalarial compounds.
{"title":"A review of various efforts to increase artemisinin and other antimalarial compounds in Artemisia Annua L plant","authors":"A. Namuli, J. Bazira, Tolo Umba Casim, P. O. Engeu","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2018.1513312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2018.1513312","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The antimalarial active compounds in Artemisia annua include artemisinin, flavonoids, and aromatic oils. Artemisinin is the main antimalarial compound in A. annua, it used in the formulation of artemisinin-based combined therapies used to treat malaria. Artemisinin is largely obtained from A. annua plant but the content in it is very low and its production commercially is not cost effective worldwide. Flavonoids have a synergistic effect with artemisinin against malaria and are partly responsible for the prophylactic effect of A. annua herbal tea. Essential oils from A. annua are effective mosquito repellents. Most attempts have been made to try to raise artemisinin content. However, few or none has been tried to increase the flavonoids and aromatic oils. This article presents a review of various efforts that have been carried out to increase these antimalarial compounds.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2018.1513312","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48195110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2018.1426255
Hong-Bo Liu, Ze Yin, Peng Zheng, Yao Xu, Zhen-yu Wang, Xi Li, Tong-Cun Zhang
Abstract As a transcription factor, megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 (MKL1) binds with serum response factor (SRF) to regulate targeted genes expression. Therefore, it involved in various cellular processes, such as cancer cells migration, proliferation and differentiation. However, the report about knockout MKL1 expression using CRISPR–Cas9 system in human genome is rare. Therefore, paired-guide RNA (pgRNA) library was constructed, and pgRNA–Cas9 system was used to delete MKL1 expression in HeLa cells. The result showed that the expression of MKL1 was decreased 95% by Western blotting. And wound healing assay and MTT assay indicated that depletion MKL1 inhibited cell migration and proliferation. Additionally, the protein expression levels of tumor suppressor factors p21, p53, pRB and DLC1 were changed after depletion MKL1. These data suggested that tumor suppressor factors p21, p53, pRB and DLC1 maybe played an important role in the cell growth and migration of MKL1-depletion cells.
{"title":"Using pgRNA–Cas9 system to knockout MKL1 inhibited cell migration and proliferation","authors":"Hong-Bo Liu, Ze Yin, Peng Zheng, Yao Xu, Zhen-yu Wang, Xi Li, Tong-Cun Zhang","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2018.1426255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2018.1426255","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As a transcription factor, megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 (MKL1) binds with serum response factor (SRF) to regulate targeted genes expression. Therefore, it involved in various cellular processes, such as cancer cells migration, proliferation and differentiation. However, the report about knockout MKL1 expression using CRISPR–Cas9 system in human genome is rare. Therefore, paired-guide RNA (pgRNA) library was constructed, and pgRNA–Cas9 system was used to delete MKL1 expression in HeLa cells. The result showed that the expression of MKL1 was decreased 95% by Western blotting. And wound healing assay and MTT assay indicated that depletion MKL1 inhibited cell migration and proliferation. Additionally, the protein expression levels of tumor suppressor factors p21, p53, pRB and DLC1 were changed after depletion MKL1. These data suggested that tumor suppressor factors p21, p53, pRB and DLC1 maybe played an important role in the cell growth and migration of MKL1-depletion cells.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2018.1426255","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44621217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2017.1412280
R. R. Kanagarajah, David Charles Weerasingam Lee, Daniel Zhi Fung Lee, K. Yusoff, S. Paramasivam, Wai Y Low, K. Jeevaratnam, S. Lim
Abstract Background: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important Gram positive pathogen that has raised concerns due to its increasing prevalence despite pharmaceutical and technological advances. It does not only cause infections in humans but it can also be zoonotic in nature. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of MRSA from presumably healthy shelter animals, in particular, canines and felines. Methods: Fifty-two faecal samples from canines and felines were collected from an animal shelter for the isolation of MRSA. This was carried out using the ChromMRSA (Oxoid, United Kingdom) media, followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion test in accordance to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) for ceftazidime, enrofloxacin, methicillin, oxacillin and vancomycin. Principal component analysis (PCA) was then employed to identify the variables in antibiotic sensitivity and emphasise any patterns between isolates and the antibiotic profile from both animal samples types. This was then summarised using descriptive statistics. Results: 283 and 169 S.aureus isolates were obtained respectively from the canine and feline samples on selective media. Of this, 33/283 (11.66%) and 13/169 (7.70%) were MRSA when grown on ChromMRSA. Canine MRSA isolates exhibited resistance in decreasing order of methicillin (100%), ceftazidime (81.82%), enrofloxacin (78.79%), oxacillin (60.61%) and vancomycin (0%). On the same note feline MRSA isolates indicated resistance to methicillin (100%), ceftazidime (100%), enrofloxacin (92.31%), oxacillin (84.62%) and vancomycin (0%). 51.51% of the canine and 84.62% of feline MRSA isolates indicated resistance to four out of five antibiotics tested. PCA of antibiotic resistance profiles revealed that canine and feline formed distinct groups. However, one of the feline MRSA isolates resembled more of the canine group; although likelihood of cross-transmission between the animals may be low due to separate enclosures for the canines and felines: cross-transmission may have occurred when animals are brought into the main building for vaccination, neutering and consulting procedures. Conclusion: The majority of MRSA isolates obtained were not only resistant to methicillin alone but to other antibiotics too. Vancomycin proved to be the only effective antibiotic. This will pose a greater risk of resistance developing in empirical antibiotics in the future if proper antibiotic stewardship practices are not in place.
{"title":"Antibiotic profiling of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates in stray canines and felines","authors":"R. R. Kanagarajah, David Charles Weerasingam Lee, Daniel Zhi Fung Lee, K. Yusoff, S. Paramasivam, Wai Y Low, K. Jeevaratnam, S. Lim","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2017.1412280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2017.1412280","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important Gram positive pathogen that has raised concerns due to its increasing prevalence despite pharmaceutical and technological advances. It does not only cause infections in humans but it can also be zoonotic in nature. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of MRSA from presumably healthy shelter animals, in particular, canines and felines. Methods: Fifty-two faecal samples from canines and felines were collected from an animal shelter for the isolation of MRSA. This was carried out using the ChromMRSA (Oxoid, United Kingdom) media, followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion test in accordance to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) for ceftazidime, enrofloxacin, methicillin, oxacillin and vancomycin. Principal component analysis (PCA) was then employed to identify the variables in antibiotic sensitivity and emphasise any patterns between isolates and the antibiotic profile from both animal samples types. This was then summarised using descriptive statistics. Results: 283 and 169 S.aureus isolates were obtained respectively from the canine and feline samples on selective media. Of this, 33/283 (11.66%) and 13/169 (7.70%) were MRSA when grown on ChromMRSA. Canine MRSA isolates exhibited resistance in decreasing order of methicillin (100%), ceftazidime (81.82%), enrofloxacin (78.79%), oxacillin (60.61%) and vancomycin (0%). On the same note feline MRSA isolates indicated resistance to methicillin (100%), ceftazidime (100%), enrofloxacin (92.31%), oxacillin (84.62%) and vancomycin (0%). 51.51% of the canine and 84.62% of feline MRSA isolates indicated resistance to four out of five antibiotics tested. PCA of antibiotic resistance profiles revealed that canine and feline formed distinct groups. However, one of the feline MRSA isolates resembled more of the canine group; although likelihood of cross-transmission between the animals may be low due to separate enclosures for the canines and felines: cross-transmission may have occurred when animals are brought into the main building for vaccination, neutering and consulting procedures. Conclusion: The majority of MRSA isolates obtained were not only resistant to methicillin alone but to other antibiotics too. Vancomycin proved to be the only effective antibiotic. This will pose a greater risk of resistance developing in empirical antibiotics in the future if proper antibiotic stewardship practices are not in place.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2017.1412280","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45675948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2017.1317898
Hui Wu, Wen-ying Li, Lei Wu, Lingyun Zhu, Er Meng, Dong-yi Zhang
Abstract The peptide toxin GsAF II (Kappa-theraphotoxin-Gr2c) is a 31-amino acid peptide, recently isolated from the venom of the tarantula spider Grammostola rosea. The peptide toxin ProTX II (β/ω-theraphotoxin-Tp2a), is a 30-amino acid peptide toxin recently isolated from the venom of the tarantula spider Thrixopelma pruriens. The GsAF II and ProTX II have similar sequence but have an impact on different activities. To find a method of obtaining toxin and to explore whether amino acid sequences affect activities or not, an amino acid mutant was constructed that the first two amino acids are tyr (Y) and cys (C). The YC1 sequence is as follows: YCQKWMWTCDSERKCCEGLVCRLWCKKKIEW. Then, we constructed the YC1 vector (pET-GST-YC1), which was transformed into the Escherichia coli strain SHuffleTM. rYC1 was expressed using auto-induction medium. After using a GST column, the expressed fusion protein was digested using SUMO protease (ULP1) to remove the GST-SUMO tag, and then RP-HPLC and ultrafiltration were used for further purification. rYC1 was further analyzed using SDS-PAGE. Then, the purified rYC1 was verified by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Finally, the IC50 of rYC1 was determined to be 2.94 μM for the rabbit Nav1.3 (rNav1.3) and the activity is between the ProTX II and GsAF II. Finally, the described method is economical and convenient, and toxins obtained using this method can be used for the study of in channels, neurobiology, pharmacology, or other fields.
{"title":"An efficient strategy for expression and purification of spider neurotoxic peptide YC1 in E. coli","authors":"Hui Wu, Wen-ying Li, Lei Wu, Lingyun Zhu, Er Meng, Dong-yi Zhang","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2017.1317898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2017.1317898","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The peptide toxin GsAF II (Kappa-theraphotoxin-Gr2c) is a 31-amino acid peptide, recently isolated from the venom of the tarantula spider Grammostola rosea. The peptide toxin ProTX II (β/ω-theraphotoxin-Tp2a), is a 30-amino acid peptide toxin recently isolated from the venom of the tarantula spider Thrixopelma pruriens. The GsAF II and ProTX II have similar sequence but have an impact on different activities. To find a method of obtaining toxin and to explore whether amino acid sequences affect activities or not, an amino acid mutant was constructed that the first two amino acids are tyr (Y) and cys (C). The YC1 sequence is as follows: YCQKWMWTCDSERKCCEGLVCRLWCKKKIEW. Then, we constructed the YC1 vector (pET-GST-YC1), which was transformed into the Escherichia coli strain SHuffleTM. rYC1 was expressed using auto-induction medium. After using a GST column, the expressed fusion protein was digested using SUMO protease (ULP1) to remove the GST-SUMO tag, and then RP-HPLC and ultrafiltration were used for further purification. rYC1 was further analyzed using SDS-PAGE. Then, the purified rYC1 was verified by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Finally, the IC50 of rYC1 was determined to be 2.94 μM for the rabbit Nav1.3 (rNav1.3) and the activity is between the ProTX II and GsAF II. Finally, the described method is economical and convenient, and toxins obtained using this method can be used for the study of in channels, neurobiology, pharmacology, or other fields.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2017.1317898","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49111431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2017.1299612
Mona M Okba, G. Jaleel, M. Yousif, K. Deeb, F. Soliman
Abstract Within the global context of increasing poverty in the developing countries, natural products are important in devising new drugs. Vicia ervilia L. Willd., unlike several fabaceae seeds, is not used for human consumption till now. We aim to discover any possible medicinal use of the seed. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcerogenic and antihyperglycemic activities were evaluated using hot plate, carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, ethanol-induced ulcer model and alloxan-induced diabetes methods, respectively. Antiviral activity was evaluated using Methylthiazol Tetrazolium assay. V. ervilia seeds ethanol (70%) extract had significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiulcerogenic, antihyperglycemic and antiviral activities. It is of excellent choice for treatment of several illnesses in developing countries due to its diverse resource, easy accessibility, affordability and its newly proved significant wide range of biological activities.
{"title":"Vicia ervilia L. seeds newly explored biological activities","authors":"Mona M Okba, G. Jaleel, M. Yousif, K. Deeb, F. Soliman","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2017.1299612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2017.1299612","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Within the global context of increasing poverty in the developing countries, natural products are important in devising new drugs. Vicia ervilia L. Willd., unlike several fabaceae seeds, is not used for human consumption till now. We aim to discover any possible medicinal use of the seed. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcerogenic and antihyperglycemic activities were evaluated using hot plate, carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, ethanol-induced ulcer model and alloxan-induced diabetes methods, respectively. Antiviral activity was evaluated using Methylthiazol Tetrazolium assay. V. ervilia seeds ethanol (70%) extract had significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiulcerogenic, antihyperglycemic and antiviral activities. It is of excellent choice for treatment of several illnesses in developing countries due to its diverse resource, easy accessibility, affordability and its newly proved significant wide range of biological activities.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2017.1299612","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45297021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2017.1311499
Moffat K. Njoroge, D. Mutisya, D. Miano, D. Kilalo
Abstract Whiteflies are vectors of plant viral diseases. The rate of disease transmission by whiteflies on cassava continue to present a complex of efficiency in relation to species diversity. An experiment was carried out to access the period required for viruliferous whitefly to feed on cassava plant for it to transmit both cassava mosaic and brown streak diseases (CMD and CBSD) as well as the number of whiteflies required for transmission of the pathogens. The whitefly species used in study were Bemisia tabaci, Trialeuroides vaporariorum and Aleurodicus dispersus in plant cages. The result showed that a minimum period of 6 h was required for whitefly to feed and transmit the viral diseases. Only B. tabaci species was capable of transmitting CMD, whereas for CBSD all the species under experimentation transmitted the disease. Higher density of whitefly led to higher transmission of diseases. The findings here highlight the complex transmission rate of these two diseases of cassava by different whitefly species.
{"title":"Whitefly species efficiency in transmitting cassava mosaic and brown streak virus diseases","authors":"Moffat K. Njoroge, D. Mutisya, D. Miano, D. Kilalo","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2017.1311499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2017.1311499","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Whiteflies are vectors of plant viral diseases. The rate of disease transmission by whiteflies on cassava continue to present a complex of efficiency in relation to species diversity. An experiment was carried out to access the period required for viruliferous whitefly to feed on cassava plant for it to transmit both cassava mosaic and brown streak diseases (CMD and CBSD) as well as the number of whiteflies required for transmission of the pathogens. The whitefly species used in study were Bemisia tabaci, Trialeuroides vaporariorum and Aleurodicus dispersus in plant cages. The result showed that a minimum period of 6 h was required for whitefly to feed and transmit the viral diseases. Only B. tabaci species was capable of transmitting CMD, whereas for CBSD all the species under experimentation transmitted the disease. Higher density of whitefly led to higher transmission of diseases. The findings here highlight the complex transmission rate of these two diseases of cassava by different whitefly species.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2017.1311499","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45852474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2017.1355027
Lida Sánchez, C. R. Moreno, E. Mora
Abstract Natalus primus constitutes one of the most vulnerable mammalian species of Cuba. Until now, only one extant population is known to live in one single cave in the westernmost part of Cuba, within the Guanahacabibes National Park. Over multiple trips, we recorded ultrasonic vocalizations from several individuals of this species. We found short, high frequency-modulated multiharmonic calls for N. primus; these could be used to identify this species in acoustic inventories conducted in Cuba. Identifying N. primus through their echolocation calls will allow conducting passive acoustic monitoring, constituting a noninvasive approach to study this vulnerable species without causing disturbances on its roosts and foraging areas.
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