Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2020.1736846
J. Mushanyu, F. Nyabadza, P. Mafuta
Abstract Substance abuse is an issue of considerable concern due to its devastating effects to families and communities in many countries. We formulate a mathematical model for multiple substance abuse using nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The model includes two classes of individuals in the substance using phase, namely, those using the primary substance of abuse only and those using the primary substance of abuse together with additional substance(s). An epidemic threshold value, , termed the initiation reproduction number, is proposed and defined herein in the substance-using context. It has been shown that the substance-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when and the system has a unique positive substance-persistent equilibrium if and only if . The least-squares curve fit routine (lsqcurvefit) in Matlab with optimization has been used to fit the model to data on primary and secondary substance abusers in treatment centres of Cape Town, South Africa. The results indicate a continued decrease in the proportion of primary substance abusers in Cape Town whereas secondary substance abusers shall continue to increase but steadily. Numerical results suggest that there is need to increase treatment efforts targeting secondary substance abusers as this will have more impact in the fight against substance abuse.
{"title":"Primary and secondary substance use in the Western Cape Province of South Africa: A mathematical modelling approach","authors":"J. Mushanyu, F. Nyabadza, P. Mafuta","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2020.1736846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2020.1736846","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Substance abuse is an issue of considerable concern due to its devastating effects to families and communities in many countries. We formulate a mathematical model for multiple substance abuse using nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The model includes two classes of individuals in the substance using phase, namely, those using the primary substance of abuse only and those using the primary substance of abuse together with additional substance(s). An epidemic threshold value, , termed the initiation reproduction number, is proposed and defined herein in the substance-using context. It has been shown that the substance-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when and the system has a unique positive substance-persistent equilibrium if and only if . The least-squares curve fit routine (lsqcurvefit) in Matlab with optimization has been used to fit the model to data on primary and secondary substance abusers in treatment centres of Cape Town, South Africa. The results indicate a continued decrease in the proportion of primary substance abusers in Cape Town whereas secondary substance abusers shall continue to increase but steadily. Numerical results suggest that there is need to increase treatment efforts targeting secondary substance abusers as this will have more impact in the fight against substance abuse.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2020.1736846","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42718670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2020.1728945
Yikunoamlak Gebrewahid, Esayas Meressa
Abstract Parkland agroforestry can store carbon and conserves biodiversity. Studying the relationship between carbon stock and biodiversity is crucial in understanding the tradeoff between major benefits of the parkland agroforestry system, and way to achieve the optimum balance between them. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the biomass and SOC in community type, and explore the relationship between carbon stocks and diversity. Tree with DBH (Diameter at breast height) > 2 cm was measured and species were identified in 75 (50x100m) randomly located plots. Species richness (S), Species evenness (J), Shannon-weiner diversity index (H’) and Simpson diversity index (D) of the study area were 3.02, 0.81, 0.82 and 0.46 respectively. Similarly, the mean aboveground (AGC), belowground (BGC) and soil organic (SOC) carbon were 7.9, 3.03 and 20.07 Mg C ha-1 respectively. There was a liner and weakly significant correlation between AGC and tree J in plant community 2 (r = −0.558, P < 0.05) and 3 (r = −0.451, P < 0.05), and there was a negative correlation between J (r = −0.552, P < 0.05), D (r = −0.646, P < 0.05) and H’ (r = −0.643, P < 0.05) with TC (Total carbon) in plant community 2. However, there was no significant relationship between J, D and H’ with TC in plant communities 1 and 3. In these parkland agroforestry systems, the relationship tree species diversity with AGC and TC appeared to be highly variable; it indicates that parkland agroforestry systems have significantly improved the vegetation and SOC. However, forest carbon enhancement cannot assure the biodiversity conservation and promotion in a parkland agroforestry system.
摘要/ Abstract摘要:园地农林业具有储存碳和保护生物多样性的作用。研究碳储量与生物多样性之间的关系，对于理解公园地农林复合系统主要效益之间的权衡，以及如何实现两者之间的最佳平衡至关重要。因此，本研究旨在估算群落类型的生物量和有机碳，并探讨碳储量与多样性的关系。在75个(50 × 100米)随机取样的样地中测量胸径(胸径)> ~ 2 cm的树种。研究区物种丰富度(S)、均匀度(J)、Shannon-weiner多样性指数(H)和Simpson多样性指数(D)分别为3.02、0.81、0.82和0.46。平均地上碳(AGC)、地下碳(BGC)和土壤有机碳(SOC)分别为7.9、3.03和20.07 Mg C ha-1。群落2的AGC与树J (r = - 0.558, P < 0.05)、3的AGC与树J (r = - 0.451, P < 0.05)呈线性和弱显著相关，群落2的J (r = - 0.552, P < 0.05)、D (r = - 0.646, P < 0.05)、H′(r = - 0.643, P < 0.05)与总碳(TC)呈负相关。而群落1和群落3的J、D、H′与TC的关系不显著。在这些公园地农林复合系统中，树种多样性与AGC和TC的关系表现出高度可变;表明公园地农林复合系统显著改善了植被和有机碳。然而，森林碳的增加并不能保证公园地农林复合系统中生物多样性的保护和促进。
{"title":"Tree species diversity and its relationship with carbon stock in the parkland agroforestry of Northern Ethiopia","authors":"Yikunoamlak Gebrewahid, Esayas Meressa","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2020.1728945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2020.1728945","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Parkland agroforestry can store carbon and conserves biodiversity. Studying the relationship between carbon stock and biodiversity is crucial in understanding the tradeoff between major benefits of the parkland agroforestry system, and way to achieve the optimum balance between them. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the biomass and SOC in community type, and explore the relationship between carbon stocks and diversity. Tree with DBH (Diameter at breast height) > 2 cm was measured and species were identified in 75 (50x100m) randomly located plots. Species richness (S), Species evenness (J), Shannon-weiner diversity index (H’) and Simpson diversity index (D) of the study area were 3.02, 0.81, 0.82 and 0.46 respectively. Similarly, the mean aboveground (AGC), belowground (BGC) and soil organic (SOC) carbon were 7.9, 3.03 and 20.07 Mg C ha-1 respectively. There was a liner and weakly significant correlation between AGC and tree J in plant community 2 (r = −0.558, P < 0.05) and 3 (r = −0.451, P < 0.05), and there was a negative correlation between J (r = −0.552, P < 0.05), D (r = −0.646, P < 0.05) and H’ (r = −0.643, P < 0.05) with TC (Total carbon) in plant community 2. However, there was no significant relationship between J, D and H’ with TC in plant communities 1 and 3. In these parkland agroforestry systems, the relationship tree species diversity with AGC and TC appeared to be highly variable; it indicates that parkland agroforestry systems have significantly improved the vegetation and SOC. However, forest carbon enhancement cannot assure the biodiversity conservation and promotion in a parkland agroforestry system.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2020.1728945","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45082724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2021.1872975
Andrew G. Mtewa, K. Ngwira, F. Lampiao, E. Peter, A. Weisheit, C. Tolo, P. Ogwang, Duncan C. Sesaazi
Abstract Cancers remain one of the leading causes of death in the world. However, known conventional cancer medicines remain scarce, expensive and out of reach to many patients. To provide an alternative for the expensive therapies, plants are proving to have potential to lead to the development of more drugs against cancers. In this work, we aimed at isolating possible pure compounds from Eichhornia crassipes roots and leaves, examining their prospects to be developed into oral drugs by looking at their chemical properties and also exploring their cytotoxic activities. A total of 12 isolates (A-L) were obtained and examination of their UV and mass profiles on LCMS and cytotoxicity on human cell lines. Compound C was the most active against MCF-7 cell lines (3.08 ± 0.06 µg/ml) and (3.92 ± 0.06 µg/ml) against HepG2. The standard drug, doxorubicin, had an IC50 value of 0.29 ± 0.05 µg/ml against MCF-7 and 0.33 ± 0.04 µg/ml against HepG2 cell lines. UV results from the LCMS chromatograms showed that some active isolates do not possess the chemistry suitable to be developed into oral drugs as they are while others that are not as potent possess very good drug-like chemistry. We therefore conclude that there is need for drug developers to consider chemical properties and medicinal chemistry prospects of active isolates/compounds through rational optimization in plant-based drug discovery. Eichhornia crassipes should be considered as a cheap source of potential drug hits against cancers.
{"title":"Chromatographic, Mass and Cytotoxicity analysis of Isolates from Eichhornia crassipes’ Roots and Leaves against HepG2 and MCF7 cell lines","authors":"Andrew G. Mtewa, K. Ngwira, F. Lampiao, E. Peter, A. Weisheit, C. Tolo, P. Ogwang, Duncan C. Sesaazi","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2021.1872975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2021.1872975","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cancers remain one of the leading causes of death in the world. However, known conventional cancer medicines remain scarce, expensive and out of reach to many patients. To provide an alternative for the expensive therapies, plants are proving to have potential to lead to the development of more drugs against cancers. In this work, we aimed at isolating possible pure compounds from Eichhornia crassipes roots and leaves, examining their prospects to be developed into oral drugs by looking at their chemical properties and also exploring their cytotoxic activities. A total of 12 isolates (A-L) were obtained and examination of their UV and mass profiles on LCMS and cytotoxicity on human cell lines. Compound C was the most active against MCF-7 cell lines (3.08 ± 0.06 µg/ml) and (3.92 ± 0.06 µg/ml) against HepG2. The standard drug, doxorubicin, had an IC50 value of 0.29 ± 0.05 µg/ml against MCF-7 and 0.33 ± 0.04 µg/ml against HepG2 cell lines. UV results from the LCMS chromatograms showed that some active isolates do not possess the chemistry suitable to be developed into oral drugs as they are while others that are not as potent possess very good drug-like chemistry. We therefore conclude that there is need for drug developers to consider chemical properties and medicinal chemistry prospects of active isolates/compounds through rational optimization in plant-based drug discovery. Eichhornia crassipes should be considered as a cheap source of potential drug hits against cancers.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2021.1872975","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44179856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2020.1747903
Yoshinao Aoki, S. Haga, Shunji Suzuki
Abstract Trichoderma has been used as a biological control agent against grey mould in major crops because of its large variety of antagonistic mechanisms. In the present study, Trichoderma sp. SANA20 was isolated from Japanese apricot bark as a biological control agent for grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea. SANA20 suppressed B. cinerea hyphal growth but did not show mycoparasitism on media using the dual culture technique. SANA20 decreased B. cinerea induced grey mould disease severity in cucumber leaves. The biocontrol activity of SANA20 culture media toward B. cinerea induced grey mould disease suggested that the antagonistic activity of SANA20 toward B. cinerea was dependent on substances secreted by SANA20. SANA20 produced and secreted chitinase, which can degrade fungal cell wall, in culture media. Purified chitinase from SANA20 culture media also decreased the severity of grey mould in cucumber leaves, suggesting that chitinase production by SANA20 played a critical role in the biological control of B. cinerea. SANA20 is expected to contribute to the further improvement of integrated pest management strategies for combating B. cinerea and to potentially suppress the heavy use of chemical fungicides in the field.
{"title":"Direct antagonistic activity of chitinase produced by Trichoderma sp. SANA20 as biological control agent for grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea","authors":"Yoshinao Aoki, S. Haga, Shunji Suzuki","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2020.1747903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2020.1747903","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Trichoderma has been used as a biological control agent against grey mould in major crops because of its large variety of antagonistic mechanisms. In the present study, Trichoderma sp. SANA20 was isolated from Japanese apricot bark as a biological control agent for grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea. SANA20 suppressed B. cinerea hyphal growth but did not show mycoparasitism on media using the dual culture technique. SANA20 decreased B. cinerea induced grey mould disease severity in cucumber leaves. The biocontrol activity of SANA20 culture media toward B. cinerea induced grey mould disease suggested that the antagonistic activity of SANA20 toward B. cinerea was dependent on substances secreted by SANA20. SANA20 produced and secreted chitinase, which can degrade fungal cell wall, in culture media. Purified chitinase from SANA20 culture media also decreased the severity of grey mould in cucumber leaves, suggesting that chitinase production by SANA20 played a critical role in the biological control of B. cinerea. SANA20 is expected to contribute to the further improvement of integrated pest management strategies for combating B. cinerea and to potentially suppress the heavy use of chemical fungicides in the field.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2020.1747903","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48369486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2020.1759393
Yifu Pu, Xiaoli Yang, Yujin Guo, Xin-Yi Zhu, Lei Yan, Shao-ming Lu
Abstract Background and Objective:Studies have reported that the spouses of patients with recurrent miscarriage have a high rate of sperm aneuploidy,The types and the methods of determination of sperm aneuploidy are different. The correlation between the specific type of sperm aneuploidy and recurrent miscarriage is inconclusive.Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the rate of sperm aneploidy tested in FISH way in male partners of women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL group) and fertile male control groups. Methods:Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, and PubMed databases and a manual search were done for observational research from inception till 23 May 2019.Pooled standard mean difference (SMD), odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to describe effect sizes.This study was conducted according to MOOSE statement. Results:Overall, One study was included for qualitative analysis owing to a lack of standard deviation data, and nine studies were included for quantitative analysis.326 male partners of women with recurrent pregnancy loss and 124 fertile men were included in this study.The primary outcome was the rate of sperm aneuploidy. Pooled data from three studies with sufficient data suggested that male partners of women with a history of RPL had significantly higher rates of total sperm aneuploidy compared with the partners of fertile control women(SMD: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.39–1.75, P < 0.01). In the qualitative analysis, the RPL group had a greater percentage of sperm aneuploidy, Conclusions:Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis suggested an association between total sperm aneuploidy and RPL. However, for some specific type of sperm aneuploidy, male partners of women with a history of RPL had similar rates as fertile men. Further studies are needed owing to the significant heterogeneity between studies and lack of prospective pregnancy outcome data.
摘要背景与目的：研究表明，复发性流产患者配偶的精子非整倍体发生率较高，精子非整倍体的类型和检测方法不同。精子非整倍体的特定类型与反复流产之间的相关性尚不确定。在此，我们进行了一项系统综述和荟萃分析，以研究复发性流产妇女（RPL组）和可生育男性对照组的男性伴侣的FISH方法检测的精子无倍性率。方法：从开始到2019年5月23日，对Cochrane、Embase、Web of Science和PubMed数据库和人工搜索进行观察性研究。使用综合标准平均差（SMD）、比值比（OR）和95%置信区间（CI）来描述效应大小。本研究根据MOOSE声明进行。结果：总体而言，由于缺乏标准差数据，一项研究被纳入定性分析，九项研究被列入定量分析。326名复发性流产妇女的男性伴侣和124名有生育能力的男性被纳入本研究。主要结果是精子非整倍体率。来自三项有足够数据的研究的汇总数据表明，有RPL病史的女性的男性伴侣与可生育对照女性的伴侣相比，总精子非整倍体发生率显著更高（SMD:1.07，95%CI:0.39-1.75，P<0.01），结论：定性分析和定量分析表明，总精子非整倍体与RPL之间存在关联。然而，对于某些特定类型的精子非整倍体，有RPL病史的女性的男性伴侣与有生育能力的男性的比率相似。由于研究之间存在显著的异质性，并且缺乏前瞻性妊娠结果数据，因此需要进一步的研究。
{"title":"Sperm aneuploidy and recurrent pregnancy loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Yifu Pu, Xiaoli Yang, Yujin Guo, Xin-Yi Zhu, Lei Yan, Shao-ming Lu","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2020.1759393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2020.1759393","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background and Objective:Studies have reported that the spouses of patients with recurrent miscarriage have a high rate of sperm aneuploidy,The types and the methods of determination of sperm aneuploidy are different. The correlation between the specific type of sperm aneuploidy and recurrent miscarriage is inconclusive.Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the rate of sperm aneploidy tested in FISH way in male partners of women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL group) and fertile male control groups. Methods:Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, and PubMed databases and a manual search were done for observational research from inception till 23 May 2019.Pooled standard mean difference (SMD), odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to describe effect sizes.This study was conducted according to MOOSE statement. Results:Overall, One study was included for qualitative analysis owing to a lack of standard deviation data, and nine studies were included for quantitative analysis.326 male partners of women with recurrent pregnancy loss and 124 fertile men were included in this study.The primary outcome was the rate of sperm aneuploidy. Pooled data from three studies with sufficient data suggested that male partners of women with a history of RPL had significantly higher rates of total sperm aneuploidy compared with the partners of fertile control women(SMD: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.39–1.75, P < 0.01). In the qualitative analysis, the RPL group had a greater percentage of sperm aneuploidy, Conclusions:Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis suggested an association between total sperm aneuploidy and RPL. However, for some specific type of sperm aneuploidy, male partners of women with a history of RPL had similar rates as fertile men. Further studies are needed owing to the significant heterogeneity between studies and lack of prospective pregnancy outcome data.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2020.1759393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48382842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2020.1727636
M. S. Majoumouo, M. Tincho, Thureyah Morris, D. Hiss, F. Boyom, C. Mandal
Abstract Cancer is one of the leading causes of deaths and health debts worldwide. Novel plant extracts with anticancer properties can alleviate this disease burden. The aim of this study was to screen for new therapeutic agents with anticancer properties against a panel of four cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicity screening of aqueous and methanolic extracts from bark, fruits and leaves of Bersama engleriana was carried out on A546 cell line and the best fractions from the methanolic extract of fruits (BEfr: methanolic extracts of fruits) were performed on four cancer cell lines. Methanolic extracts from the root of Bersama engleriana gave the highest yield (21.55%). Phytochemical analysis showed that the tested methanolic extracts contained polyphenols. The F3, a fraction from the methanolic extract of fruits exhibited potent antiproliferative activities with IC50 values of 60 ± 0.91, 53.73 ± 0.79, 50.91 ± 0.46 µg/ml on U-87MG, MG-63 and MIAPaCa-2 cells, respectively. The F3 fraction also caused death to 50% (CC50) of normal HFF cells, i.e. at 527.4 ± 0.81 µg/ml. Selectivity indexes (SI = CC50/IC50) of 10.52, 8.79, 9.81 and 10.25 were obtained for A549, U-87MG, MG-63 and MIAPaCa-2 cells, respectively. These results confirmed the anticancer potential of Bersama engleriana. Graphical Abstract:
{"title":"Antiproliferative potential of methanolic and aqueous extracts and their methanolic fractions derived from fruits of Bersama engleriana against a panel of four cancer cell lines","authors":"M. S. Majoumouo, M. Tincho, Thureyah Morris, D. Hiss, F. Boyom, C. Mandal","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2020.1727636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2020.1727636","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cancer is one of the leading causes of deaths and health debts worldwide. Novel plant extracts with anticancer properties can alleviate this disease burden. The aim of this study was to screen for new therapeutic agents with anticancer properties against a panel of four cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicity screening of aqueous and methanolic extracts from bark, fruits and leaves of Bersama engleriana was carried out on A546 cell line and the best fractions from the methanolic extract of fruits (BEfr: methanolic extracts of fruits) were performed on four cancer cell lines. Methanolic extracts from the root of Bersama engleriana gave the highest yield (21.55%). Phytochemical analysis showed that the tested methanolic extracts contained polyphenols. The F3, a fraction from the methanolic extract of fruits exhibited potent antiproliferative activities with IC50 values of 60 ± 0.91, 53.73 ± 0.79, 50.91 ± 0.46 µg/ml on U-87MG, MG-63 and MIAPaCa-2 cells, respectively. The F3 fraction also caused death to 50% (CC50) of normal HFF cells, i.e. at 527.4 ± 0.81 µg/ml. Selectivity indexes (SI = CC50/IC50) of 10.52, 8.79, 9.81 and 10.25 were obtained for A549, U-87MG, MG-63 and MIAPaCa-2 cells, respectively. These results confirmed the anticancer potential of Bersama engleriana. Graphical Abstract:","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2020.1727636","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49337168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The goal of this work was to evaluate the biological effect of the extremely low frequencies (ELFs). We started by evaluating the effect of frequencies with the anti-bacterial functions listed in the Rife frequency database on the growth of Escherichia coli. Among the 11 sets of frequencies tested, we found that only 1 set comprising frequencies below 100 Hz showed a significant effect on the growth of E. coli, and it was an enhancement effect instead of an inhibition on the growth. We further tested various sets of frequencies without anti-bacterial functions but comprising frequencies below 100 Hz, and they all exhibited a significant promoting effect on the growth of E. coli when exposed to the irradiation for 1 h. We further evaluated the effect of the ELFon the growth of E. coli by scanning from 0 to 100 Hz. The results showed that the growth rate was noticeably enhanced for the group exposed to the irradiation at the range of 0–100 Hz, with the range of 40–60 Hz being the most effective. In addition, the effect was time dependent, demonstrated by a significant increase of the growth rate observed after exposure of 1 h but a slight decrease after exposure of 16 h. The results of this study provided robust data on the biological effect of ELF on the growth of E. coli, an important group of human microbiota, which has critical implication on the safety risk of these frequencies on human health.
{"title":"Evaluation of the extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) on the growth of bacteria Escherichia coli","authors":"Yu Chen, Zhong-zhen Cai, Qian Feng, Peng Gao, Yongdong Yang, X. Bai, B. Q. Tang","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2019.1625104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2019.1625104","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The goal of this work was to evaluate the biological effect of the extremely low frequencies (ELFs). We started by evaluating the effect of frequencies with the anti-bacterial functions listed in the Rife frequency database on the growth of Escherichia coli. Among the 11 sets of frequencies tested, we found that only 1 set comprising frequencies below 100 Hz showed a significant effect on the growth of E. coli, and it was an enhancement effect instead of an inhibition on the growth. We further tested various sets of frequencies without anti-bacterial functions but comprising frequencies below 100 Hz, and they all exhibited a significant promoting effect on the growth of E. coli when exposed to the irradiation for 1 h. We further evaluated the effect of the ELFon the growth of E. coli by scanning from 0 to 100 Hz. The results showed that the growth rate was noticeably enhanced for the group exposed to the irradiation at the range of 0–100 Hz, with the range of 40–60 Hz being the most effective. In addition, the effect was time dependent, demonstrated by a significant increase of the growth rate observed after exposure of 1 h but a slight decrease after exposure of 16 h. The results of this study provided robust data on the biological effect of ELF on the growth of E. coli, an important group of human microbiota, which has critical implication on the safety risk of these frequencies on human health.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2019.1625104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48584827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2019.1630972
L. S. Khambani, A. Hassen, T. Regnier
Abstract An emerging strategy in the sustainable production of staple crops such as maize is the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as inoculants. This study reports the screening and characterization of several rhizobacteria isolated from rhizosphere of pristine grassland in South Africa. The rhizobacteria were screened for their ability to exhibit important plant growth-promoting traits in vitro and under glasshouse conditions on a maize plant. In total, 98 isolates were initially characterized based on their colony morphology on different growth media of which 13 isolates tested positive for the production of siderophores and indole-3- acetic acid (IAA), whereas eight isolates solubilized inorganic phosphate. Screening for growth promotion experiment revealed that the PGPR isolates significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased plant biomass, root length, and chlorophyll content index (CCI) when compared to uninoculated (control) plants. The best performing isolates were identified using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing with additional characterization by DNA recombinase (recA) gene analysis. The 16S analysis indicated the effective rhizobial isolates are closely related to bacteria belonging to Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and Bacillus spp. at ≥98% nucleotide similarity and one isolate identified as Enterobacter sp. Most of these isolates exhibited multiple PGPR traits and resulted in enhanced growth of maize under glasshouse condition. The data generated provide vital information for use in the development of PGPR inoculants as alternatives to artificial chemical inputs in the cultivation of maize and possibly other crops.
{"title":"Rhizospheric bacteria from pristine grassland have beneficial traits for plant growth promotion in maize (Zea mays L.)","authors":"L. S. Khambani, A. Hassen, T. Regnier","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2019.1630972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2019.1630972","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An emerging strategy in the sustainable production of staple crops such as maize is the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as inoculants. This study reports the screening and characterization of several rhizobacteria isolated from rhizosphere of pristine grassland in South Africa. The rhizobacteria were screened for their ability to exhibit important plant growth-promoting traits in vitro and under glasshouse conditions on a maize plant. In total, 98 isolates were initially characterized based on their colony morphology on different growth media of which 13 isolates tested positive for the production of siderophores and indole-3- acetic acid (IAA), whereas eight isolates solubilized inorganic phosphate. Screening for growth promotion experiment revealed that the PGPR isolates significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased plant biomass, root length, and chlorophyll content index (CCI) when compared to uninoculated (control) plants. The best performing isolates were identified using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing with additional characterization by DNA recombinase (recA) gene analysis. The 16S analysis indicated the effective rhizobial isolates are closely related to bacteria belonging to Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and Bacillus spp. at ≥98% nucleotide similarity and one isolate identified as Enterobacter sp. Most of these isolates exhibited multiple PGPR traits and resulted in enhanced growth of maize under glasshouse condition. The data generated provide vital information for use in the development of PGPR inoculants as alternatives to artificial chemical inputs in the cultivation of maize and possibly other crops.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2019.1630972","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48157210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2019.1589634
H. Win, T. S. Moe, T. Hlaing, M. San, Zar Kyi Win, K. Mya
Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential biological activities of 23 ethanolic extracts from 19 traditional medicinal plants from Myanmar. Methods: Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH, nitric oxide and superoxide free radical scavenging assays. Antiglycation activity was studied with non-enzymatic protein glycation assay. Total phenolic content was measured compared with the gallic acid standard curve. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against six clinically important bacteria by agar well-diffusion method. Results: Among the studied plant extracts, AGE228 (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. seed) was the promising medicinal plant for oxidative stress-related disease as it showed high antioxidant activities with the percent inhibition of 75.80 ± 1.02 and 98.45 ± 1.12 for DPPH and NO radical scavenging assays. The extract AGE223 ( Tamarindus indica Linn. bark) also showed the high antioxidant activity for SO radical scavenging assay with the percent inhibition of 89.35 ± 5.72. These two extracts contained the highest phenolic content with 233.85 ± 0.04 and 214.47 ± 0.01 mgGAE/g of extract, respectively. AGE221 (Terminalia chebula Retz. branch) was the best AGE inhibitor with the percent inhibition of 79.06 ± 1.90. Most of the selected extracts showed antimicrobial activity. Among them, the antimicrobial activity of AGE232 (Phyllanthus distichus Muell. fruit) was comparable to the standard antibiotic, Chloramphenicol. Conclusion: The results confirmed that the ethanolic extracts of traditionally used medicinal plants could be effective not only for decreasing the oxidative stress and glycation end-products formation in glycation related diseases but also for treating the infectious diseases.
{"title":"Indigenous Myanmar medicinal plants and comparison of their in vitro antioxidant, antiglycation, and antimicrobial activities","authors":"H. Win, T. S. Moe, T. Hlaing, M. San, Zar Kyi Win, K. Mya","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2019.1589634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2019.1589634","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential biological activities of 23 ethanolic extracts from 19 traditional medicinal plants from Myanmar. Methods: Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH, nitric oxide and superoxide free radical scavenging assays. Antiglycation activity was studied with non-enzymatic protein glycation assay. Total phenolic content was measured compared with the gallic acid standard curve. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against six clinically important bacteria by agar well-diffusion method. Results: Among the studied plant extracts, AGE228 (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. seed) was the promising medicinal plant for oxidative stress-related disease as it showed high antioxidant activities with the percent inhibition of 75.80 ± 1.02 and 98.45 ± 1.12 for DPPH and NO radical scavenging assays. The extract AGE223 ( Tamarindus indica Linn. bark) also showed the high antioxidant activity for SO radical scavenging assay with the percent inhibition of 89.35 ± 5.72. These two extracts contained the highest phenolic content with 233.85 ± 0.04 and 214.47 ± 0.01 mgGAE/g of extract, respectively. AGE221 (Terminalia chebula Retz. branch) was the best AGE inhibitor with the percent inhibition of 79.06 ± 1.90. Most of the selected extracts showed antimicrobial activity. Among them, the antimicrobial activity of AGE232 (Phyllanthus distichus Muell. fruit) was comparable to the standard antibiotic, Chloramphenicol. Conclusion: The results confirmed that the ethanolic extracts of traditionally used medicinal plants could be effective not only for decreasing the oxidative stress and glycation end-products formation in glycation related diseases but also for treating the infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2019.1589634","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41445828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2019.1710431
Samuel Ofori – Baah, Lawrence Sheringham Borquaye
Abstract Chronic inflammation is associated with many diseased conditions. In particular, free radicals and oxidative stress play a major role in the development of tissue damage and some pathological events which result in inflammation. Plant extracts have widespread folkloric use in the management of various diseased conditions. One of such plants used in Ghana for managing inflammation-related conditions is Strophantus gratus. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Strophantus gratus. Crude ethanolic leaf extract was obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The crude extract was then fractionated to obtain hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions. Anti-inflammatory activity of the extract and fractions were evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema model in 7-day old chicks. Phosphomolybdenum assay was used to assess the total antioxidant activity of the extracts. The concentration of the crude extract required to reduce the induced inflammation by 50% (ED50) was determined to be 129.7 ± 10.5 mg/kg. The ethyl acetate fraction produced a similar ED50 value (133.5 ± 14.7 mg/kg). The ED50 values of the hexane and butanol fractions were however greater than 1000 mg/kg, indicating that the activity of the crude extract was concentrated in the ethyl acetate fraction. The total antioxidant capacity of the crude extract and the ethyl acetate fraction was determined to be 6.7 ± 1.0 g/100g and 8.3 ± 1.4 g/100g ascorbic acid equivalent respectively. Taken together, the results provide scientific validation for the use of Strophantus gratus in managing inflammation associated ailments in traditional herbal medicine.
{"title":"Ethanolic leaf extract from Strophanthus gratus (Hook.) Franch. (Apocynaceae) exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities","authors":"Samuel Ofori – Baah, Lawrence Sheringham Borquaye","doi":"10.1080/23312025.2019.1710431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2019.1710431","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Chronic inflammation is associated with many diseased conditions. In particular, free radicals and oxidative stress play a major role in the development of tissue damage and some pathological events which result in inflammation. Plant extracts have widespread folkloric use in the management of various diseased conditions. One of such plants used in Ghana for managing inflammation-related conditions is Strophantus gratus. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Strophantus gratus. Crude ethanolic leaf extract was obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The crude extract was then fractionated to obtain hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions. Anti-inflammatory activity of the extract and fractions were evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema model in 7-day old chicks. Phosphomolybdenum assay was used to assess the total antioxidant activity of the extracts. The concentration of the crude extract required to reduce the induced inflammation by 50% (ED50) was determined to be 129.7 ± 10.5 mg/kg. The ethyl acetate fraction produced a similar ED50 value (133.5 ± 14.7 mg/kg). The ED50 values of the hexane and butanol fractions were however greater than 1000 mg/kg, indicating that the activity of the crude extract was concentrated in the ethyl acetate fraction. The total antioxidant capacity of the crude extract and the ethyl acetate fraction was determined to be 6.7 ± 1.0 g/100g and 8.3 ± 1.4 g/100g ascorbic acid equivalent respectively. Taken together, the results provide scientific validation for the use of Strophantus gratus in managing inflammation associated ailments in traditional herbal medicine.","PeriodicalId":10412,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Biology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312025.2019.1710431","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60091891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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