Color Research and Application最新文献

From color naming to color perception: Cross‐linguistic differences of the chromatic information processing in monolingual and bilingual speakers 从颜色命名到颜色感知：单语和双语使用者色信息处理的跨语言差异

IF 1.4 3区工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Color Research and Application

Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1002/col.22955

Camilla Simoncelli, Philippe Gréa, Maria Kihlstedt

There has been long running debate about the interaction of language and perception. In this context, bilingual people have often shown benefits, due to their double‐active linguistic system, in cognitive functions, like inhibition, attention, and memory, which are central for visual perception. Color naming and categorization are domains for studying cross‐linguistic effects, which arise from conceptual and perceptual variations across speakers of different languages. In this study, we compared the ‘blue’ lexicon of highly proficient French‐Italian bilinguals to monolingual speakers of the corresponding languages. Prior studies have shown that Italian has two basic color terms for the blue area of color space: one denotes light blue hues (azzurro) and the other dark blue hues (blu), whilst French, with only one basic term bleu, lacks this distinction. We used a Stroop test to probe differences in perception and categorization of blue in bi‐ and monolingual speakers. We found that Italian monolinguals name the ink color more accurately and more rapidly when the word blu is rendered in dark blue ink (corresponding to the word blu) than when it is printed in light blue ink (corresponding to azzurro), since the latter represents an incongruent condition for them. This ‘category effect’ does not exist for French monolingual speakers. Our bilinguals' results demonstrate that, despite the emergence of a specific in‐between perceptual behavior, bilinguals generally performed like Italian monolinguals. These outcomes confirm the hypothesis that their second language categories (Italian) dominate their native language (French), attesting that lexical distinctions influence perceptual faculties in general. However, the ratio of the interference effect (longer reaction times for incongruent stimuli compared to control stimuli) and the facilitation effect (shorter reaction times for congruent stimuli compared to control stimuli) is not the same for bilinguals and monolinguals. The highest magnitude in the facilitation effect was revealed for bilinguals, whereas the highest magnitude in the interference effect was revealed for Italian monolingual speakers. This phenomenon adds evidence to the existence of enhanced bilingual cognitive control abilities.

关于语言与感知之间的相互作用，长期以来一直存在争论。在这种情况下，双语者由于拥有双重活跃的语言系统，往往在认知功能方面表现出优势，如抑制、注意力和记忆力，而这些功能对视觉感知至关重要。颜色命名和分类是研究跨语言效应的领域，这些效应来自于不同语言使用者在概念和知觉上的差异。在这项研究中，我们比较了精通法语和意大利语的双语者与相应语言的单语者的 "蓝色 "词典。先前的研究表明，意大利语在色彩空间的蓝色区域有两个基本颜色术语：一个表示浅蓝色色调（azzurro），另一个表示深蓝色色调（blu），而法语只有一个基本术语bleu，缺乏这种区分。我们使用 Stroop 测试来探究双语者和单语者对蓝色的感知和分类差异。我们发现，意大利语单语者在用深蓝色墨水（与 blu 一词相对应）呈现 blu 一词时，会比用浅蓝色墨水（与 azzurro 一词相对应）印刷时更准确、更迅速地说出墨水的颜色，因为后者对他们来说是一种不一致的条件。这种 "类别效应 "在法语单语使用者中并不存在。我们的双语研究结果表明，尽管出现了一种特殊的介于两者之间的知觉行为，但双语者的表现总体上与意大利语单语者相似。这些结果证实了他们的第二语言类别（意大利语）在母语（法语）中占主导地位的假设，证明词汇的区别在总体上影响着感知能力。然而，干扰效应（与对照刺激相比，对不一致刺激的反应时间更长）和促进效应（与对照刺激相比，对一致刺激的反应时间更短）的比例在双语者和单语者中并不相同。双语者的促进效应最大，而单语意大利语者的干扰效应最大。这一现象进一步证明了双语认知控制能力的增强。

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引用次数: 0

Textile color formulation methods: A literature review 纺织品配色方法：文献综述

IF 1.4 3区工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Color Research and Application

Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1002/col.22953

Sabrine Chaouch, Ali Moussa, Neji Ladhari

Color has become an essential element in our communication and our judgment on products. In textile, the formulation of any color is an essential process to ensure color continuity from the master standard to all subsequent production batches. Indeed, the objective is to normalize its reproduction all along the color reproduction procedure. In the literature, researches concerning textile color formulation are important, so this review focuses on these different techniques and methods of color matching for dye mixtures and precolored fiber blends. This step involves determining the dyes or fibers to use (alone or in mixtures) and their appropriate proportions to reproduce the wanted colors. The main techniques used for dye mixtures are based on colorimetric, spectrophotometric, and artificial intelligence techniques. While for precolored fiber mixtures the used techniques are dived into theoretical and experimental models. In addition to the review of these different techniques, a quantitative analysis was carried out.

色彩已成为我们沟通和判断产品好坏的基本要素。在纺织品中，任何颜色的配制都是一个必要的过程，以确保从主标准到所有后续生产批次的颜色连续性。事实上，这样做的目的是在整个色彩复制过程中实现色彩复制的正常化。在文献中，有关纺织品配色的研究非常重要，因此本综述将重点关注染料混合物和预着色纤维混合物配色的不同技术和方法。这一步骤包括确定要使用的染料或纤维（单独或混合物）及其适当比例，以再现所需的颜色。用于染料混合物的主要技术是基于比色法、分光光度法和人工智能技术。而对于预着色纤维混合物，所使用的技术则深入到理论和实验模型中。除了对这些不同技术的回顾，还进行了定量分析。

引用次数: 0

Evaluating the perceived brightness of chromatic stimuli with backgrounds of varying luminance 评估不同亮度背景下色度刺激物的感知亮度

IF 1.4 3区工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Color Research and Application

Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1002/col.22949

Andrea Avendano Martinez, Jake Zuena, Jaclyn Pytlarz

Reproducing near‐gamut colors on an emissive display often causes them to appear brighter than an achromatic color of the same luminance. This phenomenon can be explained by the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H–K) effect, which describes an increase in perceived brightness when increasing the chroma of a stimulus. Although recent studies have attempted to incorporate the H–K effect into their modeling, none of these studies have directly explored how the perception of chromatic stimuli changes with background luminance. In this article, we present results from a psychophysical brightness‐matching experiment conducted across different levels of background luminance. The experimental results show the magnitude of the H–K effect upon simultaneous lightness contrast for high chroma colors. We, then, compare our results to CAM16 and other published models that propose modifications to CAM16 to account for the H–K effect. The findings reveal that CAM16 overestimates the perceived rate of lightness change by more than double for highly saturated, low luminance colors with increasing background luminance levels. Despite the progress made in incorporating the H–K effect into models, our study indicates the need for further data to establish a more accurate and robust modeling of this phenomenon.

在发射型显示屏上再现近似伽马色时，往往会使其比相同亮度的消色差颜色显得更亮。这种现象可以用亥姆霍兹-科尔劳什（H-K）效应来解释，该效应描述了当刺激物的色度增加时，感知亮度的增加。尽管最近的研究试图将 H-K 效应纳入其建模中，但这些研究都没有直接探讨色度刺激的感知是如何随背景亮度变化的。在本文中，我们展示了在不同背景亮度下进行的心理物理亮度匹配实验的结果。实验结果显示了高色度颜色同时亮度对比时 H-K 效应的大小。然后，我们将实验结果与 CAM16 和其他已发表的模型进行了比较，这些模型对 CAM16 进行了修改，以解释 H-K 效应。研究结果表明，对于高饱和度、低亮度、背景亮度不断增加的颜色，CAM16 高估了一倍以上的明度变化率。尽管在将 H-K 效应纳入模型方面取得了进展，但我们的研究表明，还需要更多的数据来为这一现象建立更准确、更稳健的模型。

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引用次数: 0

W and V shape features based on measured skin spectral reflectance 基于测量到的皮肤光谱反射率的 W 形和 V 形特征

IF 1.4 3区工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Color Research and Application

Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1002/col.22951

Meng Sun, Cheng Gao, Changjun Li

Research suggested that color vision evolved for the purpose of seeing skin color modulations signaling emotion or mood. Hence people want to find the connection of the cone sensitivities with the skin spectral reflectance. In this article the W and V shapes based on skin spectral reflectance measured at different positions and from different ethnic groups (Kurdish, Caucasian, Thai, Chinese) were investigated. First, it was found that the measured skin spectral reflectance from all body positions and ethnic groups have a V shape between 400 and 450 nm and a W shape between 520 and 610 nm. The W and V shapes from the measured skin spectral reflectance are clearly different from those from the spectral reflectance generated from the physical model. The V shape and W shape do not exist with spectral reflectances measured from artificial skin color. Second, it was found that the wavelengths where the left trough assumes for the W shape are different from the wavelength where the M cone peaks, and the wavelengths where the central peak of the W shape assumes are different from the wavelength where the L cone peaks, which are different from the results from literature. Third, it was found that the skin spectral reflectance varies with body positions and ethnic groups. The W shapes turn to be a “U” shape for the spectral reflectance measured at back of the hand and inner forearm positions. The spectral reflectance measured from Kurdish starts decreasing for each body positions for wavelength greater than 700 nm, which is clearly different from the spectral reflectance measured from the Chinese and Caucasian ethnic groups. The findings of this paper are valuable for improving the physical model for generating skin spectral reflectance, reconstructing skin spectral reflectance based on image, identifying human skin color from spectral imaging and rendering of human skin color in computer graphics.

研究表明，色觉的进化是为了看到皮肤颜色的变化，从而传递情绪或心情的信号。因此，人们希望找到锥体敏感度与皮肤光谱反射率之间的联系。本文研究了在不同位置和不同种族（库尔德人、高加索人、泰国人、中国人）测量到的基于皮肤光谱反射率的 W 形和 V 形。首先，研究发现所有体位和不同种族测量到的皮肤光谱反射率在 400 至 450 纳米之间呈 V 形，在 520 至 610 纳米之间呈 W 形。测量到的皮肤光谱反射率的 W 形和 V 形与物理模型生成的光谱反射率明显不同。根据人造皮肤颜色测量的光谱反射率不存在 V 形和 W 形。其次，研究发现 W 形的左槽所在波长与 M 锥峰所在波长不同，W 形的中心峰所在波长与 L 锥峰所在波长不同，这与文献结果不同。第三，研究发现，皮肤光谱反射率随体位和种族群体的不同而变化。在手背和前臂内侧测量到的光谱反射率的 W 形变成了 "U "形。在波长大于 700 纳米时，库尔德人的光谱反射率在每个体位都开始下降，这与中国人和高加索人的光谱反射率明显不同。本文的研究结果对于改进生成皮肤光谱反射率的物理模型、根据图像重建皮肤光谱反射率、从光谱成像中识别人体肤色以及在计算机图形中呈现人体肤色都很有价值。

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引用次数: 0

Luminance and chromaticity discrimination sensitivities right after an abrupt decrease in background luminance 背景亮度突然降低后的亮度和色度辨别灵敏度

IF 1.4 3区工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Color Research and Application

Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/col.22950

Minwoo Son, Takehiro Nagai

When we enter a dark place, such as a tunnel, from a bright exterior, our visual sensitivities take some time to adapt to lower light levels. However, there have been few reports on how quickly luminance and chromaticity discrimination sensitivities recover in this situation. This study aims to quantify the time course of discrimination sensitivity for luminance and chromaticity directions after an abrupt decrease in background luminance. In each trial, the background luminance was decreased from 100 to 1 cd/m2. Subsequently, one target and three reference stimuli of different colors were presented under four stimulus‐onset asynchrony (SOA) conditions. The participants discriminated the target stimulus from reference stimuli. The results showed that discrimination sensitivity was the lowest right after the background luminance changed and gradually improved with SOAs. The sensitivity decreases differed across color directions, with the greatest decrease in luminance, a moderate decrease in S−(L + M), and a negligible change in L−M. However, statistically significant differences were observed only between luminance and L−M, suggesting that the sensitivity decrease after the abrupt decrease in background luminance did not significantly differ between the chromaticity directions. We speculate that these results stem from the interaction between chromatic perception and luminance adaptation, and possibly from rod intrusions.

当我们从明亮的外部进入一个黑暗的地方（如隧道）时，我们的视觉敏感度需要一些时间来适应较低的光照水平。然而，关于在这种情况下亮度和色度辨别灵敏度恢复速度的报道却很少。本研究旨在量化背景亮度突然降低后亮度和色度方向辨别敏感度的时间过程。在每次试验中，背景亮度从 100 cd/m2 降到 1 cd/m2。随后，在四种刺激发生不同步（SOA）条件下，分别呈现一个目标刺激和三个不同颜色的参照刺激。受试者从参考刺激中分辨出目标刺激。结果表明，背景亮度刚发生变化时，辨别灵敏度最低，随着 SOA 的增加，灵敏度逐渐提高。不同颜色方向的灵敏度下降程度不同，亮度方向的下降幅度最大，S-（L + M）方向的下降幅度适中，而 L-M 方向的变化可以忽略不计。然而，只有在亮度和 L-M 之间观察到了统计学意义上的显著差异，这表明背景亮度突然降低后灵敏度的下降在色度方向上没有显著差异。我们推测，这些结果源于色觉和亮度适应之间的相互作用，也可能源于视杆细胞的侵入。

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引用次数: 0

Color analysis of ancient Egyptian paintings and its applications in modern digital visualization 古埃及绘画的色彩分析及其在现代数字可视化中的应用

IF 1.4 3区工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Color Research and Application

Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.1002/col.22948

Qiaoling Zeng

This study aims to identify the color preferences of ancient Egyptian paintings and their cultural and historical reasons through color analysis, and consequently introduce a color collection of ancient Egyptian painting colors for color matching of modern digital images. A total of 134 original and 168 replica/repair painting samples were selected from the digital repositories of various authoritative museum collections, focusing on painting patterns formed on object surfaces using coloring agents. The collected samples, spanning from the Ancient Kingdom of Egypt to the Greco‐Roman period, encompass distinct types of ancient Egyptian paintings. The diversity and chronological distribution of these samples suggest that the color use in ancient Egyptian paintings is closely linked to the burial culture, coffin decoration, religious beliefs, and policy changes. Color analysis of the collected samples using the natural color system revealed that the predominant colors in ancient Egyptian paintings tend to be in the red and yellow spectrum, while the blue, green, and purple spectrum is relatively less prominent. This can be attributed to the historical development of colors, the scarcity of mineral resources, and the symbolic significance of colors in ancient Egyptian culture. Finally, a collection of ancient Egyptian painting colors was selected from extracted colors based on color differences to reflect the color characteristics of ancient Egyptian paintings. Furthermore, the construction method of color palettes with different thematic images and the practical application of these palettes in digital patterns using the proposed color collection were demonstrated to offer a reference for designers.

本研究旨在通过色彩分析确定古埃及绘画的色彩偏好及其文化和历史原因，并由此引入古埃及绘画色彩集，用于现代数字图像的色彩匹配。我们从多家权威博物馆藏品的数字资源库中选取了 134 幅原作和 168 幅复制品/修复画作样本，重点分析了使用着色剂在物体表面形成的绘画图案。所收集的样本时间跨度从古埃及王国到希腊罗马时期，涵盖了不同类型的古埃及绘画。这些样本的多样性和年代分布表明，古埃及绘画中的色彩使用与墓葬文化、棺木装饰、宗教信仰和政策变化密切相关。利用自然色彩系统对收集到的样本进行色彩分析后发现，古埃及绘画中的主要色彩倾向于红色和黄色光谱，而蓝色、绿色和紫色光谱则相对较少。这可以归因于色彩的历史发展、矿产资源的稀缺以及色彩在古埃及文化中的象征意义。最后，根据色彩差异，从提取的色彩中筛选出古埃及绘画色彩集，以反映古埃及绘画的色彩特征。此外，还展示了不同主题图像调色板的构建方法，并利用所提出的色彩集将这些调色板实际应用于数字图案中，为设计师提供参考。

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引用次数: 0

Urban Color Plan: The case study of the Ledro Valley (Italy) 城市色彩计划：莱德罗山谷案例研究（意大利）

IF 1.2 3区工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Color Research and Application

Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1002/col.22947

Katia Gasparini

This research delves into the development of the Urban Color Plan for Ledro Valley, in Italy. Urban color, encompassing both natural and built elements, plays a crucial role in spatial perception, impacting an individual's cognitive and sensory experiences. This study aims to address the complexity of color planning by an operational method grounded in scientific research. Through the analysis of existing color plans and the study of this specific case, the paper proposes a methodology which emphasizes scientific scrutiny by encompassing factors like historical context, social aspects, environmental influences and a chromatic and material facade survey. The research outlines the multifaceted scales of intervention, ranging from urban mapping to material quality considerations. The Ledro Valley case study exemplifies the application of this methodology, revealing the challenge in harmonizing the diverse historical-political realities of this Valley. The results showcase a flexible color plan that unifies the territory while still preserving the distinct identities of individual previous municipalities, demonstrating the plan's adaptability and potential for enhancing the overall urban environment.

这项研究深入探讨了意大利莱德罗山谷城市色彩规划的发展。城市色彩包括自然和建筑元素，在空间感知中起着至关重要的作用，影响着个人的认知和感官体验。本研究旨在通过以科学研究为基础的操作方法，解决色彩规划的复杂性问题。通过对现有色彩规划的分析和对这一具体案例的研究，本文提出了一种强调科学审查的方法，其中包括历史背景、社会方面、环境影响以及色彩和材料立面调查等因素。研究概述了从城市制图到材料质量考虑等多方面的干预尺度。莱德罗山谷案例研究是这一方法应用的典范，揭示了协调该山谷不同历史政治现实所面临的挑战。研究结果展示了一个灵活的色彩规划，既统一了该地区，又保留了之前各个城市的独特性，显示了该规划的适应性和提升整体城市环境的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Color systems for motion picture film digitization: A critical review 电影胶片数字化的色彩系统：评论

IF 1.2 3区工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Color Research and Application

Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.1002/col.22946

Alice Plutino

Digitizing motion picture films is a crucial aspect of archival practices. Nevertheless, the primary purpose of this process is to convert analog film into a digital signal suitable for recording back onto film. Thus, the most popular color film system encoding, such as Cineon or Academy Density Exchange (ADX), may present some limits for the preservation and restoration practices. In this paper, Cineon and ADX systems are summarized and analyzed, and an experimental application conducted on modern cinematographic film scanners has been made to evaluate the integration of these encoding systems into these devices. Results have been examined and discussed to underline the constraints and possibilities of these color encoding systems for archival purposes.

电影胶片数字化是档案工作的一个重要方面。然而，这一过程的主要目的是将模拟胶片转换成适合录制回胶片的数字信号。因此，最流行的彩色胶片编码系统，如 Cineon 或 Academy Density Exchange (ADX)，可能会给保存和修复工作带来一些限制。本文对 Cineon 和 ADX 系统进行了总结和分析，并在现代电影胶片扫描仪上进行了实验性应用，以评估这些编码系统与这些设备的整合情况。对结果进行了研究和讨论，以强调这些彩色编码系统在存档方面的局限性和可能性。

引用次数: 0

Effect of observer age and stimulus size on the color matching performance 观察者年龄和刺激物大小对色彩匹配成绩的影响

IF 1.2 3区工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Color Research and Application

Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1002/col.22945

Yuetong Shen, Min Huang, Xinyuan Gao, Minchen Wei, Xuping Gong, Dan Wang

The performance of color matching functions (CMFs) is important to color specification and calibration. In comparison to the great number of studies focusing on the effect of primary set, few studies focused on how observer age and field of view (FOV) jointly affected the performance of CMFs. In this study, a color matching experiment with three different primary sets, which were carefully selected based on our previous study, was carried out by two observer age groups under four FOVs (i.e., 2°, 4°, 8°, and 13°). The results suggested that the observer age had a more significant effect than the FOV, and the change of the FOV did not introduce a systematic trend to the color matching results. Neither the CIE 1931 2° nor 1964 10° CMFs were found to accurately characterize the color matches. The CIE 2006 CMFs with the FOV set to the experiment setup also did not have good performance. On average, the CIE 2006 2° CMFs were found to have the best performance, without considering the effects of the observer age and FOV.

色彩匹配函数（CMF）的性能对于色彩规范和校准非常重要。与大量关注原色集影响的研究相比，很少有研究关注观察者年龄和视野（FOV）如何共同影响 CMF 的性能。在本研究中，两个年龄组的观察者在四个视场角（即 2°、4°、8° 和 13°）下进行了颜色匹配实验。结果表明，观察者年龄的影响比视场角的影响更为显著，视场角的变化并没有给配色结果带来系统性的趋势。CIE 1931 2° 和 1964 10° CMF 都不能准确描述色彩匹配的特征。根据实验设置设置 FOV 的 CIE 2006 CMF 也没有很好的表现。平均而言，在不考虑观察者年龄和视场角影响的情况下，CIE 2006 2° CMF 的性能最佳。

引用次数: 0

Color representations of normals and congenital red–green color deficiencies based on differential scaling of color-names and color-naming experiments 基于色名差异缩放和颜色命名实验的正常人和先天性红绿颜色缺陷者的颜色表征

IF 1.2 3区工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Color Research and Application

Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1002/col.22944

Minoru Ohkoba, Tomoharu Ishikawa, Kota Kanari, Shoko Hira, Sakuichi Ohtsuka, Miyoshi Ayama

Our previous work revealed that the vision-based color representation of congenitally color-deficient observers (CDOs) was mostly C-shaped bending at yellow and blue that differed from circular shape of the observers with no color vision deficiencies called CNOs in the study. In this study, the color-name-based internal color representation was investigated for the same observers and its relation to the vision-based color representation was examined. First, psychological difference of all combinations of 10 color names corresponding to the Munsell basic hues was rated using a 5-point scale. The distances of all pairs of CNOs and the CDOs agreed well with each other, in contrast to the distinctive differences in the vision-based color representation. Second, color-naming was conducted to the 10 color chips for each of high and medium chroma to link the vision-based and color-name-based representations through the test stimuli. For the high chroma chips, color naming property of the CDOs was similar to that of the CNOs. In contrast, CDOs showed distinctively larger intra- and inter-observer variabilities than CNOs for the medium chroma chips. The difference between two color chips was estimated using the results of the color naming and extended color-name difference ratings which is called “color-naming difference.” No systematic relationship was observed among the color-chip difference, color-name difference, and color naming difference in individual comparisons. It indicated that the color-naming difference is greater for the pairs including YR/Y/GY versus G/B, and vice versa for the pairs consisting of BG, B, PB, P, and RP. These suggest the followings; first, CDOs seem to utilize lightness difference strategically in the visual assessment, second, psychological differences among “blue,” “green,” “purple,” or “gray” are distinct for CDOs although the color chips given those names in our experiment appear close.

我们之前的研究发现，先天性色觉缺陷观察者（CDOs）基于视觉的颜色表征大多是在黄色和蓝色处弯曲的 C 形，这与研究中被称为 CNOs 的无色觉缺陷观察者的圆形不同。本研究调查了同一观察者基于颜色名称的内部颜色表征，并考察了其与基于视觉的颜色表征之间的关系。首先，用 5 分制对与蒙赛尔基本色调相对应的 10 个颜色名称的所有组合的心理差异进行评分。所有成对的 CNO 和 CDO 的距离都非常接近，这与视觉色彩表征的明显差异形成了鲜明对比。其次，对高、中色度的 10 个色块分别进行了颜色命名，以通过测试刺激将视觉表征和颜色命名表征联系起来。对于高色度芯片，CDOs 的颜色命名特性与 CNOs 相似。相比之下，对于中等色度芯片，CDO 的观察者内部和观察者之间的差异明显大于 CNO。两个颜色芯片之间的差异是通过颜色命名和扩展颜色命名差异评级的结果估算出来的，称为 "颜色命名差异"。在个别比较中，没有观察到色片差异、色名差异和色名差异之间有系统的关系。结果表明，YR/Y/GY 与 G/B 对比色片差异更大，BG、B、PB、P 和 RP 对比色片差异也更大。这表明：第一，CDO 似乎在视觉评估中战略性地利用了明度差异；第二，尽管在我们的实验中被命名为 "蓝色"、"绿色"、"紫色 "或 "灰色 "的色块看起来很接近，但对 CDO 而言，"蓝色"、"绿色"、"紫色 "或 "灰色 "之间的心理差异是明显的。

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引用次数: 0