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Color Constancy From a Pure Color View: An Edge-Aware Algorithm for a Wider Application 纯色视图的色彩一致性:一种更广泛应用的边缘感知算法
IF 1.4 3区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1002/col.70036
Yuyang Liu, Minchen Wei

The development of imaging technologies allows personal electronic devices to have telephoto and close-up cameras. The images captured by these cameras sometimes are dominated by a single color (i.e., pure color images). In our earlier work, the PolyU Pure Color dataset was collected and the Pure Color Constancy (PCC) method was proposed, which was the first study investigating color constancy for pure color images. In order to make the method more robust, especially when the images are not as extreme as those included in the PolyU Pure Color dataset, an edge-aware Pure Color Constancy (ePCC) method is proposed in this article. It adopts a similar architecture as the PCC method, with four additional color features derived from the edge map of an image as the input. Moreover, the PolyU Pure Color dataset V2 was collected. It includes 1271 images, which are not as extreme as those in the PolyU Pure Color dataset V1 and cover a wider range of illuminant colors. The proposed ePCC method was found to have better performance than the PCC method on pure color images, reducing the angular error by 10% with slight increases in the number of parameters and computational resources. Moreover, the ePCC method also resulted in comparable performance to the various state-of-the-art learning-based methods on images of normal scenes.

成像技术的发展使个人电子设备具备了远摄和近摄功能。这些相机拍摄的图像有时以单一颜色为主(即纯彩色图像)。在我们早期的工作中,我们收集了理大纯色数据集,并提出了纯色恒常性(PCC)方法,这是第一个研究纯色图像的颜色恒常性的研究。为了提高方法的鲁棒性,特别是当图像不像理大纯色数据集那样极端时,本文提出了一种边缘感知的纯色恒常性(ePCC)方法。它采用与PCC方法相似的结构,从图像的边缘映射中派生出四个额外的颜色特征作为输入。此外,还收集了PolyU Pure Color数据集V2。它包含1271幅图像,不像理大纯色数据集V1那样极端,涵盖了更广泛的光源颜色。在纯彩色图像上,ePCC方法比PCC方法有更好的性能,在参数数量和计算资源略有增加的情况下,角误差降低了10%。此外,ePCC方法在正常场景图像上的表现也与各种最先进的基于学习的方法相当。
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引用次数: 0
Prefrontal Hemodynamic Response by LMS Cone Activation During Binocular Color Rivalry: An fNIRS Study 双眼颜色竞争中LMS锥体激活的前额叶血流动力学反应:fNIRS研究
IF 1.4 3区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-12-28 DOI: 10.1002/col.70033
Xinni Zhang, Zhineng Lv, Xuesong Jin, Lijun Yun, Yonghang Tai, Zaiqing Chen

Color information plays a key role in cognitive regulation and the allocation of attentional resources. However, the influence of binocular color rivalry on prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation has not been systematically investigated. To address this, we employed functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to examine oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) responses in the PFC elicited by four binocular rivalry color pairs: red-green (R-G), yellow-blue (Y-B), orange-cyan (RY-GB), and purple-yellow green (RB-YG). The results showed that all color pairs induced significant activation in the PFC, particularly in Brodmann areas 9 (BA9) and 10 (BA10). The R-G condition activated both regions, whereas Y-B primarily activated BA10. Further regression analysis revealed significant differences in the activation patterns of L, M, and S cone cells across the color pairs, which were positively correlated with changes in HbO concentration in the PFC. In summary, this study reveals the hemodynamic response characteristics of the PFC during binocular color rivalry and their association with retinal cone activation, providing novel empirical evidence for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying visual rivalry.

色彩信息在认知调节和注意资源分配中起着关键作用。然而,双眼颜色竞争对前额叶皮层(PFC)激活的影响尚未得到系统的研究。为了解决这个问题,我们使用功能性近红外光谱(fNIRS)来检测四种双目竞争颜色对:红绿(R-G)、黄蓝(Y-B)、橙青色(RY-GB)和紫黄绿(RB-YG)引起的PFC中的氧合血红蛋白(HbO)反应。结果表明,所有颜色对均可诱导PFC显著激活,特别是在Brodmann区9 (BA9)和10 (BA10)。R-G条件激活了这两个区域,而Y-B主要激活BA10。进一步的回归分析显示,L、M和S视锥细胞的激活模式在不同颜色对之间存在显著差异,且与PFC内HbO浓度的变化呈正相关。总之,本研究揭示了PFC在双眼颜色竞争过程中的血流动力学反应特征及其与视网膜视锥细胞激活的关联,为理解视觉竞争背后的神经机制提供了新的经验证据。
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引用次数: 0
Illuminant Estimation Using RGB Camera Image and Ambient Light Sensor Signal 基于RGB相机图像和环境光传感器信号的光源估计
IF 1.4 3区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1002/col.70031
Yuyang Liu, Minchen Wei

Illuminant estimation in camera color space is a critical step in the image signal processing pipeline, which is commonly performed based on the RGB RAW images captured by a camera. Recently, most smartphones are equipped with an ambient light sensor (ALS) around the camera. In this work, we propose an illuminant estimation method (i.e., RACC) using both RGB RAW images and ALS signals as the inputs. A large dataset containing both RGB RAW images and ALS signals of more than 1300 scenes was collected, which was used to develop and evaluate the proposed RACC method. The results show that the RACC method results in much smaller angular errors and requires much fewer computational resources. In particular, the method was designed with a training mechanism to consider a practical challenge of incomplete or missing ALS signals under low light conditions, which was verified to have stable performance. These clearly suggest that the RACC method can be deployed for practical applications.

相机色彩空间的光源估计是图像信号处理流程中的关键步骤,通常基于相机捕获的RGB RAW图像进行估计。最近,大部分智能手机都在摄像头周围安装了环境光传感器(ALS)。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种使用RGB RAW图像和ALS信号作为输入的光源估计方法(即RACC)。收集了包含1300多个场景的RGB RAW图像和ALS信号的大型数据集,用于开发和评估所提出的RACC方法。结果表明,RACC方法的角度误差小,计算量少。特别是,该方法设计了一种训练机制,考虑了弱光条件下ALS信号不完整或缺失的实际挑战,并被验证具有稳定的性能。这清楚地表明RACC方法可以用于实际应用。
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引用次数: 0
Image Quality Factors Influencing Selfie Preference: The Role of Skin Color 影响自拍偏好的图像质量因素:肤色的作用
IF 1.4 3区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1002/col.70034
Hyesun Han, Youngshin Kwak

This study investigates how image quality attributes affect selfie evaluations. Selfies were captured using five smartphone camera models under three different lighting conditions (5000, 4000, and 2500 K) and participants rated their selfie preferences using 7-point Likert scale scores. In addition to preference, participants evaluated 10 descriptive keywords related to image quality. Principal component analysis revealed that skin color was the most influential factor in determining selfie preference, as reflected in keywords related to hue and naturalness. A comparison with measured skin color datasets showed that smartphone cameras generally captured brighter and more saturated skin colors than actual measurements.

本研究探讨了图像质量属性如何影响自拍评价。在三种不同的光照条件下(5000、4000和2500 K),使用五种智能手机相机拍摄自拍,参与者使用7分李克特量表评分自己的自拍偏好。除了偏好之外,参与者还评估了10个与图像质量相关的描述性关键词。主成分分析显示,肤色是决定自拍偏好的最重要因素,这反映在与色调和自然度相关的关键词上。与实测肤色数据集的比较表明,智能手机摄像头拍摄的肤色通常比实际测量的肤色更亮、更饱和。
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引用次数: 0
Decoding Color: A Three-Stage Clustering Approach to Analysis Color Evolution in Changning Miao Costumes 解码色彩:三阶段聚类法分析长宁苗族服饰色彩演变
IF 1.4 3区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1002/col.70029
Lijuan Ai

As a visual cultural symbol, color represents the collective aesthetics and the ethnic cohesion of an ethnic group. This study takes the Changning Miao costume as an object, aiming to analyze the role and mechanism of the costume color system in cultural evolution. We employed a three-stage K-means clustering method for color extraction. Key findings included: (1) Color shows an obvious correlation with materials and techniques, serving as explicit indicators of cultural evolution. (2) The color system of Changning Miao costumes contributes independently to its collective aesthetic, following the hierarchical color-matching rules of primary color dominance and secondary color subordination. By building a color database for Changning Miao costumes, we provide a data-driven quantitative tool for cultural preservation. The three-stage clustering method overcomes the limitations of unidimensional analysis, establishing a model that bridges visual perception to selection behavior, facilitating the adaptive inheritance of traditional wisdom in modern contexts.

色彩作为一种视觉文化符号,代表着一个民族的集体审美和民族凝聚力。本研究以长宁苗族服饰为研究对象,旨在分析服饰色彩系统在文化演变中的作用和机制。我们采用了三阶段k均值聚类方法进行颜色提取。主要发现包括:(1)颜色与材料和技术具有明显的相关性,是文化演变的明确指标。(2)长宁苗族服饰的色彩体系,遵循着原色为主、次色从属的层次化配色规律,独立贡献着其集体审美。通过建立长宁苗族服饰色彩数据库,为文化保护提供数据驱动的量化工具。三阶段聚类方法克服了单维分析的局限性,建立了视觉感知与选择行为之间的桥梁模型,促进了传统智慧在现代语境中的适应性传承。
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引用次数: 0
The Relationship Between Color Characteristics and Visual Aesthetic in Autumn Plant Communities: Quantitative Evidence From Scenic Beauty and M–S Color Harmony Beauty 秋季植物群落色彩特征与视觉审美的关系:来自风景美和M-S色彩和谐美的定量证据
IF 1.4 3区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-10-23 DOI: 10.1002/col.70024
Yuanyuan Luo, Xingyao Xiong, Chen Zhou, Hui Xiong, Peng Zhou, Yan Huang, Liang Zhang

Vision constitutes the primary channel for human environmental perception. The visual aesthetic perception of plant color landscape can be evaluated through two dimensions: subjective experience and theoretical analysis, represented by the independent variables: “Scenic Beauty” and “Color Harmony Beauty” respectively. Each has its own focus, but few studies have explored the relationship between the two. Combining scenic beauty estimation (SBE) and M–S Color harmony beauty estimation, this study quantitatively analyzed the relationship between the color characteristics and visual aesthetics of autumn plant communities. The results showed: (1) Scenic beauty was primarily driven by color-leafed index, ratio of primary color, ratio of primary hue, brightness index, and saturation index; Color harmony beauty was predominantly influenced by number of colors, color diversity index, color evenness index, and hue index. These two sets of key indicators did not overlap or conflict and jointly expressed the characteristics of plant colors in terms of attributes, layout, and structure. (2) Significant positive correlation existed between Scenic Beauty values and M–S Color Harmony Beauty values, and their mean values decreased with the decrease of each other's level as a whole. (3) The 15 visually aesthetic dominant communities were classified into three types: multi-color compound type, warm color dominant type, and warm-cool color contrast type. The design guidelines of the three types of autumn plant community color landscapes were developed correspondingly. This research advances novel paradigms for quantitative landscape evaluation and provides evidence-based design methodologies.

视觉是人类感知环境的主要渠道。植物色彩景观的视觉美感可通过主观体验和理论分析两个维度进行评价,分别以“景观美”和“色彩和谐美”自变量表示。每一个都有自己的重点,但很少有研究探索两者之间的关系。结合风景美估计(SBE)和M-S色彩和谐美估计,定量分析了秋季植物群落色彩特征与视觉审美的关系。结果表明:(1)风景美主要受色叶指数、原色比、原色比、明度指数和饱和度指数驱动;色彩和谐美主要受色彩数量、色彩多样性指数、色彩均匀度指数和色相指数的影响。这两组关键指标不重叠、不冲突,共同表达了植物色彩在属性、布局、结构等方面的特征。(2)风景美值与M-S色彩和谐美值之间存在显著的正相关关系,其均值总体上随着彼此水平的降低而降低。(3) 15个视觉审美优势群落分为多色复合型、暖色优势型和暖色对比型3种类型。并据此制定了三类秋季植物群落色彩景观的设计准则。本研究为定量景观评估提供了新的范式,并提供了基于证据的设计方法。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond Colorants: Understanding Dilution Effects on Color Attributes in Transparent Systems 超越着色剂:了解透明系统中颜色属性的稀释效应
IF 1.4 3区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1002/col.70025
Lorena Sofía Pepa, Silvio David Rodríguez, Cristina Isabel dos Santos Ferreira, María del Pilar Buera

The objective of this work was to evaluate the chromatic displacement due to successive dilutions of different colorants in transparent liquid systems. The solutions were diluted to cover the entire range of transmittance values, from transmittance approaching zero (close to the black achromatic point) to nearly 100% (white achromatic point). Nine colorants, covering a wide range of hue values, were employed; the transmittance of the solutions was spectrophotometrically measured in the visible range, and the tristimulus values were calculated for illuminant D65. 3D representations in CIE, CIELAB, and CIELUV spaces were performed, along with the corresponding planar projections. Besides the expected lightness increase, as the concentration of a given colorant decreased, saturation (in the CIELUV space) and chroma (in the CIELAB space) increased up to a given value and then decreased. Colorants' dilution led to different trajectories in the chromaticity diagram, causing perceived changes of saturation and hue attributes, slightly correlated with the dominant wavelength shift. These phenomena have been previously observed in opaque systems and in lights and were much less studied in transparent colorant formulations, which are relevant for applications such as glass, films, plastics, or colorant solutions. Some definitions involving concentration as related to change in color attributes, such as the optimal lightness to chroma or saturation ratio and the trajectory change in the chromaticity diagram, are proposed.

本研究的目的是评价不同着色剂在透明液体体系中连续稀释所引起的色位移。将溶液稀释到整个透光率范围,从接近零(接近黑色消色差点)到接近100%(白色消色差点)。使用了九种颜色,覆盖了广泛的色调值;分光光度法测定了溶液在可见光范围内的透过率,并计算了光源D65的三刺激值。在CIE、CIELAB和CIELUV空间中进行三维表示,并进行相应的平面投影。除了预期的亮度增加外,随着给定着色剂浓度的降低,饱和度(在CIELUV空间中)和色度(在CIELAB空间中)增加到给定值,然后降低。着色剂的稀释导致色度图中的不同轨迹,引起饱和度和色调属性的感知变化,与主导波长位移略有相关。这些现象以前已经在不透明系统和光线中观察到,而在透明着色剂配方中研究得很少,这与玻璃,薄膜,塑料或着色剂溶液等应用相关。提出了一些涉及浓度与颜色属性变化有关的定义,如最佳明度与色度或饱和度比率以及色度图中的轨迹变化。
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引用次数: 0
Toward a Standardized Color Assessment of Rosé Wines: Application of a Natural Color System Chart Across User Expertise 玫瑰红葡萄酒的标准化颜色评估:跨用户专业知识的自然颜色系统图表的应用
IF 1.4 3区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1002/col.70026
Valérie Bonnardel, Nathalie Pouzalgues, Aurélie Chevallier, Thierry Lorey, Gilles Masson

The extensive color palette of Rosé wines plays a crucial role in sensory evaluation by both professionals and consumers. However, despite efforts toward objective characterization, a standardized color reference for Rosé wine assessment remains largely unexplored. This study introduces a Natural Color System (NCS) Rosé Wine Chart, designed to evaluate typicality and color preference in Rosé wines, including Rosé de Provence. A total of 197 participants, categorized as Professionals (N = 60), Novices (N = 64), and Social Drinkers (N = 63), selected NCS samples that best represented typical and ideal colors for Rosé and Rosé de Provence wines. Results highlighted significant perceptual differences across expertise levels. Professionals exhibited a refined ability to distinguish between Rosé and Rosé de Provence, selecting lighter, less chromatic, and slightly yellower samples for Rosé de Provence compared to Rosé. The difference in preferred color is more subtle, with Rosé's ideal color being only slightly redder than Rosé de Provence. Social Drinkers made similar distinctions between Rosé and Rosé de Provence's typical color, but these are limited to lightness and hue, and no distinction is made between the wines' preferred color. At the group level, Novices made no distinction between Rosé and Rosé de Provence in either typical or ideal color. However, wine knowledge plays a role, as more knowledgeable Novices tend to align with Professionals and Social Drinkers by selecting redder samples for Rosé. Additionally, more knowledgeable Novices tend to select lighter colors with lower chroma for Rosé and Rosé de Provence as their ideal color. By integrating a color-order system aligned with human perception, this study demonstrates the advantages of the NCS Rosé Wine Chart for quantitative color evaluation. The ability to express wine color representation directly in CIELAB parameters enhances accuracy, standardization, and cross-industry communication, and by establishing a perceptually relevant framework for Rosé wine assessment, it will bridge analytical color specifications with sensory perception.

玫瑰红葡萄酒丰富的色彩在专业人士和消费者的感官评价中起着至关重要的作用。然而,尽管努力客观表征,一个标准化的颜色参考评价红葡萄酒仍然很大程度上未被探索。本研究介绍了自然色彩系统(NCS)红葡萄酒图表,旨在评估红葡萄酒的典型性和颜色偏好,包括普罗旺斯红葡萄酒。共有197名参与者,分为专业人士(N = 60)、新手(N = 64)和社交饮酒者(N = 63),他们选择了最能代表普罗旺斯红葡萄酒的典型和理想颜色的NCS样本。结果突出了不同专业水平的显著感知差异。专业人士表现出一种精细的能力,可以区分红葡萄和普罗旺斯红葡萄,他们会为普罗旺斯红葡萄选择更浅、颜色更少、略黄的样品,而不是红葡萄。偏好颜色的差异更微妙,罗斯维尔的理想颜色只比普罗旺斯的罗斯维尔略红一点。社交饮酒者对红葡萄酒和普罗旺斯红葡萄酒的典型颜色也有类似的区别,但这些区别仅限于亮度和色调,而对葡萄酒的首选颜色没有区别。在团体层面上,新手在典型或理想的颜色上没有区分玫瑰色和普罗旺斯玫瑰色。然而,葡萄酒知识也起着一定的作用,因为更有知识的新手倾向于与专业人士和社交饮酒者保持一致,为红葡萄酒选择更红的样品。此外,更有知识的新手倾向于选择较浅的颜色和较低的色度为玫瑰色和普罗旺斯玫瑰色作为他们的理想颜色。通过整合与人类感知一致的颜色顺序系统,本研究展示了NCS玫瑰酒图用于定量颜色评估的优势。通过CIELAB参数直接表达葡萄酒颜色表征的能力提高了准确性、标准化和跨行业沟通,并通过建立与红葡萄酒评估相关的感知框架,将分析颜色规范与感官感知连接起来。
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引用次数: 0
Formulation Correction for Spot Color Inks Under Batch-to-Batch Variation of Substrates and Inks 基材和油墨批量变化下专色油墨配方的校正
IF 1.4 3区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1002/col.70027
Junfeng Li, Miaoxin Li, Shiwei Liu, Dehong Xie, Chun-ao Wei

Batch-to-batch variations in substrates and primary inks pose significant challenges in spot color printing, often resulting in noticeable color inconsistencies despite consistent ink formulations. Existing solutions typically require recalculating optical properties for each new batch, a process that is both time-consuming and resource-intensive. This study proposes a formulation correction method based on the single-constant Kubelka–Munk (KM) theory that compensates for batch-induced deviations in the absorption-to-scattering (K/S) ratio. By utilizing the optical constants derived from a benchmark batch, the method estimates the K/S discrepancy caused by new batches and corrects the ink formulation accordingly, avoiding the need to remeasure optical properties. Experiments were conducted on five target spot colors using two batches of gravure inks and uncoated paper substrates. The proposed method improved color reproduction accuracy, reducing the average CIE ΔE from 2.05 to 0.97 and the RMSE of spectral reflectance across samples. Four out of five corrected samples achieved ΔE values below 1, indicating excellent visual consistency. This method offers a practical and efficient solution for maintaining high-fidelity spot color reproduction in industrial printing workflows.

基材和原色油墨的批量变化对专色印刷构成了重大挑战,尽管油墨配方一致,但通常会导致明显的颜色不一致。现有的解决方案通常需要为每个新批次重新计算光学特性,这一过程既耗时又耗费资源。本文提出了一种基于单常数Kubelka-Munk (KM)理论的公式修正方法,该方法补偿了吸收散射比(K/S)的批量偏差。该方法利用基准批次得出的光学常数,估计新批次引起的K/S差异,并相应地纠正油墨配方,避免了重新测量光学性能的需要。用两批凹印油墨和未涂布纸基材对5种目标专色进行了实验。该方法提高了色彩再现精度,将平均CIE ΔE从2.05降低到0.97,并将样品间光谱反射率的RMSE降低到0.97。五个校正样本中有四个的ΔE值低于1,表明视觉一致性极佳。这种方法为在工业印刷工作流程中保持高保真专色再现提供了一种实用而有效的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond Generalizations: Context-Dependent Effects of Lighting Color in Interior Environments 超越概括:室内环境中灯光颜色的情境依赖效应
IF 1.4 3区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-10-07 DOI: 10.1002/col.70021
Alp Tural

As lighting technologies become increasingly tunable and user-driven, understanding how individuals engage with color and light properties in context-sensitive ways is critical. This study introduces a novel experimental framework that combines direct user agency with eye-level spectral measurements to examine lighting preferences in realistic interior environments. Twenty-five participants customized illuminance, correlated color temperature, and chromaticity across six scenarios varying by environmental context (home vs. work office) and psychological intent (relaxation vs. stimulation). Measuring lighting conditions at participants' eye level, rather than at traditional fixed measurement points, accurately captures the spectral environment participants experienced during preference formation. Results indicated significantly higher illuminance and cooler CCT preferences for work-related scenarios compared to home environments, along with individualized chromatic shifts clearly aligned with psychological intent. All participants performed perceptible and intentional chromaticity adjustments between relaxing and energetic settings, although the direction of these changes varied notably across individuals. These findings validate the effectiveness of this methodological framework in capturing context-sensitive lighting behaviors while underscoring the limitations of generalized color prescriptions. The results highlight the importance of adaptive, user-controlled lighting systems that accommodate diverse functional and psychological needs, thus contributing to evidence-based lighting design through detailed insights into how environmental context and psychological intention shape perceptual preferences in realistic settings.

随着照明技术变得越来越可调和用户驱动,了解个人如何以环境敏感的方式参与颜色和光线属性至关重要。本研究引入了一种新的实验框架,将直接用户代理与眼平光谱测量相结合,以检查现实室内环境中的照明偏好。25名参与者根据环境背景(家庭与办公室)和心理意图(放松与刺激)在六个场景中定制照度、相关色温和色度。在参与者的眼睛水平处测量照明条件,而不是在传统的固定测量点,准确地捕捉到参与者在偏好形成过程中所经历的光谱环境。结果表明,与家庭环境相比,与工作相关的场景具有更高的照度和更低的CCT偏好,并且个性化的色彩变化明显符合心理意图。所有的参与者都在放松和精力充沛的环境中进行了可感知的和有意识的色度调整,尽管这些变化的方向在个体之间存在显著差异。这些发现验证了这种方法框架在捕捉环境敏感照明行为方面的有效性,同时强调了广义颜色处方的局限性。研究结果强调了适应不同功能和心理需求的自适应、用户控制的照明系统的重要性,从而通过详细了解环境背景和心理意图如何在现实环境中塑造感知偏好,为基于证据的照明设计做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
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