Pub Date : 2024-08-11DOI: 10.3390/coatings14081018
Dorota Laskowska, Katarzyna Mitura, Błażej Bałasz, Piotr Wilczek, Aneta Samotus, Witold Kaczorowski, Jacek Grabarczyk, Lucie Svobodová, Totka Bakalova, Stanisław Mitura
With the growing interest in additive manufacturing technology, assessing the biocompatibility of manufactured elements for medical and veterinary applications has become crucial. This study aimed to investigate the corrosion properties and cytotoxicity of porous structures designed to enhance the osseointegration potential of implant surfaces. The structures were fabricated using BJ technology from 316L stainless steel powder, and their surfaces were modified with a DLC coating. The studies carried out on porous metal samples with and without DLC coatings demonstrated low cytotoxicity. However, no significant differences were found between the uncoated and DLC-coated samples, likely due to variations in the thickness of the coating on the porous samples and the occurrence of mechanical damage.
{"title":"The Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity and Corrosion Processes of Porous Structures Manufactured Using Binder Jetting Technology from Stainless Steel 316L with Diamond-like Carbon Coating","authors":"Dorota Laskowska, Katarzyna Mitura, Błażej Bałasz, Piotr Wilczek, Aneta Samotus, Witold Kaczorowski, Jacek Grabarczyk, Lucie Svobodová, Totka Bakalova, Stanisław Mitura","doi":"10.3390/coatings14081018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081018","url":null,"abstract":"With the growing interest in additive manufacturing technology, assessing the biocompatibility of manufactured elements for medical and veterinary applications has become crucial. This study aimed to investigate the corrosion properties and cytotoxicity of porous structures designed to enhance the osseointegration potential of implant surfaces. The structures were fabricated using BJ technology from 316L stainless steel powder, and their surfaces were modified with a DLC coating. The studies carried out on porous metal samples with and without DLC coatings demonstrated low cytotoxicity. However, no significant differences were found between the uncoated and DLC-coated samples, likely due to variations in the thickness of the coating on the porous samples and the occurrence of mechanical damage.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-10DOI: 10.3390/coatings14081017
Haitao Liu, Jincan Dong, Shijun Liang, Weiqiang Li, Yong Liu
Abstract: The impact of introducing trace transition elements on the thermal stability and conductivity of pure copper was examined through metallographic microscopy (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrical conductivity measurements; the interaction between trace transition element and trace impurity element S in the matrix was analyzed. The results show that the addition of trace Ti and trace Cr, Ni, and Ag elements significantly enhances the thermal stability of the pure copper grain size. After high-temperature treatment at 900 °C/30 min, the grain sizes of Cu, Cu-Ti-S, and Cu-Cr-Ni-Ag-S were measured and found to be 200.24 μm, 83.83 μm, and 31.08 μm, respectively, thus establishing a thermal stability ranking of Cu-Cr-Ni-Ag-S > Cu-Ti-S > Cu. Furthermore, the conductivities of pure copper remain high even after the addition of trace transition elements, with recorded values for Cu, Cu-Ti-S, and Cu-Cr-Ni-Ag-S of 100.7% IACS, 100.2% IACS, and 98.5% IACS, respectively. The enhancement of thermal stability is primarily attributed to the pinning effect of the TiS and CrS phases, as well as the solid solution dragging of Ni and Ag elements. Trace Ti and Cr elements can react with S impurities to form a hexagonal-structure TiS phase and monoclinic-structure CrS phase, which are non-coherent with the matrix. Notably, the CrS phase is smaller than the TiS phase. In addition, the precipitation of these compounds also reduces the scattering of free electrons by solute atoms, thereby minimizing their impact on the alloy’s conductivity.
摘要：通过金相显微镜（OM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和电导率测量，研究了引入痕量过渡元素对纯铜热稳定性和电导率的影响；分析了基体中痕量过渡元素和痕量杂质元素 S 之间的相互作用。结果表明，添加痕量 Ti 和痕量 Cr、Ni 和 Ag 元素可显著提高纯铜晶粒的热稳定性。在 900 °C/30 min 高温处理后，测量发现铜、Cu-Ti-S 和 Cu-Cr-Ni-Ag-S 的晶粒大小分别为 200.24 μm、83.83 μm 和 31.08 μm，从而确定了 Cu-Cr-Ni-Ag-S > Cu-Ti-S > 铜的热稳定性排序。此外，即使添加了微量过渡元素，纯铜的电导率仍然很高，Cu、Cu-Ti-S 和 Cu-Cr-Ni-Ag-S 的记录值分别为 100.7% IACS、100.2% IACS 和 98.5% IACS。热稳定性的提高主要归功于 TiS 和 CrS 相的钉扎效应，以及 Ni 和 Ag 元素的固溶拖曳作用。痕量钛和铬元素可与 S 杂质反应形成六方结构的 TiS 相和单斜结构的 CrS 相，它们与基体不相干。值得注意的是，CrS 相比 TiS 相小。此外，这些化合物的沉淀还减少了溶质原子对自由电子的散射，从而将其对合金导电性的影响降至最低。
{"title":"Effect of Trace Elements on the Thermal Stability and Electrical Conductivity of Pure Copper","authors":"Haitao Liu, Jincan Dong, Shijun Liang, Weiqiang Li, Yong Liu","doi":"10.3390/coatings14081017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The impact of introducing trace transition elements on the thermal stability and conductivity of pure copper was examined through metallographic microscopy (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrical conductivity measurements; the interaction between trace transition element and trace impurity element S in the matrix was analyzed. The results show that the addition of trace Ti and trace Cr, Ni, and Ag elements significantly enhances the thermal stability of the pure copper grain size. After high-temperature treatment at 900 °C/30 min, the grain sizes of Cu, Cu-Ti-S, and Cu-Cr-Ni-Ag-S were measured and found to be 200.24 μm, 83.83 μm, and 31.08 μm, respectively, thus establishing a thermal stability ranking of Cu-Cr-Ni-Ag-S > Cu-Ti-S > Cu. Furthermore, the conductivities of pure copper remain high even after the addition of trace transition elements, with recorded values for Cu, Cu-Ti-S, and Cu-Cr-Ni-Ag-S of 100.7% IACS, 100.2% IACS, and 98.5% IACS, respectively. The enhancement of thermal stability is primarily attributed to the pinning effect of the TiS and CrS phases, as well as the solid solution dragging of Ni and Ag elements. Trace Ti and Cr elements can react with S impurities to form a hexagonal-structure TiS phase and monoclinic-structure CrS phase, which are non-coherent with the matrix. Notably, the CrS phase is smaller than the TiS phase. In addition, the precipitation of these compounds also reduces the scattering of free electrons by solute atoms, thereby minimizing their impact on the alloy’s conductivity.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Calcareous deposits are a consequential outcome of cathodic protection in marine environments, exerting significant influence on the cathodic protection process and current density prerequisites. This study investigates the process of calcium deposition and its impact on the cathodic protection current density of carbon steel under the influence of a rust layer in different corrosion periods. This was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results demonstrate that the formation processes of calcareous deposits vary after exposure to the corrosive environment for 0, 7, and 30 days. While a longer corrosion period leads to thicker rust layers on the metal surface and a higher initial cathodic protection current, the presence of these rust layers facilitates the deposition of calcium and magnesium ions, resulting in a rapid decrease in cathodic protection current density after a certain period. Meanwhile, long-term cathodic protection facilitates the thickening and densification of the oxide layer, thereby enhancing its protective efficacy, effectively reducing the corrosion rate of the metal surface and stabilizing the cathodic protection current density at a lower level. This study provides theoretical data and experimental evidence to support the maintenance of corroded marine engineering equipment.
{"title":"The Influence of Rust Layers on Calcareous Deposits’ Performance and Protection Current Density in the Cathodic Protection Process","authors":"Wei Zhang, Xinran Wang, Haojie Li, Zhifeng Lin, Zhiwei Chen","doi":"10.3390/coatings14081015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081015","url":null,"abstract":"Calcareous deposits are a consequential outcome of cathodic protection in marine environments, exerting significant influence on the cathodic protection process and current density prerequisites. This study investigates the process of calcium deposition and its impact on the cathodic protection current density of carbon steel under the influence of a rust layer in different corrosion periods. This was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results demonstrate that the formation processes of calcareous deposits vary after exposure to the corrosive environment for 0, 7, and 30 days. While a longer corrosion period leads to thicker rust layers on the metal surface and a higher initial cathodic protection current, the presence of these rust layers facilitates the deposition of calcium and magnesium ions, resulting in a rapid decrease in cathodic protection current density after a certain period. Meanwhile, long-term cathodic protection facilitates the thickening and densification of the oxide layer, thereby enhancing its protective efficacy, effectively reducing the corrosion rate of the metal surface and stabilizing the cathodic protection current density at a lower level. This study provides theoretical data and experimental evidence to support the maintenance of corroded marine engineering equipment.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-10DOI: 10.3390/coatings14081016
Alina Ruxandra Caramitu, Romeo Cristian Ciobanu, Mihaela Aradoaei, Magdalena Valentina Lungu, Nicoleta Oana Nicula, Eduard Marius Lungulescu
The paper describes the innovative adaptation of some specific environmental tests from general organic coatings towards newly developed water-based composite paints with metallic particles (Al and Fe), with a high content of metal (10% and respectively 20%) for electromagnetic shielding applications. Electrical conductivity is the most affected dielectric parameter under both by UV radiation and thermal exposure. The paints with 20% metallic powder are more sensitive to environmental factors, and the influence of metal type could also be emphasized in relation to the dielectric feature evolution vs. exposure time. The action of mold significantly decreases the dielectric features of paints, but the weathering aging effect is much more enhanced if the samples are cumulatively submitted to thermal aging and respectively UV exposure, along with the action of mold. The potential application of the study is related mainly to the development of new autonomous electric cars, which need special conditions of electromagnetic shielding, under the circumstances that the conductive paint layers are normally very sensitive to environmental factors, affecting the equipment performance and security.
{"title":"Endurance to Multiple Factors of Water-Based Electrically Conductive Paints with Metallic Microparticles","authors":"Alina Ruxandra Caramitu, Romeo Cristian Ciobanu, Mihaela Aradoaei, Magdalena Valentina Lungu, Nicoleta Oana Nicula, Eduard Marius Lungulescu","doi":"10.3390/coatings14081016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081016","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes the innovative adaptation of some specific environmental tests from general organic coatings towards newly developed water-based composite paints with metallic particles (Al and Fe), with a high content of metal (10% and respectively 20%) for electromagnetic shielding applications. Electrical conductivity is the most affected dielectric parameter under both by UV radiation and thermal exposure. The paints with 20% metallic powder are more sensitive to environmental factors, and the influence of metal type could also be emphasized in relation to the dielectric feature evolution vs. exposure time. The action of mold significantly decreases the dielectric features of paints, but the weathering aging effect is much more enhanced if the samples are cumulatively submitted to thermal aging and respectively UV exposure, along with the action of mold. The potential application of the study is related mainly to the development of new autonomous electric cars, which need special conditions of electromagnetic shielding, under the circumstances that the conductive paint layers are normally very sensitive to environmental factors, affecting the equipment performance and security.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.3390/coatings14081013
Ye Zhu, Ying Wang, Xiaoxing Yan
Using chitosan as the shell material and Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam extract as the core material, microcapsules of chitosan-coated Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam extracts were prepared. The microcapsules were added to waterborne topcoats to investigate the effects of different content and MToddalia asiatica(L.) Lam extracts:Mchitosan (MT:MC) on the performance of waterborne coatings on poplar surfaces. Under different MT:MC of microcapsules, the content of microcapsules in the coating was negatively correlated with the glossiness, reflectivity, and adhesion of the coating. The addition of microcapsules reduced the liquid resistance of the coating to citric acid and improved the ethanol and cleaning agent resistance of the coating. The hardness, impact resistance, and roughness of the coatings increased gradually with the increase in microcapsule content. The content of microcapsules was positively correlated with the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus antibacterial performance of coatings, and the coatings had a slightly higher antibacterial rate against Staphylococcus aureus than Escherichia coli overall. The poplar surface coating with 5.0% microcapsules and MT:MC of 4.0:1 was excellent: the gloss was 5.30 GU, the light loss rate was 62.22%, the color difference ΔE was 22.93, the hardness was HB, the impact resistance was grade 3, the adhesion was grade 2, the roughness was 2.022 µm, the resistance to ethanol and cleaning agent was grade 2, and the resistances to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 74.21% and 82.01%, respectively. The results of the study provide a technical reference for the application of antibacterial waterborne coatings on wood surfaces.
{"title":"Effect of Microcapsules of Chitosan-Coated Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam Extracts on the Surface Coating Properties of Poplar Wood","authors":"Ye Zhu, Ying Wang, Xiaoxing Yan","doi":"10.3390/coatings14081013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081013","url":null,"abstract":"Using chitosan as the shell material and Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam extract as the core material, microcapsules of chitosan-coated Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam extracts were prepared. The microcapsules were added to waterborne topcoats to investigate the effects of different content and MToddalia asiatica(L.) Lam extracts:Mchitosan (MT:MC) on the performance of waterborne coatings on poplar surfaces. Under different MT:MC of microcapsules, the content of microcapsules in the coating was negatively correlated with the glossiness, reflectivity, and adhesion of the coating. The addition of microcapsules reduced the liquid resistance of the coating to citric acid and improved the ethanol and cleaning agent resistance of the coating. The hardness, impact resistance, and roughness of the coatings increased gradually with the increase in microcapsule content. The content of microcapsules was positively correlated with the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus antibacterial performance of coatings, and the coatings had a slightly higher antibacterial rate against Staphylococcus aureus than Escherichia coli overall. The poplar surface coating with 5.0% microcapsules and MT:MC of 4.0:1 was excellent: the gloss was 5.30 GU, the light loss rate was 62.22%, the color difference ΔE was 22.93, the hardness was HB, the impact resistance was grade 3, the adhesion was grade 2, the roughness was 2.022 µm, the resistance to ethanol and cleaning agent was grade 2, and the resistances to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 74.21% and 82.01%, respectively. The results of the study provide a technical reference for the application of antibacterial waterborne coatings on wood surfaces.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.3390/coatings14081014
Paulius Andriūnas, Reda Čerapaitė-Trušinskienė, Arvaidas Galdikas
In this work, 2D simulations of stainless steel nitriding through a mask were performed with two configurations: with and without lateral adsorption under the mask, depending on the strength of the mask adhesion. The stress-induced diffusion and trapping–detrapping process are included as the main mechanisms of nitrogen mass transport. The main focus is on the analysis of the swelling process, which affects the expansion of the material. The surface concentration profiles and topographical profiles along the surface are calculated and compared with experimentally registered ones taken from the literature, and they show a good agreement. This allows for estimation of the values of model parameters. Because nitriding processes takes place in vertical and horizontal directions, the anisotropic aspect of nitriding are analyzed. It is shown that the adherence of the mask significantly influences the topographical profile and the anisotropy of nitriding, because in the case of a weakly adhered mask, a lateral adsorption process takes place under the mask. The influence of swelling and anisotropy in the case of pattern nitriding in small dimensions is discussed.
{"title":"Modeling of Plasma Nitriding of Austenitic Stainless Steel through a Mask","authors":"Paulius Andriūnas, Reda Čerapaitė-Trušinskienė, Arvaidas Galdikas","doi":"10.3390/coatings14081014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081014","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, 2D simulations of stainless steel nitriding through a mask were performed with two configurations: with and without lateral adsorption under the mask, depending on the strength of the mask adhesion. The stress-induced diffusion and trapping–detrapping process are included as the main mechanisms of nitrogen mass transport. The main focus is on the analysis of the swelling process, which affects the expansion of the material. The surface concentration profiles and topographical profiles along the surface are calculated and compared with experimentally registered ones taken from the literature, and they show a good agreement. This allows for estimation of the values of model parameters. Because nitriding processes takes place in vertical and horizontal directions, the anisotropic aspect of nitriding are analyzed. It is shown that the adherence of the mask significantly influences the topographical profile and the anisotropy of nitriding, because in the case of a weakly adhered mask, a lateral adsorption process takes place under the mask. The influence of swelling and anisotropy in the case of pattern nitriding in small dimensions is discussed.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.3390/coatings14080996
Dianying Chen, Christopher Dambra
Higher operating temperatures for gas turbine engines require highly durable thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with improved insulation properties. A suspension plasma spray process (SPS) had been developed for the deposition of columnar-structured TBCs. SPS columnar TBCs are normally achieved at a short standoff distance (50.0 mm–75.0 mm), which is not practical when coating complex-shaped engine hardware since the plasma torch may collide with the components being sprayed. Therefore, it is critical to develop SPS columnar TBCs at longer standoff distances. In this work, a commercially available pressure-based suspension delivery system was used to deliver the suspension to the plasma jet, and a high-enthalpy TriplexPro-210 plasma torch was used for the SPS coating deposition. Suspension injection pressure was optimized to maximize the number of droplets injected into the hot plasma core and achieving the best particle-melting states and deposition efficiency. The highest deposition efficiency of 51% was achieved at 0.34 MPa injection pressure with a suspension flow rate of 31.0 g/min. With the optimized process parameters, 1000 μm thick columnar-structured SPS 8 wt% Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 (8YSZ) TBCs were successfully developed at a standoff distance of 100.0 mm. The SPS TBCs have a columnar width between 100 μm and 300 μm with a porosity of ~22%. Furnace cycling tests at 1125 °C showed the SPS columnar TBCs had an average life of 1012 cycles, which is ~2.5 times that of reference air-plasma-sprayed dense vertically cracked TBCs with the same coating thickness. The superior durability of the SPS columnar TBCs can be attributed to the high-strain-tolerant microstructure. SEM cross-section characterization indicated the failure of the SPS TBCs occurred at the ceramic top coat and thermally grown oxide (TGO) interface.
{"title":"Thick Columnar-Structured Thermal Barrier Coatings Using the Suspension Plasma Spray Process","authors":"Dianying Chen, Christopher Dambra","doi":"10.3390/coatings14080996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14080996","url":null,"abstract":"Higher operating temperatures for gas turbine engines require highly durable thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with improved insulation properties. A suspension plasma spray process (SPS) had been developed for the deposition of columnar-structured TBCs. SPS columnar TBCs are normally achieved at a short standoff distance (50.0 mm–75.0 mm), which is not practical when coating complex-shaped engine hardware since the plasma torch may collide with the components being sprayed. Therefore, it is critical to develop SPS columnar TBCs at longer standoff distances. In this work, a commercially available pressure-based suspension delivery system was used to deliver the suspension to the plasma jet, and a high-enthalpy TriplexPro-210 plasma torch was used for the SPS coating deposition. Suspension injection pressure was optimized to maximize the number of droplets injected into the hot plasma core and achieving the best particle-melting states and deposition efficiency. The highest deposition efficiency of 51% was achieved at 0.34 MPa injection pressure with a suspension flow rate of 31.0 g/min. With the optimized process parameters, 1000 μm thick columnar-structured SPS 8 wt% Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 (8YSZ) TBCs were successfully developed at a standoff distance of 100.0 mm. The SPS TBCs have a columnar width between 100 μm and 300 μm with a porosity of ~22%. Furnace cycling tests at 1125 °C showed the SPS columnar TBCs had an average life of 1012 cycles, which is ~2.5 times that of reference air-plasma-sprayed dense vertically cracked TBCs with the same coating thickness. The superior durability of the SPS columnar TBCs can be attributed to the high-strain-tolerant microstructure. SEM cross-section characterization indicated the failure of the SPS TBCs occurred at the ceramic top coat and thermally grown oxide (TGO) interface.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.3390/coatings14080998
María Elena Sánchez Vergara, Eva Alejandra Santillán Esquivel, Ricardo Ballinas-Indilí, Octavio Lozada-Flores, René Miranda-Ruvalcaba, Cecilio Álvarez-Toledano
This work presents the synthesis of para-quinone methides (p-QMs), which were deposited as films using the high vacuum sublimation technique after being chemically characterized. The p-QMs films were characterized morphologically and structurally using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. In addition, their optical behavior was studied by means of ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and the optical gaps obtained were in the range of 2.21–2.71 eV for indirect transitions, indicating the semiconductor behavior of the p-QMs. The above was verified through the manufacture and evaluation of the electrical behavior of rigid semiconductor devices, in which fluorine-doped tin oxide-coated glass slides (FTO) were used as an anode and substrate. Finally, as an original, ecological, and low-cost application, the FTO was replaced by substrates and anodes made from recycled Tetra Pak®, generating flexible semiconductor devices. Although the electrical current transported depends on the type of p-QMs, the substituent in its structure, and the morphology, the kinds of substrate and anode also influence the type of electrical behavior of the device. This current–voltage study demonstrates that p-QM2 with 4-Cl-Ph as a radical, p-QM3 with 4-Et2N-Ph as a radical, and p-QM6 with 5-(1,3-benzodioxol) as a radical can be used in optoelectronics as semiconductor films.
{"title":"Organic Semiconductor Devices Fabricated with Recycled Tetra Pak®-Based Electrodes and para-Quinone Methides","authors":"María Elena Sánchez Vergara, Eva Alejandra Santillán Esquivel, Ricardo Ballinas-Indilí, Octavio Lozada-Flores, René Miranda-Ruvalcaba, Cecilio Álvarez-Toledano","doi":"10.3390/coatings14080998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14080998","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents the synthesis of para-quinone methides (p-QMs), which were deposited as films using the high vacuum sublimation technique after being chemically characterized. The p-QMs films were characterized morphologically and structurally using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. In addition, their optical behavior was studied by means of ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and the optical gaps obtained were in the range of 2.21–2.71 eV for indirect transitions, indicating the semiconductor behavior of the p-QMs. The above was verified through the manufacture and evaluation of the electrical behavior of rigid semiconductor devices, in which fluorine-doped tin oxide-coated glass slides (FTO) were used as an anode and substrate. Finally, as an original, ecological, and low-cost application, the FTO was replaced by substrates and anodes made from recycled Tetra Pak®, generating flexible semiconductor devices. Although the electrical current transported depends on the type of p-QMs, the substituent in its structure, and the morphology, the kinds of substrate and anode also influence the type of electrical behavior of the device. This current–voltage study demonstrates that p-QM2 with 4-Cl-Ph as a radical, p-QM3 with 4-Et2N-Ph as a radical, and p-QM6 with 5-(1,3-benzodioxol) as a radical can be used in optoelectronics as semiconductor films.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, based on the element powder metallurgy method, a new hybrid method is proposed, which firstly prepares TiAl-based deposit precursors by the cold spraying of mixed Ti and Al powders and then combines this with hot isostatic pressing to achieve the preparation of TiAl-based alloys. This paper explores the effects of deposition parameters on deposition efficiency and coating composition and investigates the evolution of the microstructure and properties of TiAl-based alloys by different hot isostatic pressing parameters. The results show that the prepared TiAl deposits are dense and free of microstructural defects; a high deposition efficiency (75%) and small deviation of coating composition (3 at %) are obtained under the spraying parameters of 5 MPa, 500 °C. The TiAl-based alloy with a dense microstructure can be prepared by controlling the parameters such as temperature, pressure, and heating rate of subsequent hot isostatic pressing.
本研究在元素粉末冶金方法的基础上，提出了一种新的混合方法，即首先通过冷喷Ti和Al混合粉末制备TiAl基沉积前驱体，然后将其与热等静压相结合，实现TiAl基合金的制备。本文探讨了沉积参数对沉积效率和涂层成分的影响，并研究了不同热等静压参数对 TiAl 基合金微观结构和性能的影响。结果表明，制备的 TiAl 沉积物致密且无微观结构缺陷；在 5 兆帕、500 ℃ 的喷涂参数下，沉积效率高（75%），涂层成分偏差小（3%）。通过控制后续热等静压的温度、压力和加热速率等参数，可以制备出具有致密微观结构的 TiAl 基合金。
{"title":"Preparation of Dense TiAl Intermetallics by Cold Spraying the Precursor–Hot Isostatic Pressing","authors":"Jiayan Ma, Xin Chu, Yingchun Xie, Jizhan Li, Min Liu, Jiwu Huang","doi":"10.3390/coatings14080999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14080999","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, based on the element powder metallurgy method, a new hybrid method is proposed, which firstly prepares TiAl-based deposit precursors by the cold spraying of mixed Ti and Al powders and then combines this with hot isostatic pressing to achieve the preparation of TiAl-based alloys. This paper explores the effects of deposition parameters on deposition efficiency and coating composition and investigates the evolution of the microstructure and properties of TiAl-based alloys by different hot isostatic pressing parameters. The results show that the prepared TiAl deposits are dense and free of microstructural defects; a high deposition efficiency (75%) and small deviation of coating composition (3 at %) are obtained under the spraying parameters of 5 MPa, 500 °C. The TiAl-based alloy with a dense microstructure can be prepared by controlling the parameters such as temperature, pressure, and heating rate of subsequent hot isostatic pressing.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.3390/coatings14081000
Yanfeng Miao, Xuefei Gao, Tianming Miao, Wei Xu
This study on oriented strand board (OSB) wood doors with veneer as the door leaf aimed to investigate consumers’ preference for visual–tactile elements of OSB. First, we utilized the questionnaire and interview methods to extract specific elements as experimental variables for this study. Then, through subjective evaluation experiments and eye-movement experiments, as well as correlation analyses of the experimental results, we explored the relationship between the slice size, gloss, and color of oriented strand boards and consumers’ visual preferences and summarized the eye-movement indexes that can represent consumers’ aesthetic evaluation of the visual elements of oriented strand boards. Unidirectional haptic experiments analyzed the relationships between the slice size, gloss, and roughness of the oriented strand boards and consumers’ haptic preferences. The results showed that, visually, chip size and surface gloss had little effect on people’s subjective aesthetic evaluations of oriented strand-board wood doors. At the same time, the quantitative mean pupil diameter could represent consumers’ aesthetic evaluations of oriented strand boards. Regarding haptics, the size of the wood chips on the surface of the oriented strand-board specimens did not significantly correlate with participants’ haptic preferences. All participants’ tactile preferences for the unpainted specimens were positively correlated with the fineness of sanding. The visual and tactile effects presented on the surface of an object are essential factors that influence the perception of a material. Oriented strand board (OSB) has excellent advantages in providing a healthy and environmentally friendly living environment, so exploring the visual and tactile perception of OSB from the consumer’s point of view plays a vital role in promoting the use of OSB. The visual–tactile experimental results and the conclusions drawn from the analysis in this study can enable OSB to provide more opinions and potential information from consumers for the design of OSB wooden doors under the premise of conforming to the actual production and meeting the quality standards so that the designed and produced OSB wooden doors can satisfy the users’ preferences based on safety and stability.
{"title":"A Study on the Visual and Tactile Perception of Oriented Strand Board Combined with Consumer-Preference Analysis","authors":"Yanfeng Miao, Xuefei Gao, Tianming Miao, Wei Xu","doi":"10.3390/coatings14081000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081000","url":null,"abstract":"This study on oriented strand board (OSB) wood doors with veneer as the door leaf aimed to investigate consumers’ preference for visual–tactile elements of OSB. First, we utilized the questionnaire and interview methods to extract specific elements as experimental variables for this study. Then, through subjective evaluation experiments and eye-movement experiments, as well as correlation analyses of the experimental results, we explored the relationship between the slice size, gloss, and color of oriented strand boards and consumers’ visual preferences and summarized the eye-movement indexes that can represent consumers’ aesthetic evaluation of the visual elements of oriented strand boards. Unidirectional haptic experiments analyzed the relationships between the slice size, gloss, and roughness of the oriented strand boards and consumers’ haptic preferences. The results showed that, visually, chip size and surface gloss had little effect on people’s subjective aesthetic evaluations of oriented strand-board wood doors. At the same time, the quantitative mean pupil diameter could represent consumers’ aesthetic evaluations of oriented strand boards. Regarding haptics, the size of the wood chips on the surface of the oriented strand-board specimens did not significantly correlate with participants’ haptic preferences. All participants’ tactile preferences for the unpainted specimens were positively correlated with the fineness of sanding. The visual and tactile effects presented on the surface of an object are essential factors that influence the perception of a material. Oriented strand board (OSB) has excellent advantages in providing a healthy and environmentally friendly living environment, so exploring the visual and tactile perception of OSB from the consumer’s point of view plays a vital role in promoting the use of OSB. The visual–tactile experimental results and the conclusions drawn from the analysis in this study can enable OSB to provide more opinions and potential information from consumers for the design of OSB wooden doors under the premise of conforming to the actual production and meeting the quality standards so that the designed and produced OSB wooden doors can satisfy the users’ preferences based on safety and stability.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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