Pub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.3390/coatings14091153
Caizhi Yu, Yi Chen, Renjie Li, Jun Jiang, Xiang Wang
Most traditional adhesives applied in the wood industry are synthetic resins obtained from petroleum. However, the production of these resins raises substantial environmental issues because of formaldehyde release, which leads to detrimental impacts on both human health and the environment. In contrast, bio-based adhesives offer an eco-friendly option that is created by renewable biomass resources. These adhesives can effectively overcome the above problems. Hence, it is crucial to pay more attention to bio-based adhesives. However, the inherent characteristics of the raw materials used in the production of bio-based adhesives result in a number of limitations, including weak bond strength, poor water resistance, and susceptibility to mildew, which restrict their further applications. Most researchers have used physical and chemical methods to modify bio-based adhesives in order to improve their overall performance. The defects of bio-based adhesives, including their limited bond strength, inadequate resistance to water, and vulnerability to mildew, are summarized in this paper, and the investigation of potential modification methods on bio-based adhesives is reviewed. Moreover, we encourage the widespread use of bio-based adhesives in various fields to promote sustainable development due to their eco-friendly characters.
{"title":"A Narrative Review: Modification of Bio-Based Wood Adhesive for Performance Improvement","authors":"Caizhi Yu, Yi Chen, Renjie Li, Jun Jiang, Xiang Wang","doi":"10.3390/coatings14091153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091153","url":null,"abstract":"Most traditional adhesives applied in the wood industry are synthetic resins obtained from petroleum. However, the production of these resins raises substantial environmental issues because of formaldehyde release, which leads to detrimental impacts on both human health and the environment. In contrast, bio-based adhesives offer an eco-friendly option that is created by renewable biomass resources. These adhesives can effectively overcome the above problems. Hence, it is crucial to pay more attention to bio-based adhesives. However, the inherent characteristics of the raw materials used in the production of bio-based adhesives result in a number of limitations, including weak bond strength, poor water resistance, and susceptibility to mildew, which restrict their further applications. Most researchers have used physical and chemical methods to modify bio-based adhesives in order to improve their overall performance. The defects of bio-based adhesives, including their limited bond strength, inadequate resistance to water, and vulnerability to mildew, are summarized in this paper, and the investigation of potential modification methods on bio-based adhesives is reviewed. Moreover, we encourage the widespread use of bio-based adhesives in various fields to promote sustainable development due to their eco-friendly characters.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Ni6035WC/WC-10Co-4Cr wear- and scour-resistant composite coating was fabricated using supersonic flame spraying technology. To further enhance the wear and scour resistance of the HVAF-sprayed Ni6035WC/WC-10Co-4Cr composite coatings, a post-treatment was conducted via vacuum remelting. This involved placing the coatings in a vacuum sintering process at 1120 °C for 10 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and hardness testing were employed to characterize the structure and morphology of the Ni6035WC/WC-10Co-4Cr coating, as well as to assess its wear and scour resistance. The results indicate that vacuum sintering significantly enhances the wear and scour resistance of the coating, while also improving its hardness, density, and bonding strength. The hardness of each coating after vacuum sintering, 1019 HV, 920 HV, and 897 HV, was improved by 6% compared to 966 HV, 906 HV, and 845 HV before sintering. The average wear rate of each coating after sintering was 13% lower than before vacuum sintering. Furthermore, the impact of varying WC-10Co-4Cr content on the coating’s properties was examined under identical test conditions. It was found that the optimal overall performance was achieved with a WC-10Co-4Cr content of 20%, resulting in an average wear rate that was 19% lower than that of other coatings.
{"title":"Study on Wear and Scour Performance of Ni6035WC/Wc-10Cr-4Cr Coating by HVAF","authors":"Xinghua Liang, Tong Zhuang, Lingxiao Lan, Jian Huang, Siying Li, Yunsheng Lei, Bohan Xu, Yujiang Wang, Xueli Shi, Qicheng Hu","doi":"10.3390/coatings14091148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091148","url":null,"abstract":"The Ni6035WC/WC-10Co-4Cr wear- and scour-resistant composite coating was fabricated using supersonic flame spraying technology. To further enhance the wear and scour resistance of the HVAF-sprayed Ni6035WC/WC-10Co-4Cr composite coatings, a post-treatment was conducted via vacuum remelting. This involved placing the coatings in a vacuum sintering process at 1120 °C for 10 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and hardness testing were employed to characterize the structure and morphology of the Ni6035WC/WC-10Co-4Cr coating, as well as to assess its wear and scour resistance. The results indicate that vacuum sintering significantly enhances the wear and scour resistance of the coating, while also improving its hardness, density, and bonding strength. The hardness of each coating after vacuum sintering, 1019 HV, 920 HV, and 897 HV, was improved by 6% compared to 966 HV, 906 HV, and 845 HV before sintering. The average wear rate of each coating after sintering was 13% lower than before vacuum sintering. Furthermore, the impact of varying WC-10Co-4Cr content on the coating’s properties was examined under identical test conditions. It was found that the optimal overall performance was achieved with a WC-10Co-4Cr content of 20%, resulting in an average wear rate that was 19% lower than that of other coatings.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electrochemical water splitting, a sustainable method for hydrogen production, faces the challenge of slow oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics. Iridium oxide (IrO2) is widely regarded as the most effective catalyst for OER due to its excellent properties. Compared to nanoparticles, IrO2 thin films exhibit significant advantages in OER, including a uniform and stable catalytic interface and excellent mechanical strength. This paper reviews recent advancements in one-step deposition techniques for the preparation of IrO2 thin films and their application in OER. Additionally, it analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various methods and the latest research achievements, and briefly outlines the future trends and applications.
电化学水分离是一种可持续的制氢方法，但面临着氧进化反应（OER）动力学缓慢的挑战。氧化铱（IrO2）因其优异的性能被广泛认为是最有效的氧进化反应催化剂。与纳米颗粒相比，IrO2 薄膜在 OER 方面具有显著优势，包括均匀稳定的催化界面和出色的机械强度。本文回顾了制备二氧化铱薄膜的一步沉积技术的最新进展及其在 OER 中的应用。此外，本文还分析了各种方法的优缺点和最新研究成果，并简要概述了未来的发展趋势和应用。
{"title":"Research Progress on the Application of One-Step Fabrication Techniques for Iridium-Based Thin Films in the Oxygen Evolution Reaction","authors":"Wenting Li, Junyu Zhu, Hongzhong Cai, Zhongqiu Tong, Xian Wang, Yan Wei, Xingqiang Wang, Changyi Hu, Xingdong Zhao, Xuxiang Zhang","doi":"10.3390/coatings14091147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091147","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemical water splitting, a sustainable method for hydrogen production, faces the challenge of slow oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics. Iridium oxide (IrO2) is widely regarded as the most effective catalyst for OER due to its excellent properties. Compared to nanoparticles, IrO2 thin films exhibit significant advantages in OER, including a uniform and stable catalytic interface and excellent mechanical strength. This paper reviews recent advancements in one-step deposition techniques for the preparation of IrO2 thin films and their application in OER. Additionally, it analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various methods and the latest research achievements, and briefly outlines the future trends and applications.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.3390/coatings14091149
Natalia Słabęcka, Karolina Czajkowska, Paulina Łataś, Patryk Śniarowski, Laura Ciosek, Krzysztof Jastrzębski, Bożena Pietrzyk
Bacterial biofilm on implants may cause inflammation, which disturbs the process of the implant’s integration with the surrounding tissues. Such problems are becoming critical for patients’ health, especially in connection with the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Among the existing alternatives for drug treatments are natural-based substances. This study focused on the examination of silica coatings with curcumin and thymol, which were deposited using the sol-gel method on 3D printouts made of Ti6Al4V ELI. This substrate material is commonly used in medicine. The selective laser melting technique used for the manufacturing of samples was in line with the existing procedures applied for individual orthopedic implants. The examination involved the assessment of the coatings’ morphology, chemical composition, and biological effect. The antibacterial properties were tested using a flow cytometer using Escherichia coli, and the cytotoxicity on Saos-2 cells was assessed using the LIVE/DEAD test. The obtained results showed that it is possible to produce silica sol-gel coatings with the addition of specific natural substances in concentrations assuring a bacteriostatic effect. The produced coatings did not show any cytotoxic effect, which confirms the possibility of using both curcumin and thymol as additives to coatings used in medicine, e.g., for orthopedic implants.
{"title":"Sol-Gel SiO2 Coatings with Curcumin and Thymol on 3D Printouts Manufactured from Ti6Al4V ELI","authors":"Natalia Słabęcka, Karolina Czajkowska, Paulina Łataś, Patryk Śniarowski, Laura Ciosek, Krzysztof Jastrzębski, Bożena Pietrzyk","doi":"10.3390/coatings14091149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091149","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial biofilm on implants may cause inflammation, which disturbs the process of the implant’s integration with the surrounding tissues. Such problems are becoming critical for patients’ health, especially in connection with the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Among the existing alternatives for drug treatments are natural-based substances. This study focused on the examination of silica coatings with curcumin and thymol, which were deposited using the sol-gel method on 3D printouts made of Ti6Al4V ELI. This substrate material is commonly used in medicine. The selective laser melting technique used for the manufacturing of samples was in line with the existing procedures applied for individual orthopedic implants. The examination involved the assessment of the coatings’ morphology, chemical composition, and biological effect. The antibacterial properties were tested using a flow cytometer using Escherichia coli, and the cytotoxicity on Saos-2 cells was assessed using the LIVE/DEAD test. The obtained results showed that it is possible to produce silica sol-gel coatings with the addition of specific natural substances in concentrations assuring a bacteriostatic effect. The produced coatings did not show any cytotoxic effect, which confirms the possibility of using both curcumin and thymol as additives to coatings used in medicine, e.g., for orthopedic implants.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3390/coatings14091141
Weiwei Zhang, Bin Yao, Haotian Yang, Xueru Li, Lina Qiu, Shaoping Li
Black phosphorous (BP) is a novel composite material. Its carrier mobility can reach more than 1000 cm2·V−1·s−1 and has a direct bandgap adjustable from 0.3 to 1.5 eV with thickness, so its photovoltaic performance is good. These properties show great potential for applications in many fields, such as energy storage, sensors, biomedicine, and environmental treatment. With the deepening of research, it is found that the instability of BP under natural environmental conditions and the limitations of its preparation limit its development, while combining with other materials can further optimize its performance, which not only improves the mechanical properties of the material but also gives it new functions. Based on this, this paper summarizes the preparation and optical properties of highly stable metals and their compounds/BP-based nanomaterials in recent years, highlights the progress of their application in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, and gives an outlook on the challenges and opportunities for the future development of BP in photocatalysis.
黑磷（BP）是一种新型复合材料。其载流子迁移率可达 1000 cm2-V-1-s-1 以上，直接带隙可随厚度在 0.3 至 1.5 eV 之间调节，因此光电性能良好。这些特性为其在储能、传感器、生物医学和环境治理等多个领域的应用提供了巨大的潜力。随着研究的深入，人们发现 BP 在自然环境条件下的不稳定性和制备的局限性限制了它的发展，而与其他材料的结合则能进一步优化其性能，不仅能改善材料的机械性能，还能赋予其新的功能。基于此，本文总结了近年来高稳定金属及其化合物/BP基纳米材料的制备和光学性能，重点介绍了其在光催化氢气进化中的应用进展，并展望了BP在光催化领域未来发展的挑战和机遇。
{"title":"Application of Metals and Their Compounds/Black Phosphorus-Based Nanomaterials in the Direction of Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution","authors":"Weiwei Zhang, Bin Yao, Haotian Yang, Xueru Li, Lina Qiu, Shaoping Li","doi":"10.3390/coatings14091141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091141","url":null,"abstract":"Black phosphorous (BP) is a novel composite material. Its carrier mobility can reach more than 1000 cm2·V−1·s−1 and has a direct bandgap adjustable from 0.3 to 1.5 eV with thickness, so its photovoltaic performance is good. These properties show great potential for applications in many fields, such as energy storage, sensors, biomedicine, and environmental treatment. With the deepening of research, it is found that the instability of BP under natural environmental conditions and the limitations of its preparation limit its development, while combining with other materials can further optimize its performance, which not only improves the mechanical properties of the material but also gives it new functions. Based on this, this paper summarizes the preparation and optical properties of highly stable metals and their compounds/BP-based nanomaterials in recent years, highlights the progress of their application in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, and gives an outlook on the challenges and opportunities for the future development of BP in photocatalysis.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The origin of Ko-Kutani porcelain and its decoration style have been debated for over a century. Despite the well-established theory that identified the wares as the result of porcelain production in Kaga (present-day Ishikawa Prefecture) in the 17th century, there still is no general agreement as to where they were first incepted and fired. In recent years, curatorial traditional criteria have formed the basis upon which a new theory has been gaining popularity in Japan, identifying Arita (present-day Saga Prefecture) as their actual place of birth. Such a new theory, however, has proven insufficient to cast new light on many of the unexplained facts that characterize the history of the wares. Furthermore, scientific evidence has been lacking, as no systematic analyses of the porcelains were carried out until the present work. In order to define univocally the dynamics behind this period of Japanese history, the most important and complete Ko-Kutani collection extant in Japan today (Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art) was analyzed by portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF). The scientific investigation was also extended to the very scarce shards excavated at the Kaga kiln site and Nonomura Ninsei’s masterpieces. For the first time ever, the results herein presented clarify the missing points crucial to reaching a definitive conclusion.
一个多世纪以来，人们一直在争论小久谷瓷器的起源及其装饰风格。尽管有公认的理论认为这些瓷器是 17 世纪加贺（今石川县）瓷器生产的结果，但对于这些瓷器最初是在哪里开始生产和烧制的，人们仍然没有达成一致意见。近年来，根据传统的策展标准，一种新的理论在日本逐渐流行起来，该理论认为有田（今佐贺县）才是瓷器的真正诞生地。然而，事实证明，这种新理论并不足以揭示这些瓷器历史上许多无法解释的事实。此外，由于在本研究之前没有对瓷器进行过系统分析，因此一直缺乏科学依据。为了明确界定这段日本历史背后的动态，我们利用便携式 X 射线荧光（pXRF）对日本现存最重要、最完整的小谷收藏（石川县立美术馆）进行了分析。科学调查还扩展到在加贺窑遗址出土的非常稀少的碎片和野野村仁世的杰作。本文介绍的结果首次澄清了对得出最终结论至关重要的缺失点。
{"title":"The Origin of Ko-Kutani Porcelain: New Discoveries and a Reassessment","authors":"Riccardo Montanari, Hiroharu Murase, Maria Francesca Alberghina, Salvatore Schiavone, Claudia Pelosi","doi":"10.3390/coatings14091146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091146","url":null,"abstract":"The origin of Ko-Kutani porcelain and its decoration style have been debated for over a century. Despite the well-established theory that identified the wares as the result of porcelain production in Kaga (present-day Ishikawa Prefecture) in the 17th century, there still is no general agreement as to where they were first incepted and fired. In recent years, curatorial traditional criteria have formed the basis upon which a new theory has been gaining popularity in Japan, identifying Arita (present-day Saga Prefecture) as their actual place of birth. Such a new theory, however, has proven insufficient to cast new light on many of the unexplained facts that characterize the history of the wares. Furthermore, scientific evidence has been lacking, as no systematic analyses of the porcelains were carried out until the present work. In order to define univocally the dynamics behind this period of Japanese history, the most important and complete Ko-Kutani collection extant in Japan today (Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art) was analyzed by portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF). The scientific investigation was also extended to the very scarce shards excavated at the Kaga kiln site and Nonomura Ninsei’s masterpieces. For the first time ever, the results herein presented clarify the missing points crucial to reaching a definitive conclusion.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3390/coatings14091140
Hongfei Cao, Bing Xiao, Fengjiang Qin, Qiuwei Yang
To accurately quantify the time-varying pattern of concrete’s compressive strength, selecting an appropriate curve model is of paramount importance. Currently, widely adopted models such as polynomial, hyperbolic, and exponential models all possess limitations, particularly in terms of low fitting accuracy during the ultra-early-age stage. This paper innovatively introduces a mathematical model that utilizes a combined curve approach. This model boasts a simplified structure with only two fitting parameters. Compared to traditional models, when utilizing three or more sets of experimental data on compressive strength across different ages, the new model is capable of yielding more precise strength predictions. Due to its minimal reliance on experimental data, the new model exhibits high practicality and convenience in real-world applications. To validate its superiority, a detailed comparison between the new model and existing models was conducted based on several sets of experimental data. The results demonstrate that the new model has significant advantages in terms of mean fitting error and standard deviation, making its predictions the most reliable. For most cases, the standard deviation of the new model is reduced by approximately 30% to 80% compared to the second-best model, underscoring its exceptional stability and consistency. Additionally, the predicted long-term compressive strength values of the new model are closer to the design strength grade of the concrete. This model can also be successfully applied to predict the tensile strength of concrete during its ultra-early age. It has been demonstrated that the combined model proposed in this paper shows promising application prospects in evaluating the time-varying behavior of concrete strength.
{"title":"A Mathematical Model for Predicting the Ultra-Early-Age Strength of Concrete","authors":"Hongfei Cao, Bing Xiao, Fengjiang Qin, Qiuwei Yang","doi":"10.3390/coatings14091140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091140","url":null,"abstract":"To accurately quantify the time-varying pattern of concrete’s compressive strength, selecting an appropriate curve model is of paramount importance. Currently, widely adopted models such as polynomial, hyperbolic, and exponential models all possess limitations, particularly in terms of low fitting accuracy during the ultra-early-age stage. This paper innovatively introduces a mathematical model that utilizes a combined curve approach. This model boasts a simplified structure with only two fitting parameters. Compared to traditional models, when utilizing three or more sets of experimental data on compressive strength across different ages, the new model is capable of yielding more precise strength predictions. Due to its minimal reliance on experimental data, the new model exhibits high practicality and convenience in real-world applications. To validate its superiority, a detailed comparison between the new model and existing models was conducted based on several sets of experimental data. The results demonstrate that the new model has significant advantages in terms of mean fitting error and standard deviation, making its predictions the most reliable. For most cases, the standard deviation of the new model is reduced by approximately 30% to 80% compared to the second-best model, underscoring its exceptional stability and consistency. Additionally, the predicted long-term compressive strength values of the new model are closer to the design strength grade of the concrete. This model can also be successfully applied to predict the tensile strength of concrete during its ultra-early age. It has been demonstrated that the combined model proposed in this paper shows promising application prospects in evaluating the time-varying behavior of concrete strength.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"280 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study employed magnetic filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition to fabricate TiN/Ti multilayer coatings, examining the impact of nitrogen flow rates—4, 8, 12, and 16 sccm—on their performance, with an emphasis on gradient flow rates from 4 to 12 sccm. The coatings’ phase composition shifted from TiN0.26 to a Ti2N and TiN composite, optimizing the microstructure and significantly increasing the hardness to 24.37 GPa and the elastic modulus to 219.84 GPa at the 16 sccm rate. The surface roughness reduction further improved erosion resistance. Coatings made under gradient flow exhibited reduced mass loss and an erosion rate of 0.07 mg·g−1, outperforming single flow rates. Erosion failure analysis highlighted that while 12 sccm coatings failed due to extensive crack interconnection, 16 sccm coatings showed spalling from crack expansion. Gradient flow coatings, despite the presence of a crack, demonstrated a more confined damage area and enhanced erosion resistance, indicating the benefits of varied nitrogen flow rates in coating optimization.
{"title":"Erosion Performance of TiN/Ti Coatings under Different Nitrogen Flow Rates","authors":"Yuxin Ren, Zhaolu Zhang, Guangyu He, Yan Chai, Yanli Zhang, Zilei Zhang","doi":"10.3390/coatings14091144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091144","url":null,"abstract":"This study employed magnetic filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition to fabricate TiN/Ti multilayer coatings, examining the impact of nitrogen flow rates—4, 8, 12, and 16 sccm—on their performance, with an emphasis on gradient flow rates from 4 to 12 sccm. The coatings’ phase composition shifted from TiN0.26 to a Ti2N and TiN composite, optimizing the microstructure and significantly increasing the hardness to 24.37 GPa and the elastic modulus to 219.84 GPa at the 16 sccm rate. The surface roughness reduction further improved erosion resistance. Coatings made under gradient flow exhibited reduced mass loss and an erosion rate of 0.07 mg·g−1, outperforming single flow rates. Erosion failure analysis highlighted that while 12 sccm coatings failed due to extensive crack interconnection, 16 sccm coatings showed spalling from crack expansion. Gradient flow coatings, despite the presence of a crack, demonstrated a more confined damage area and enhanced erosion resistance, indicating the benefits of varied nitrogen flow rates in coating optimization.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arc spraying is one of the most effective and cost-efficient thermal spraying technologies for creating high-quality protective coatings. This paper examines the influence of arc spraying process parameters on the properties of steel coatings. The parameters varied in this study included gas pressure, wire feed rate, and the distance from the spray gun to the substrate (standoff distance). Experimental evaluations focused on surface roughness, thickness, porosity, structure, and hardness of the coatings. The techniques used for these evaluations included profilometry for roughness measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for structural analysis, Vickers hardness testing, and optical microscopy. The results demonstrate a significant influence of arc spraying parameters on the characteristics of the resulting coatings. The analysis revealed that the coatings produced under different modes exhibit a layered structure and vary in thickness. A detailed examination of the coating structure identified defects such as unmelted particles, voids, and delamination in the interface zone. The study of coating thickness and porosity showed that increasing the wire feed rate and decreasing the standoff distance leads to the formation of thicker and denser coatings. Specifically, increasing the wire feed rate from 2 to 12 cm/s resulted in a decrease in porosity from 12.59% to 4.33% and an increase in coating thickness to 699 μm. The surface analysis highlighted the importance of a comprehensive approach to selecting the optimal roughness. While increasing the wire feed rate up to 12 cm/s can increase the Ra roughness parameter, gas pressure also significantly influences this parameter, reducing roughness from Ra = 18.63 μm at 6 MPa to Ra = 15.95 μm at 8 MPa. Additionally, it was found that varying the arc spraying parameters affects the hardness of the coatings, with all modes resulting in hardness values higher than that of the substrate. Therefore, optimizing these parameters enables the achievement of the best combination of mechanical and structural properties in the coatings. These findings can be valuable for further improvement of arc spraying technologies and the expansion of their application across various industries.
{"title":"Influence of Spraying Process Parameters on the Characteristics of Steel Coatings Produced by Arc Spraying Method","authors":"Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov, Nurtoleu Magazov, Dauir Kakimzhanov, Akbota Apsezhanova, Yermakhan Molbossynov, Aidar Kengesbekov","doi":"10.3390/coatings14091145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091145","url":null,"abstract":"Arc spraying is one of the most effective and cost-efficient thermal spraying technologies for creating high-quality protective coatings. This paper examines the influence of arc spraying process parameters on the properties of steel coatings. The parameters varied in this study included gas pressure, wire feed rate, and the distance from the spray gun to the substrate (standoff distance). Experimental evaluations focused on surface roughness, thickness, porosity, structure, and hardness of the coatings. The techniques used for these evaluations included profilometry for roughness measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for structural analysis, Vickers hardness testing, and optical microscopy. The results demonstrate a significant influence of arc spraying parameters on the characteristics of the resulting coatings. The analysis revealed that the coatings produced under different modes exhibit a layered structure and vary in thickness. A detailed examination of the coating structure identified defects such as unmelted particles, voids, and delamination in the interface zone. The study of coating thickness and porosity showed that increasing the wire feed rate and decreasing the standoff distance leads to the formation of thicker and denser coatings. Specifically, increasing the wire feed rate from 2 to 12 cm/s resulted in a decrease in porosity from 12.59% to 4.33% and an increase in coating thickness to 699 μm. The surface analysis highlighted the importance of a comprehensive approach to selecting the optimal roughness. While increasing the wire feed rate up to 12 cm/s can increase the Ra roughness parameter, gas pressure also significantly influences this parameter, reducing roughness from Ra = 18.63 μm at 6 MPa to Ra = 15.95 μm at 8 MPa. Additionally, it was found that varying the arc spraying parameters affects the hardness of the coatings, with all modes resulting in hardness values higher than that of the substrate. Therefore, optimizing these parameters enables the achievement of the best combination of mechanical and structural properties in the coatings. These findings can be valuable for further improvement of arc spraying technologies and the expansion of their application across various industries.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3390/coatings14091143
Bzhwean Anwar Mouhamed, Sidiq Aziz Sidiq Kasnazany
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of harvesting stages (turning-color fruit and light red color) and postharvest treatments (distilled water, hot water at 35 °C, 10% Aloe vera, 2% CaCl2, 5% Mint, and 5% Catnip) for 5 min on the quality and storability of tomato fruits cv. Sangaw stored at 10 ± 1 °C and a relative humidity of 90%–95% for 20 days. Fruit harvested at the turning-color fruit stage presented significantly lower weight loss, greater firmness, and higher amounts of vitamin C, total phenol, and calcium (3.22%, 1118.31 g mm/s, 15.83 mg 100 g−1, 95.49 mg 100 mL−1 FW, and 0.14%, respectively). However, the tomatoes harvested from the light red color fruit stage presented the highest contents of total soluble sugars, total sugars, and lycopene (4.36%, 3.99%, and 41.49 mg kg−1, respectively). Notably, the postharvest treatment of tomato fruits with 2% CaCl2 significantly decreased weight loss and resulted in greater firmness, pH, total sugar, total phenol, and calcium contents (3.90%, 1212.39 g mm/s, 4.83, 3.85%, 95.60 mg 100 mL−1 FW, and 0.18%, respectively) than the control. Hence, coating with 10% Aloe vera resulted in the highest amount of total soluble solids and the highest amount of vitamin C. Tomato picked at the turning-color fruit stage and immersed in 5% Mint significantly lowered the loss of fruit weight, increased the total titratable acidity, and had the lowest content of lycopene. Additionally, the fruits harvested at the same stage and immersed in 2% CaCl2 retained greater firmness, total phenol content, and calcium content. On the other hand, fruits harvested in the light red stage and dipped in 5% Mint presented the highest total soluble sugars and total sugar contents. Finally, the harvested tomato fruits coated with 10% Aloe vera retained a relatively high level of vitamin C, indicating the storage life and quality of the tomato fruits.
{"title":"Impact of Harvesting Stages and Postharvest Treatments on the Quality and Storability of Tomato Fruits (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cv. Sangaw","authors":"Bzhwean Anwar Mouhamed, Sidiq Aziz Sidiq Kasnazany","doi":"10.3390/coatings14091143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091143","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of harvesting stages (turning-color fruit and light red color) and postharvest treatments (distilled water, hot water at 35 °C, 10% Aloe vera, 2% CaCl2, 5% Mint, and 5% Catnip) for 5 min on the quality and storability of tomato fruits cv. Sangaw stored at 10 ± 1 °C and a relative humidity of 90%–95% for 20 days. Fruit harvested at the turning-color fruit stage presented significantly lower weight loss, greater firmness, and higher amounts of vitamin C, total phenol, and calcium (3.22%, 1118.31 g mm/s, 15.83 mg 100 g−1, 95.49 mg 100 mL−1 FW, and 0.14%, respectively). However, the tomatoes harvested from the light red color fruit stage presented the highest contents of total soluble sugars, total sugars, and lycopene (4.36%, 3.99%, and 41.49 mg kg−1, respectively). Notably, the postharvest treatment of tomato fruits with 2% CaCl2 significantly decreased weight loss and resulted in greater firmness, pH, total sugar, total phenol, and calcium contents (3.90%, 1212.39 g mm/s, 4.83, 3.85%, 95.60 mg 100 mL−1 FW, and 0.18%, respectively) than the control. Hence, coating with 10% Aloe vera resulted in the highest amount of total soluble solids and the highest amount of vitamin C. Tomato picked at the turning-color fruit stage and immersed in 5% Mint significantly lowered the loss of fruit weight, increased the total titratable acidity, and had the lowest content of lycopene. Additionally, the fruits harvested at the same stage and immersed in 2% CaCl2 retained greater firmness, total phenol content, and calcium content. On the other hand, fruits harvested in the light red stage and dipped in 5% Mint presented the highest total soluble sugars and total sugar contents. Finally, the harvested tomato fruits coated with 10% Aloe vera retained a relatively high level of vitamin C, indicating the storage life and quality of the tomato fruits.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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