Pub Date : 2025-01-13DOI: 10.3390/coatings15010077
Haiou Wang, Weidong Chen, Shufang Yan, Chunxia Guo, Wen Ma, Ao Yang
Zr-containing silica residue (ZSR) is an industrial by-product of ZrOCl2 production obtained through an alkali fusion process using zircon sand. In this study, low-cost and efficient Zr-doped mesoporous silica adsorption materials (Zr-MCM-41 and Zr-SBA-15) were prepared in one step via the hydrothermal synthesis method using ZSR as the silicon source for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from dye-contaminated wastewater. The samples were characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements. The findings indicate that the synthesized Zr-MCM-41 and Zr-SBA-15 possess highly ordered mesoscopic structures with high specific surface areas of 910 and 846 m2/g, large pore volumes of 1.098 and 1.154 cm3/g, and average pore diameters of 4.18 and 5.35 nm, respectively. The results of the adsorption experiments show that the adsorbent has better adsorption properties under alkaline conditions. The adsorption process obeys the pseudo-quadratic kinetic model and the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model, indicating the coexistence of physical and chemisorption processes. The maximum adsorption capacities of Zr-MCM-41 and Zr-SBA-15 are 618.43 and 516.58 mg/g, respectively, as calculated by the Langmuir model (pH = 9, temperature of 25 °C). Compared with mesoporous silica prepared with sodium silicate as the silicon source, Zr-MCM-41 and Zr-SBA-15 have different structural properties and better adsorption properties due to Zr doping. These findings indicate that ZSR is the preferred silicon source for preparing mesoporous silica, and the mesoporous silica prepared using Zr silicon slag is a promising adsorbent and has great application potential in wastewater treatment.
{"title":"In Situ Synthesis of Zr-Doped Mesoporous Silica Based on Zr-Containing Silica Residue and Its High Adsorption Efficiency for Methylene Blue","authors":"Haiou Wang, Weidong Chen, Shufang Yan, Chunxia Guo, Wen Ma, Ao Yang","doi":"10.3390/coatings15010077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15010077","url":null,"abstract":"Zr-containing silica residue (ZSR) is an industrial by-product of ZrOCl2 production obtained through an alkali fusion process using zircon sand. In this study, low-cost and efficient Zr-doped mesoporous silica adsorption materials (Zr-MCM-41 and Zr-SBA-15) were prepared in one step via the hydrothermal synthesis method using ZSR as the silicon source for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from dye-contaminated wastewater. The samples were characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements. The findings indicate that the synthesized Zr-MCM-41 and Zr-SBA-15 possess highly ordered mesoscopic structures with high specific surface areas of 910 and 846 m2/g, large pore volumes of 1.098 and 1.154 cm3/g, and average pore diameters of 4.18 and 5.35 nm, respectively. The results of the adsorption experiments show that the adsorbent has better adsorption properties under alkaline conditions. The adsorption process obeys the pseudo-quadratic kinetic model and the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model, indicating the coexistence of physical and chemisorption processes. The maximum adsorption capacities of Zr-MCM-41 and Zr-SBA-15 are 618.43 and 516.58 mg/g, respectively, as calculated by the Langmuir model (pH = 9, temperature of 25 °C). Compared with mesoporous silica prepared with sodium silicate as the silicon source, Zr-MCM-41 and Zr-SBA-15 have different structural properties and better adsorption properties due to Zr doping. These findings indicate that ZSR is the preferred silicon source for preparing mesoporous silica, and the mesoporous silica prepared using Zr silicon slag is a promising adsorbent and has great application potential in wastewater treatment.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"15 1","pages":"77-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/15/1/77/pdf?version=1736760449","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-12DOI: 10.3390/coatings15010074
Huayuan Zhou, Xiaoqing Du, Zhongnian Yang, Yu Chen
The electrolytic composition significantly influences the structure and corrosion protection performance of polyaniline (PANI) coating. In the present work, oxalic acid and benzoic acid were employed to electropolymerize PANI coating on a mild steel substrate using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. Then, cerium nitrate was introduced into the benzoic acid medium to electrochemically synthesize a PANI/CeO2 composite coating in situ. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements were used to characterize the coating structure and corrosion resistance. The results suggested that the PANI coating prepared from benzoic acid electrolyte possessed a neater structure and better anti-corrosive properties. The co-deposition of CeO2 further increased the thickness and improved the compactness of the PANI coating. The synthesized PANI/CeO2 composite coating possessed the smallest corrosion current density and the largest inhibition efficiency of 98.2%. The charge transfer resistance and coating resistance also increased significantly after the implantation of CeO2 in the PANI coating. The enhanced corrosion protection performance of the PANI/CeO2 hybrid was also elucidated.
{"title":"One-Step In Situ Electrochemical Synthesis of Polyaniline/CeO2 Composite Coating for Enhanced Corrosion Protection of Mild Steel","authors":"Huayuan Zhou, Xiaoqing Du, Zhongnian Yang, Yu Chen","doi":"10.3390/coatings15010074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15010074","url":null,"abstract":"The electrolytic composition significantly influences the structure and corrosion protection performance of polyaniline (PANI) coating. In the present work, oxalic acid and benzoic acid were employed to electropolymerize PANI coating on a mild steel substrate using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. Then, cerium nitrate was introduced into the benzoic acid medium to electrochemically synthesize a PANI/CeO2 composite coating in situ. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements were used to characterize the coating structure and corrosion resistance. The results suggested that the PANI coating prepared from benzoic acid electrolyte possessed a neater structure and better anti-corrosive properties. The co-deposition of CeO2 further increased the thickness and improved the compactness of the PANI coating. The synthesized PANI/CeO2 composite coating possessed the smallest corrosion current density and the largest inhibition efficiency of 98.2%. The charge transfer resistance and coating resistance also increased significantly after the implantation of CeO2 in the PANI coating. The enhanced corrosion protection performance of the PANI/CeO2 hybrid was also elucidated.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"15 1","pages":"74-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/15/1/74/pdf?version=1736663409","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147331603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Throughout millions of years of biological evolution, shell structures have developed a highly complex layered organic–inorganic structure that makes them effective against a wide range of external impacts, including mechanical stress and chemical corrosion. Therefore, shell-like biomimetic materials are considered to possess high strength and toughness. Nevertheless, although shell structures have exhibited superior performance across multiple domains, understanding of their structural complexities and corrosion protection mechanisms remains relatively limited within the scope of human knowledge. In this study, alternating ZnO–graphene/epoxy coatings featuring shell-like structures were synthesized, and their anticorrosion properties were evaluated through the incorporation of ZnO to enhance the dispersion of graphene. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests showed that with an increased number of ZnO–graphene layers, the coating resistance of the bionic composite coating also increased: from 8.21 × 107 Ω·cm2 of the pure epoxy coating to 7.64 × 108 Ω cm2. The composite coating, comprising three alternating layers of zinc oxide and four layers of epoxy resin, exhibited an electrochemical impedance two orders of magnitude greater than that of pure epoxy resin following immersion in a 3.5% sodium chloride solution, demonstrating excellent corrosion resistance. The results showed that with increased ZnO–graphene layers, ZnO–graphene disperses more uniformly in water and has greater rigidity.
{"title":"Shell-like ZnO–Graphene/Epoxy Coating with Outstanding Anticorrosion Performance and Weather Resistance","authors":"Yu Wang, Лей Ма, Yanan Niu, Huachao Ma, Yuguang Lv, Kuilin Lv","doi":"10.3390/coatings15010063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15010063","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout millions of years of biological evolution, shell structures have developed a highly complex layered organic–inorganic structure that makes them effective against a wide range of external impacts, including mechanical stress and chemical corrosion. Therefore, shell-like biomimetic materials are considered to possess high strength and toughness. Nevertheless, although shell structures have exhibited superior performance across multiple domains, understanding of their structural complexities and corrosion protection mechanisms remains relatively limited within the scope of human knowledge. In this study, alternating ZnO–graphene/epoxy coatings featuring shell-like structures were synthesized, and their anticorrosion properties were evaluated through the incorporation of ZnO to enhance the dispersion of graphene. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests showed that with an increased number of ZnO–graphene layers, the coating resistance of the bionic composite coating also increased: from 8.21 × 107 Ω·cm2 of the pure epoxy coating to 7.64 × 108 Ω cm2. The composite coating, comprising three alternating layers of zinc oxide and four layers of epoxy resin, exhibited an electrochemical impedance two orders of magnitude greater than that of pure epoxy resin following immersion in a 3.5% sodium chloride solution, demonstrating excellent corrosion resistance. The results showed that with increased ZnO–graphene layers, ZnO–graphene disperses more uniformly in water and has greater rigidity.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"15 1","pages":"63-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/15/1/63/pdf?version=1736339779","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study employs 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) to eliminate the hydrophilic hydroxyl groups on the surface of silica, followed by the use of defunctionalized silica as a filler and boric acid (BA) as a crosslinking agent to prepare a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/silica coating. The experimental results indicate that the coating not only reduces the inherent hydrophilicity of PVA, but also enhances the uniformity and film forming properties of the coating, providing a solid foundation for patterning leather surfaces. The characterization results show that, when the mass ratio of silica-APTS is 3.0 wt% and boric acid is 2.0 wt%, the resulting coating exhibits stable physical properties, low water absorption, moderate viscosity, and excellent smoothness. Moreover, it forms a dense film on a leather surface, effectively covering pores and smoothing the texture. Furthermore, directly printing on the modified leather surface enables the creation of clear patterns that meet the requirements for fine printing, offering an experimental basis for developing leather surface coatings with superior water resistance and printability.
{"title":"The Preparation of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Silica Functional Coatings and Their Effect on the Printability of Leather Surfaces","authors":"Fuqiang Chu, Hang Dong, Jilei Chao, Shuo Wang, Bing Sun, Qiqi Huang","doi":"10.3390/coatings15010048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15010048","url":null,"abstract":"This study employs 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) to eliminate the hydrophilic hydroxyl groups on the surface of silica, followed by the use of defunctionalized silica as a filler and boric acid (BA) as a crosslinking agent to prepare a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/silica coating. The experimental results indicate that the coating not only reduces the inherent hydrophilicity of PVA, but also enhances the uniformity and film forming properties of the coating, providing a solid foundation for patterning leather surfaces. The characterization results show that, when the mass ratio of silica-APTS is 3.0 wt% and boric acid is 2.0 wt%, the resulting coating exhibits stable physical properties, low water absorption, moderate viscosity, and excellent smoothness. Moreover, it forms a dense film on a leather surface, effectively covering pores and smoothing the texture. Furthermore, directly printing on the modified leather surface enables the creation of clear patterns that meet the requirements for fine printing, offering an experimental basis for developing leather surface coatings with superior water resistance and printability.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"15 1","pages":"48-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/15/1/48/pdf?version=1735987770","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study designed laser engraving and resin pre-coating (RPC) treatments on an aluminum alloy (AA) surface to construct through-the-thickness “epoxy pins” for improving the bonding strength with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). A laser engraving treatment was used to create a pitted structure on the AA surface; higher wettability was acquired and greater vertical spaces were formed to impregnate epoxy resin, resulting in stronger mechanical interlocking. The RPC technique was further used to guide high-viscosity epoxy resin into pits to form the epoxy coatings and to minimize defects between the resin and the substrate. The bonding strength of the specimen treated with both laser engraving with a unit dimension of 0.3 mm and RPC increased up to 227.1% in comparison with that of the base. The failure modes of the hybrid composites changed from the debonding failure of the AA surface to the delamination-dominated failure of the laminated CFRP composites. It was confirmed that laser engraving is a feasible and effective method when combined with RPC for treating AAs to improve the bonding strength of AA-CFRP composites, which provides a reference for preparing high-performance hybrid composites with metals.
本研究设计了在铝合金（AA）表面进行激光雕刻和树脂预涂层（RPC）处理的方法，以构建贯穿厚度的 "环氧树脂栓"，从而提高与碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）的粘接强度。通过激光雕刻处理在铝合金表面形成凹坑结构，获得更高的润湿性，并形成更大的垂直空间来浸渍环氧树脂，从而实现更强的机械互锁。RPC 技术还用于引导高粘度环氧树脂进入凹坑，形成环氧涂层，并最大限度地减少树脂与基材之间的缺陷。与基底相比，经过单位尺寸为 0.3 毫米的激光雕刻和 RPC 处理的试样的粘接强度提高了 227.1%。混合复合材料的失效模式从 AA 表面的脱粘失效转变为层状 CFRP 复合材料以分层为主的失效。研究证实，激光雕刻结合 RPC 处理 AA 以提高 AA-CFRP 复合材料的结合强度是一种可行且有效的方法，为制备高性能金属混合复合材料提供了参考。
{"title":"Forming Epoxy Coatings on Laser-Engraved Surface of Aluminum Alloy to Reinforce the Bonding Joint with a Carbon Fiber Composite","authors":"Hongping Zhu, Jinheng Zhang, Fei Cheng, Jiangzhou Li, Bo Wu, Zhijie Zhao","doi":"10.3390/coatings14091201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091201","url":null,"abstract":"This study designed laser engraving and resin pre-coating (RPC) treatments on an aluminum alloy (AA) surface to construct through-the-thickness “epoxy pins” for improving the bonding strength with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). A laser engraving treatment was used to create a pitted structure on the AA surface; higher wettability was acquired and greater vertical spaces were formed to impregnate epoxy resin, resulting in stronger mechanical interlocking. The RPC technique was further used to guide high-viscosity epoxy resin into pits to form the epoxy coatings and to minimize defects between the resin and the substrate. The bonding strength of the specimen treated with both laser engraving with a unit dimension of 0.3 mm and RPC increased up to 227.1% in comparison with that of the base. The failure modes of the hybrid composites changed from the debonding failure of the AA surface to the delamination-dominated failure of the laminated CFRP composites. It was confirmed that laser engraving is a feasible and effective method when combined with RPC for treating AAs to improve the bonding strength of AA-CFRP composites, which provides a reference for preparing high-performance hybrid composites with metals.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores the influence of oxygen and nitrogen flow ratios on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AlCrTaTiZr high-entropy oxynitride films. Oxygen flow rates (0%–0.75%) were adjusted while maintaining a fixed nitrogen flow ratio (RN = 15%) to fabricate films with similar compositions. The results show that increasing oxygen flow enhanced hardness through solid solution strengthening and grain refinement, though excessive oxygen caused an amorphous structure and reduced hardness. After annealing at 900 °C, the hardness of all films was further increased. The film with a nitrogen flow ratio 40 times higher than oxygen exhibited the highest hardness of 21.8 GPa, along with superior mechanical performance. These findings highlight the potential of high-entropy oxynitride films for applications requiring high wear resistance and adhesion.
{"title":"Influence of Oxygen and Nitrogen Flow Ratios on the Microstructure Evolution in AlCrTaTiZr High-Entropy Oxynitride Films","authors":"Yung-Chu Liang, Ching-Yin Lee, Miao-I Lin, Ting-En Shen, Jung-Fan Hung, Jien-Wei Yeh, Che-Wei Tsai","doi":"10.3390/coatings14091199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091199","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the influence of oxygen and nitrogen flow ratios on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AlCrTaTiZr high-entropy oxynitride films. Oxygen flow rates (0%–0.75%) were adjusted while maintaining a fixed nitrogen flow ratio (RN = 15%) to fabricate films with similar compositions. The results show that increasing oxygen flow enhanced hardness through solid solution strengthening and grain refinement, though excessive oxygen caused an amorphous structure and reduced hardness. After annealing at 900 °C, the hardness of all films was further increased. The film with a nitrogen flow ratio 40 times higher than oxygen exhibited the highest hardness of 21.8 GPa, along with superior mechanical performance. These findings highlight the potential of high-entropy oxynitride films for applications requiring high wear resistance and adhesion.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.3390/coatings14091202
Manmin Zhang, Di Xiao, Congfei Zhu, Kaiser Younis, Owais Yousuf
In-demand fresh-cut fruits are highly perishable and require shelf stability. Starch, such as sago, is a naturally available polysaccharide with good gas barrier properties. The study aimed to develop an edible coating and examine the effect of its application on the quality parameters of fresh-cut apples. The coating solution was prepared with sago and soy oil in concentrations of 3, 4, and 5% and 0, 0.25, and 0.50%, respectively. Lecithin (0.50%) was used as an emulsifier and glycerol (1.5%) as a plasticizer. Coated fresh-cut apples were evaluated for physicochemical properties (TSS, pH, non-enzymatic browning index, moisture content, weight loss, headspace gas, and color attributes) during a 12-day shelf-life study at 4 °C. Sensory analysis was also performed to assess consumer acceptability, and microbial analysis to investigate its inhibiting effect against yeast and mold. Compared to the control, developed coatings reduced browning, respiration rate, moisture, weight loss, and microbial load in fresh-cut apples. The study indicates that the blend of 5% sago and 0.5% soy oil produced the best coatings which were most effective for retaining the original quality attributes and in extending the shelf life of apple slices for 12 days in storage at 4 °C.
需求量大的鲜切水果极易变质，需要货架稳定性。西米等淀粉是一种天然多糖，具有良好的气体阻隔特性。这项研究旨在开发一种可食用的涂层，并研究其应用对鲜切苹果质量参数的影响。涂层溶液由西米和大豆油配制而成，浓度分别为 3%、4%、5% 和 0%、0.25%、0.50%。卵磷脂（0.50%）用作乳化剂，甘油（1.5%）用作增塑剂。在 4 °C 下进行为期 12 天的货架期研究期间，对涂层鲜切苹果的理化特性（总悬浮固体含量、pH 值、非酶促褐变指数、水分含量、重量损失、顶空气体和颜色属性）进行了评估。此外，还进行了感官分析以评估消费者的接受程度，以及微生物分析以研究其对酵母和霉菌的抑制作用。与对照组相比，开发的涂层降低了鲜切苹果的褐变、呼吸速率、水分、重量损失和微生物负荷。研究表明，5% 的西米和 0.5% 的大豆油混合制成的涂层效果最好，能最有效地保持苹果片原有的质量属性，并能延长苹果片在 4 °C 下储存 12 天的货架期。
{"title":"Shelf-Life Extension and Quality Changes of Fresh-Cut Apple via Sago and Soy-Oil-Based Edible Coatings","authors":"Manmin Zhang, Di Xiao, Congfei Zhu, Kaiser Younis, Owais Yousuf","doi":"10.3390/coatings14091202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091202","url":null,"abstract":"In-demand fresh-cut fruits are highly perishable and require shelf stability. Starch, such as sago, is a naturally available polysaccharide with good gas barrier properties. The study aimed to develop an edible coating and examine the effect of its application on the quality parameters of fresh-cut apples. The coating solution was prepared with sago and soy oil in concentrations of 3, 4, and 5% and 0, 0.25, and 0.50%, respectively. Lecithin (0.50%) was used as an emulsifier and glycerol (1.5%) as a plasticizer. Coated fresh-cut apples were evaluated for physicochemical properties (TSS, pH, non-enzymatic browning index, moisture content, weight loss, headspace gas, and color attributes) during a 12-day shelf-life study at 4 °C. Sensory analysis was also performed to assess consumer acceptability, and microbial analysis to investigate its inhibiting effect against yeast and mold. Compared to the control, developed coatings reduced browning, respiration rate, moisture, weight loss, and microbial load in fresh-cut apples. The study indicates that the blend of 5% sago and 0.5% soy oil produced the best coatings which were most effective for retaining the original quality attributes and in extending the shelf life of apple slices for 12 days in storage at 4 °C.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The wear of small-caliber barrels is one of the key factors affecting barrel life. Based on the Archard wear model, a high-temperature pin plate wear experiment was carried out, and wear models of chrome-plated layers and gun barrel materials were established. In addition, a finite element model of the interaction between the bullet and the barrel was established. The movement of the projectile along the barrel was simulated and analyzed, and the force distribution of the spatial geometry structure of the rifling was mastered through simulation. The wear law of the gun barrel along the axial direction was obtained based on the wear model of the chrome-plated layer and gun barrel material. A position 100 mm away from the barrel breech wears very fast; this position is where the cone of the bullet is engraved in the barrel. At the position 150–350 mm away from the barrel breech, the barrel bore wears even faster. The barrel chrome layer is mainly affected by the gunpowder impact and projectile engraving, which is consistent with the actual failure of the coating. When the distance to the barrel breech is 350 m, the wear becomes stable. Through an analysis of the diameter of the barrel, it was found that, when the diameter of the barrel exceeded 12.85 mm, the barrel reached the end of its life.
{"title":"The Construction of a Small-Caliber Barrel Wear Model and a Study of the Barrel Wear Rule","authors":"Libo Zou, Jiangtao Fan, Jianwen Huang, Jiahao Chen","doi":"10.3390/coatings14091200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091200","url":null,"abstract":"The wear of small-caliber barrels is one of the key factors affecting barrel life. Based on the Archard wear model, a high-temperature pin plate wear experiment was carried out, and wear models of chrome-plated layers and gun barrel materials were established. In addition, a finite element model of the interaction between the bullet and the barrel was established. The movement of the projectile along the barrel was simulated and analyzed, and the force distribution of the spatial geometry structure of the rifling was mastered through simulation. The wear law of the gun barrel along the axial direction was obtained based on the wear model of the chrome-plated layer and gun barrel material. A position 100 mm away from the barrel breech wears very fast; this position is where the cone of the bullet is engraved in the barrel. At the position 150–350 mm away from the barrel breech, the barrel bore wears even faster. The barrel chrome layer is mainly affected by the gunpowder impact and projectile engraving, which is consistent with the actual failure of the coating. When the distance to the barrel breech is 350 m, the wear becomes stable. Through an analysis of the diameter of the barrel, it was found that, when the diameter of the barrel exceeded 12.85 mm, the barrel reached the end of its life.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.3390/coatings14091198
Xiao Han, Yan Wang, Jianxiong Ma, Xinglong Ma
The surface corrosion of magnesium alloys is effectively addressed currently by the creation of a micro-arc oxidation (MAO) ceramic layer. However, oxide film porousness restricts magnesium alloy use. Thus, this work used atomic layer deposition (ALD) to create a TiO2 coating on MAO-coated AZ31B magnesium alloy to plug micropores and increase corrosion resistance and biological characteristics. The samples were analyzed using SEM, EDS, XPS, and XRD to determine their surface appearance, chemical content, and microstructure. Micro-arc oxidation produced a 20 μm oxide coating. The TiO2 film reached 47.41 nm after 400 atomic layer deposition cycles. All corroded samples were tested for corrosion resistance using electrochemical and hydrogen evolution methods and examined for surface morphology. In vitro cell experiments examined biocompatibility. The results indicate that the TiO2 layer sealed the MAO coating’s micro-pores and micro-cracks, enhanced corrosion resistance, and preserved surface morphology following corrosion. The TiO2/MAO composite coating is more biocompatible than the substrate and MAO coating. This research proposes coating AZ31B magnesium alloy for bio-remediation to increase corrosion resistance and biocompatibility.
目前，通过创建微弧氧化（MAO）陶瓷层可以有效解决镁合金的表面腐蚀问题。然而，氧化膜的多孔性限制了镁合金的使用。因此，本研究利用原子层沉积（ALD）技术在 MAO 涂层 AZ31B 镁合金上形成 TiO2 涂层，以堵塞微孔，提高耐腐蚀性和生物特性。样品通过 SEM、EDS、XPS 和 XRD 进行分析，以确定其表面外观、化学成分和微观结构。微弧氧化产生了 20 μm 的氧化物涂层。经过 400 次原子层沉积循环后，TiO2 膜达到 47.41 nm。使用电化学和氢进化方法测试了所有腐蚀样品的耐腐蚀性，并检查了表面形态。体外细胞实验检验了生物相容性。结果表明，TiO2 层封闭了 MAO 涂层的微孔和微裂缝，增强了耐腐蚀性，并在腐蚀后保持了表面形态。与基底和 MAO 涂层相比，TiO2/MAO 复合涂层的生物相容性更好。本研究建议对 AZ31B 镁合金进行生物修复涂层处理，以提高其耐腐蚀性和生物相容性。
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Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.3390/coatings14091196
Lingling Zhang, Chao Yang, Yingzhi Guo
The corrosion problem affecting ancient Chinese bronze relics and the protective measures required post-excavation are crucial for the study of historical cultural heritage and for ensuring heritage revitalization and sustainable development. This work includes a statistical analysis, clusters information, and thoroughly examines international research on bronze relic corrosion and protection. It delves into the timeline and trends of research, the main countries leading the research efforts, the research content, and the relationships between these factors. A comprehensive review is provided on the corrosion principles, materials, detection methods, and protection techniques for bronze. The study explores the corrosion principles and processes of bronze from a materials science perspective both before and after excavation. It summarizes non-destructive detection methods and examines specific factors that influence corrosion. Furthermore, the article reviews current corrosion protection methods for bronze and related protection materials, including commonly used strategies such as surface corrosion inhibitors and organic resin coatings for protection. It also discusses the potential application of advanced corrosion protection methods in the realm of metal materials in recent years to safeguard bronze. Proposing innovative solutions, the study suggests the possibility of constructing biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces to create a barrier isolating humid air from contacting bronze materials, thereby reducing the adhesion of corrosive media to the substrate and significantly diminishing the likelihood of corrosion. In conclusion, the article looks towards the future, considering the challenges and potential development directions for the corrosion protection of bronze and related protection materials.
{"title":"Corrosion and Protection of Chinese Bronze Relics: A Review","authors":"Lingling Zhang, Chao Yang, Yingzhi Guo","doi":"10.3390/coatings14091196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091196","url":null,"abstract":"The corrosion problem affecting ancient Chinese bronze relics and the protective measures required post-excavation are crucial for the study of historical cultural heritage and for ensuring heritage revitalization and sustainable development. This work includes a statistical analysis, clusters information, and thoroughly examines international research on bronze relic corrosion and protection. It delves into the timeline and trends of research, the main countries leading the research efforts, the research content, and the relationships between these factors. A comprehensive review is provided on the corrosion principles, materials, detection methods, and protection techniques for bronze. The study explores the corrosion principles and processes of bronze from a materials science perspective both before and after excavation. It summarizes non-destructive detection methods and examines specific factors that influence corrosion. Furthermore, the article reviews current corrosion protection methods for bronze and related protection materials, including commonly used strategies such as surface corrosion inhibitors and organic resin coatings for protection. It also discusses the potential application of advanced corrosion protection methods in the realm of metal materials in recent years to safeguard bronze. Proposing innovative solutions, the study suggests the possibility of constructing biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces to create a barrier isolating humid air from contacting bronze materials, thereby reducing the adhesion of corrosive media to the substrate and significantly diminishing the likelihood of corrosion. In conclusion, the article looks towards the future, considering the challenges and potential development directions for the corrosion protection of bronze and related protection materials.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":"189 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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