Extended Reality (XR) technologies are becoming integral to daily life. However, password-based authentication in XR disrupts immersion due to poor usability, as entering credentials with XR controllers is cumbersome and error-prone. This leads users to choose weaker passwords, compromising security. To improve both usability and security, we introduce a multimodal biometric authentication system that combines eye movements and brainwave patterns using consumer-grade sensors that can be integrated into XR devices. Our prototype, developed and evaluated with 30 participants, achieves an Equal Error Rate (EER) of 0.298%, outperforming eye movement (1.820%) and brainwave (4.920%) modalities alone, as well as state-of-the-art biometric alternatives (EERs between 2.5% and 7%). Furthermore, this system enables seamless authentication through visual stimuli without complex interaction.
{"title":"Beyond gaze points: augmenting eye movement with brainwave data for multimodal user authentication in extended reality","authors":"Matin Fallahi, Patricia Arias-Cabarcos, Thorsten Strufe","doi":"10.1007/s40747-025-02157-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02157-4","url":null,"abstract":"Extended Reality (XR) technologies are becoming integral to daily life. However, password-based authentication in XR disrupts immersion due to poor usability, as entering credentials with XR controllers is cumbersome and error-prone. This leads users to choose weaker passwords, compromising security. To improve both usability and security, we introduce a multimodal biometric authentication system that combines eye movements and brainwave patterns using consumer-grade sensors that can be integrated into XR devices. Our prototype, developed and evaluated with 30 participants, achieves an Equal Error Rate (EER) of 0.298%, outperforming eye movement (1.820%) and brainwave (4.920%) modalities alone, as well as state-of-the-art biometric alternatives (EERs between 2.5% and 7%). Furthermore, this system enables seamless authentication through visual stimuli without complex interaction.","PeriodicalId":10524,"journal":{"name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145807715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Time series prediction model based on transformer and LSTM for predicting the occurrence rate of mountain torrents","authors":"Hongtao Zhang, Peng Zhi, Longhao Jiang, Yan Li, Rui Zhou, Qingguo Zhou, Zhaxi Lengben","doi":"10.1007/s40747-025-02153-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02153-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10524,"journal":{"name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145807376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1007/s40747-025-02209-9
Mo-Ce Gao
{"title":"StockCI: a hybrid model integrating CEEMDAN and informer for enhanced long-term stock price forecasting","authors":"Mo-Ce Gao","doi":"10.1007/s40747-025-02209-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02209-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10524,"journal":{"name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145770787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Physics-informed neural network and momentum contrastive learning for battery state of health estimation","authors":"Jiwoo Jung, Yipene Cedric Francois Bassole, Yunsick Sung","doi":"10.1007/s40747-025-02194-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02194-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10524,"journal":{"name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145770790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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