Infective endocarditis is an uncommon cardiac disease, caused by microbial invasion of the endocardium or heart valves. It presents many challenges with respect to diagnosis and effective treatment. This article reviews the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, methods of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial endocarditis in dogs and cats.
{"title":"Infective endocarditis in dogs and cats","authors":"Ewelina Korzybska, L. Bode","doi":"10.12968/coan.2022.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2022.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Infective endocarditis is an uncommon cardiac disease, caused by microbial invasion of the endocardium or heart valves. It presents many challenges with respect to diagnosis and effective treatment. This article reviews the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, methods of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial endocarditis in dogs and cats.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79805689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
‘Mange’, defined as the parasitic infestation of the skin of humans and animals with mites, is an ancient disease, the name of which finds its origins in Middle English ‘manjewe’. Despite our long medical and veterinary relationship with mites, these microscopic creatures continue to be responsible for a lot of human and animal suffering globally, as they frequently evade detection and, until relatively recently, have been difficult, laborious and unpleasant to treat. This review of canine mange will be divided into two parts, with part 1 devoted to causes and diagnosis and part 2 looking at treatment and management.
{"title":"Canine mange, part 1: causes and diagnosis","authors":"C. Curtis","doi":"10.12968/coan.2021.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2021.0037","url":null,"abstract":"‘Mange’, defined as the parasitic infestation of the skin of humans and animals with mites, is an ancient disease, the name of which finds its origins in Middle English ‘manjewe’. Despite our long medical and veterinary relationship with mites, these microscopic creatures continue to be responsible for a lot of human and animal suffering globally, as they frequently evade detection and, until relatively recently, have been difficult, laborious and unpleasant to treat. This review of canine mange will be divided into two parts, with part 1 devoted to causes and diagnosis and part 2 looking at treatment and management.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90666791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma represents a common challenge for veterinary practitioners. This is often partly because the majority of animals diagnosed with apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma show no systemic signs at the time of presentation. Moreover, rectal examinations are not frequently performed during routine physical examinations, making it difficult to diagnose a mass at an early stage. An understanding of the disease process, common metastatic sites, diagnostic modalities and multimodal treatment approaches will help practitioners achieve better clinical outcomes for animals diagnosed with apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, knowledge of prognostic indicators will help practitioners to set realistic expectations with their clients and improve clinician–client communication. This article focuses on the predisposition, staging, multimodal treatment therapies and outcomes of dogs presenting with apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma.
{"title":"Managing canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma","authors":"Janek Jaworski, A. Harper","doi":"10.12968/coan.2021.0074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2021.0074","url":null,"abstract":"Canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma represents a common challenge for veterinary practitioners. This is often partly because the majority of animals diagnosed with apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma show no systemic signs at the time of presentation. Moreover, rectal examinations are not frequently performed during routine physical examinations, making it difficult to diagnose a mass at an early stage. An understanding of the disease process, common metastatic sites, diagnostic modalities and multimodal treatment approaches will help practitioners achieve better clinical outcomes for animals diagnosed with apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, knowledge of prognostic indicators will help practitioners to set realistic expectations with their clients and improve clinician–client communication. This article focuses on the predisposition, staging, multimodal treatment therapies and outcomes of dogs presenting with apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85896820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although pheochromocytomas are uncommon in dogs, awareness of this type of adrenal tumour is important because of the life-threatening consequences related to their functionality. Pheochromocytomas may periodically produce catecholamines, accounting for many of the intermittent clinical signs seen, the inconsistent nature of which can make pheochromocytomas challenging to diagnose. The treatment of choice is surgical excision and optimal outcome relies on careful perioperative medical management to decrease the anaesthetic risk associated with paroxysmal release of catecholamines during surgical manipulation. Both surgical and anaesthetic management can be extremely challenging in cases of pheochromocytoma. However, in cases in which metastasis has not occurred, good survival times are achievable.
{"title":"Canine phaeochromocytoma: diagnosis and surgical management","authors":"C. Davidson","doi":"10.12968/coan.2021.0076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2021.0076","url":null,"abstract":"Although pheochromocytomas are uncommon in dogs, awareness of this type of adrenal tumour is important because of the life-threatening consequences related to their functionality. Pheochromocytomas may periodically produce catecholamines, accounting for many of the intermittent clinical signs seen, the inconsistent nature of which can make pheochromocytomas challenging to diagnose. The treatment of choice is surgical excision and optimal outcome relies on careful perioperative medical management to decrease the anaesthetic risk associated with paroxysmal release of catecholamines during surgical manipulation. Both surgical and anaesthetic management can be extremely challenging in cases of pheochromocytoma. However, in cases in which metastasis has not occurred, good survival times are achievable.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76508122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Uroabdomen is a life-threatening condition occurring in dogs and cats, caused by loss of integrity of the urinary tract. A prompt diagnosis can be achieved by recognition and analysis of abdominal free fluid. A clinician's initial focus should be on treating potentially fatal complications, such as shock and hyperkalaemia, and providing adequate analgesia to the animal. Different urinary diversion techniques can then be considered, according to the site of leakage within the urinary tract, to stabilise the animal before a definitive treatment is performed. This article discusses how to diagnose uroabdomen and treat the early life-threatening complications.
{"title":"Diagnosis and initial management of uroabdomen in dogs and cats","authors":"Alberto Fioletti, M. Gosling, T. Trimble","doi":"10.12968/coan.2021.0085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2021.0085","url":null,"abstract":"Uroabdomen is a life-threatening condition occurring in dogs and cats, caused by loss of integrity of the urinary tract. A prompt diagnosis can be achieved by recognition and analysis of abdominal free fluid. A clinician's initial focus should be on treating potentially fatal complications, such as shock and hyperkalaemia, and providing adequate analgesia to the animal. Different urinary diversion techniques can then be considered, according to the site of leakage within the urinary tract, to stabilise the animal before a definitive treatment is performed. This article discusses how to diagnose uroabdomen and treat the early life-threatening complications.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90297577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While guinea pigs may suffer from a number of endocrine diseases such as hyperthyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism and diabetes mellitus, this literature review will focus on the current understanding and gaps in research on hyperthyroidism in this species. The purpose of this review is to describe the most recent recommendations on diagnostic and therapeutic options for hyperthyroidism in guinea pigs, based on previously published papers.
{"title":"Endocrine disease in guinea pigs: a review on hyperthyroidism","authors":"Julie Vandekerckove","doi":"10.12968/coan.2021.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2021.0005","url":null,"abstract":"While guinea pigs may suffer from a number of endocrine diseases such as hyperthyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism and diabetes mellitus, this literature review will focus on the current understanding and gaps in research on hyperthyroidism in this species. The purpose of this review is to describe the most recent recommendations on diagnostic and therapeutic options for hyperthyroidism in guinea pigs, based on previously published papers.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77246463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article covers the investigation of skin disease in small mammals. Just as in other cases, different dermatopathies may appear very similar so intricate (and invasive) investigations may be needed to obtain a definitive diagnosis. However, financial constraints are very common in these species, meaning that full investigation is simply not possible. As such, reliance on more basic veterinary techniques, presumptive diagnoses, and trial therapies may be needed in these cases. This article looks at what may be obtained from history and clinical examination, rather than laboratory tests, to enable greater accuracy in these presumptive diagnoses, as well as better assessment of underlying factors – both of which will give better results from trial therapies.
{"title":"Dermatological diseases of small mammals","authors":"John Chitty","doi":"10.12968/coan.2022.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2022.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This article covers the investigation of skin disease in small mammals. Just as in other cases, different dermatopathies may appear very similar so intricate (and invasive) investigations may be needed to obtain a definitive diagnosis. However, financial constraints are very common in these species, meaning that full investigation is simply not possible. As such, reliance on more basic veterinary techniques, presumptive diagnoses, and trial therapies may be needed in these cases. This article looks at what may be obtained from history and clinical examination, rather than laboratory tests, to enable greater accuracy in these presumptive diagnoses, as well as better assessment of underlying factors – both of which will give better results from trial therapies.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86346527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As discussed in part 1 of this series, gallbladder mucocele is defined as a build-up of immobile mucus within the gallbladder that can result in extrahepatic biliary obstruction, pressure necrosis of the gallbladder wall and, ultimately, rupture. Although many gallbladder mucoceles are discovered during abdominal ultrasonography while screening for other diseases, patients with mature gallbladder mucoceles or gallbladder rupture can present as an emergency. Medical management with hepatoprotectants, choleretics, antibiotics and suitable diet can be attempted in certain cases, but cholecystectomy remains the gold standard treatment option. If an underlying cause is detected (such as an endocrinopathy), this should be treated accordingly. Mortality rates following gallbladder removal vary from 16–40%. A high mortality rate has been associated with septic bile peritonitis, hyperadrenocorticism and/or pancreatitis as a concurrent disease.
{"title":"Gallbladder mucocele part 2: treatment and prognosis","authors":"Liis Uusaed, P. Aldridge","doi":"10.12968/coan.2021.0079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2021.0079","url":null,"abstract":"As discussed in part 1 of this series, gallbladder mucocele is defined as a build-up of immobile mucus within the gallbladder that can result in extrahepatic biliary obstruction, pressure necrosis of the gallbladder wall and, ultimately, rupture. Although many gallbladder mucoceles are discovered during abdominal ultrasonography while screening for other diseases, patients with mature gallbladder mucoceles or gallbladder rupture can present as an emergency. Medical management with hepatoprotectants, choleretics, antibiotics and suitable diet can be attempted in certain cases, but cholecystectomy remains the gold standard treatment option. If an underlying cause is detected (such as an endocrinopathy), this should be treated accordingly. Mortality rates following gallbladder removal vary from 16–40%. A high mortality rate has been associated with septic bile peritonitis, hyperadrenocorticism and/or pancreatitis as a concurrent disease.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87565120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leishmania are vector-borne protozoan parasites that cause a wide range of clinical disease (leishmaniosis). Leishmania infantum is the species mainly causing leishmaniosis in European cats and dogs, and has zoonotic potential. Sandflies are the principal vector of transmission, but non-vectorial routes such as venereal, transplacental and blood transfusion have been described. There is no gold-standard diagnostic test, so leishmaniosis is diagnosed using a combination of methods alongside relevant clinical signs. Early diagnosis is essential for assessing prognosis, successfully managing the disease and minimising transmission. This article discusses the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of leishmaniosis in dogs and cats, and the risk of it becoming established in the UK.
{"title":"Leishmania: case management and UK transmission","authors":"I. Wright","doi":"10.12968/coan.2021.0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2021.0046","url":null,"abstract":"Leishmania are vector-borne protozoan parasites that cause a wide range of clinical disease (leishmaniosis). Leishmania infantum is the species mainly causing leishmaniosis in European cats and dogs, and has zoonotic potential. Sandflies are the principal vector of transmission, but non-vectorial routes such as venereal, transplacental and blood transfusion have been described. There is no gold-standard diagnostic test, so leishmaniosis is diagnosed using a combination of methods alongside relevant clinical signs. Early diagnosis is essential for assessing prognosis, successfully managing the disease and minimising transmission. This article discusses the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of leishmaniosis in dogs and cats, and the risk of it becoming established in the UK.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"20 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72617199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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