In this final article on seasonal poisoning risks to pets, winter poisoning hazards are discussed. Some hazards in this season are associated with cold weather such as carbon monoxide poisoning, antifreeze and medicines for the symptomatic relief of colds and flu. Carbon monoxide poisoning in winter is often associated with use of a faulty heating appliance and may be missed as the effects are vague and non-specific but other members of the household may also be unwell. Ethylene glycol antifreeze poisoning results in renal failure and requires prompt antidotal treatment to prevent the formation of metabolites which are responsible for the toxic effects. If a pet has eaten a cold and flu product it is important to obtain information on the name and ingredients as these products contain various analgesics and decongestants that require different management. Christmas foods (chocolate, foods containing dried vine fruits, macadamia nuts) and decorative plants such as holly, poinsettia and mistletoe are also a potential risk to pets at this time of year. These plants usually only cause mild signs despite their poisonous reputation. Macadamia nuts can cause self-limiting signs in dogs and chocolate commonly causes neurological and cardiovascular signs, but severe cases are uncommon. Ingestion of dried vine fruits requires prophylactic treatment to prevent acute kidney injury.
{"title":"Winter poisoning hazards for pets","authors":"Nicola Bates","doi":"10.12968/coan.2022.0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2022.0040","url":null,"abstract":"In this final article on seasonal poisoning risks to pets, winter poisoning hazards are discussed. Some hazards in this season are associated with cold weather such as carbon monoxide poisoning, antifreeze and medicines for the symptomatic relief of colds and flu. Carbon monoxide poisoning in winter is often associated with use of a faulty heating appliance and may be missed as the effects are vague and non-specific but other members of the household may also be unwell. Ethylene glycol antifreeze poisoning results in renal failure and requires prompt antidotal treatment to prevent the formation of metabolites which are responsible for the toxic effects. If a pet has eaten a cold and flu product it is important to obtain information on the name and ingredients as these products contain various analgesics and decongestants that require different management. Christmas foods (chocolate, foods containing dried vine fruits, macadamia nuts) and decorative plants such as holly, poinsettia and mistletoe are also a potential risk to pets at this time of year. These plants usually only cause mild signs despite their poisonous reputation. Macadamia nuts can cause self-limiting signs in dogs and chocolate commonly causes neurological and cardiovascular signs, but severe cases are uncommon. Ingestion of dried vine fruits requires prophylactic treatment to prevent acute kidney injury.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"208 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135704453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Linking domestic and animal abuse","authors":"Carl N. Gorman","doi":"10.12968/coan.2022.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2022.0034","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80836758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The year 2022 has proven to be another tricky year for UK veterinary professionals, and parasite control has presented its own set of challenges. These have focused largely around the high numbers of rescue dogs being imported from abroad, in particular as a result of the war in Ukraine, and the challenges of ensuring responsible parasiticide use. Throughout, the European Council for Companion Animal Parasites UK & Ireland has continued to give parasite control advice, raise awareness of the changing parasite landscape in the UK and promote the need for risk-based parasite control and routine diagnostic surveillance. So what did 2022 hold for parasites and their control?
{"title":"Parasite roundup for 2022","authors":"I. Wright","doi":"10.12968/coan.2022.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2022.0033","url":null,"abstract":"The year 2022 has proven to be another tricky year for UK veterinary professionals, and parasite control has presented its own set of challenges. These have focused largely around the high numbers of rescue dogs being imported from abroad, in particular as a result of the war in Ukraine, and the challenges of ensuring responsible parasiticide use. Throughout, the European Council for Companion Animal Parasites UK & Ireland has continued to give parasite control advice, raise awareness of the changing parasite landscape in the UK and promote the need for risk-based parasite control and routine diagnostic surveillance. So what did 2022 hold for parasites and their control?","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81147738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Oxley, Rebecca Ashman, L. James, S. Wensley, Steve Howard, Rachel Malkani, Emma Tipton
The PDSA look at the findings of their latest animal wellbeing report, and discuss what its findings mean for pet health and welfare.
PDSA研究了他们最新的动物福利报告的发现，并讨论了这些发现对宠物健康和福利的意义。
{"title":"PDSA Animal Wellbeing report on pet health and welfare","authors":"J. Oxley, Rebecca Ashman, L. James, S. Wensley, Steve Howard, Rachel Malkani, Emma Tipton","doi":"10.12968/coan.2022.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2022.0037","url":null,"abstract":"The PDSA look at the findings of their latest animal wellbeing report, and discuss what its findings mean for pet health and welfare.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79993306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reviews the literature describing the anaesthetic and ancillary drugs used during the assessment of laryngeal function in dogs, and summarises the evidence for their use in clinical practice. A review of the literature was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, with the search terms ‘laryngeal assessment dogs’, ‘laryngeal collapse’, ‘laryngeal paralysis’, ‘premedication laryngeal assessment’, ‘induction agent laryngeal assessment’ and ‘dogs’. Further studies and reports were obtained from the reference lists of the retrieved papers. Related anaesthesia textbooks were also reviewed. Drugs used to induce anaesthesia affect laryngeal function by diminishing the laryngeal reflex. Based on the current literature, premedication using acepromazine and an opioid allows for the assessment of laryngeal examination without impairing laryngeal motion. Dexmedetomidine in combination with an opioid may offer an alternative, but there are no studies comparing these sedative drugs directly. Examination times were shorter with propofol compared to alfaxalone, while ketamine was not recommended as an anaesthetic induction agent for this purpose. The use of doxapram hydrochloride may be helpful, particularly when airway assessment remains equivocal. At low doses, doxapram causes minimal increases in arterial blood pressure and heart rate.
{"title":"Laryngeal assessment in dogs: a clinical review","authors":"C. Ferrero, K. Borland, C. Bradbrook, R. Bennett","doi":"10.12968/coan.2022.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2022.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the literature describing the anaesthetic and ancillary drugs used during the assessment of laryngeal function in dogs, and summarises the evidence for their use in clinical practice. A review of the literature was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, with the search terms ‘laryngeal assessment dogs’, ‘laryngeal collapse’, ‘laryngeal paralysis’, ‘premedication laryngeal assessment’, ‘induction agent laryngeal assessment’ and ‘dogs’. Further studies and reports were obtained from the reference lists of the retrieved papers. Related anaesthesia textbooks were also reviewed. Drugs used to induce anaesthesia affect laryngeal function by diminishing the laryngeal reflex. Based on the current literature, premedication using acepromazine and an opioid allows for the assessment of laryngeal examination without impairing laryngeal motion. Dexmedetomidine in combination with an opioid may offer an alternative, but there are no studies comparing these sedative drugs directly. Examination times were shorter with propofol compared to alfaxalone, while ketamine was not recommended as an anaesthetic induction agent for this purpose. The use of doxapram hydrochloride may be helpful, particularly when airway assessment remains equivocal. At low doses, doxapram causes minimal increases in arterial blood pressure and heart rate.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88787843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Canine mange is an ectoparasitic disease of the skin of dogs, caused by one of several mite species that commonly infest domestic dogs worldwide. In part one of this article, the causes and diagnosis of canine mange were reviewed and in this second part, its treatment and management will be discussed.
{"title":"Canine mange part 2: treatment and management","authors":"C. Curtis","doi":"10.12968/coan.2021.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2021.0038","url":null,"abstract":"Canine mange is an ectoparasitic disease of the skin of dogs, caused by one of several mite species that commonly infest domestic dogs worldwide. In part one of this article, the causes and diagnosis of canine mange were reviewed and in this second part, its treatment and management will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"34 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77700155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cardiovascular reflexes can be defined as fast-acting, centrally-mediated feedback mechanisms between the cardiovascular system and the central nervous system. These reflexes help to maintain blood pressure within physiological limits by adjusting heart rate, cardiac contractility and systemic vascular resistance. Several cardiovascular reflexes have been identified in mammals, including the baroreceptor, the chemoreceptor, the Bainbridge and the Bezold-Jarisch reflexes. Under general anaesthesia, several factors can trigger or attenuate cardiovascular reflexes; therefore, it is important to understand their pathophysiological mechanisms. This article reviews the physiology of four of the main cardiovascular reflexes, focusing on their relevance to veterinary anaesthesia.
{"title":"Cardiovascular reflexes relevant to veterinary anaesthesia","authors":"G. Marchese, Filipe Lalanda Madruga","doi":"10.12968/coan.2022.0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2022.0071","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiovascular reflexes can be defined as fast-acting, centrally-mediated feedback mechanisms between the cardiovascular system and the central nervous system. These reflexes help to maintain blood pressure within physiological limits by adjusting heart rate, cardiac contractility and systemic vascular resistance. Several cardiovascular reflexes have been identified in mammals, including the baroreceptor, the chemoreceptor, the Bainbridge and the Bezold-Jarisch reflexes. Under general anaesthesia, several factors can trigger or attenuate cardiovascular reflexes; therefore, it is important to understand their pathophysiological mechanisms. This article reviews the physiology of four of the main cardiovascular reflexes, focusing on their relevance to veterinary anaesthesia.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90084892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Cat Friendly Clinic, Dog Friendly Clinic and Rabbit Friendly Vet accreditation schemes recognise that vet visits can be fearful or distressing experiences for both pet and owner, and advocate making small changes within the clinic to make the vet visit calmer and easier for everyone. The first step in reducing canine stress within the veterinary environment is to understand why the veterinary experience might cause distress. Factors such as the clinic environment, situation stacking during the visit, and how dogs learn, are all worthy of exploration. Adapting the clinical environment and clinic–patient interactions, alongside educating owners about effective preparation for veterinary visits, can help make these calmer and easier for everyone involved.
{"title":"Canine stress in the veterinary environment","authors":"Katie Main","doi":"10.12968/coan.2022.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2022.0020","url":null,"abstract":"The Cat Friendly Clinic, Dog Friendly Clinic and Rabbit Friendly Vet accreditation schemes recognise that vet visits can be fearful or distressing experiences for both pet and owner, and advocate making small changes within the clinic to make the vet visit calmer and easier for everyone. The first step in reducing canine stress within the veterinary environment is to understand why the veterinary experience might cause distress. Factors such as the clinic environment, situation stacking during the visit, and how dogs learn, are all worthy of exploration. Adapting the clinical environment and clinic–patient interactions, alongside educating owners about effective preparation for veterinary visits, can help make these calmer and easier for everyone involved.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89971584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Malnutrition is the process of body weight, fat and muscle loss associated with acute and chronic illnesses. This syndrome is well defined in people and its diagnosis is based on specific clinical criteria. Unlike in humans, malnutrition in dogs and cats is poorly recognised. This clinical review will highlight the key features of malnutrition in dogs and cats and discuss the clinical methods (such as body and muscle condition scoring) to assess patients for this problem. The nutritional requirements (including calories, macronutrients, micronutrients) to prevent and correct malnutrition will also be highlighted. Finally, the practical steps that can be taken to address malnutrition, including enteral and parenteral feeding techniques, will be outlined.
{"title":"Malnutrition in dogs and cats","authors":"I. Gajanayake","doi":"10.12968/coan.2022.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2022.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Malnutrition is the process of body weight, fat and muscle loss associated with acute and chronic illnesses. This syndrome is well defined in people and its diagnosis is based on specific clinical criteria. Unlike in humans, malnutrition in dogs and cats is poorly recognised. This clinical review will highlight the key features of malnutrition in dogs and cats and discuss the clinical methods (such as body and muscle condition scoring) to assess patients for this problem. The nutritional requirements (including calories, macronutrients, micronutrients) to prevent and correct malnutrition will also be highlighted. Finally, the practical steps that can be taken to address malnutrition, including enteral and parenteral feeding techniques, will be outlined.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88770976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chronic pain impairs the quality of life of pets. Although the exact prevalence is unknown, recognition of chronic painful conditions has increased in the last few decades. Osteoarthritis may affect up to 20% of the canine adult population, although sources put this figure higher, at up to 40%. Chronic pain has a complex pathophysiology and a variety of presentations. The assessment can be challenging, as there may be several pathophysiological mechanisms underlying one disease. This clinical review gives an overview of chronic pain and demonstrates how to approach two case examples using the diagnostic tools available and illustrating the treatment options.
{"title":"Chronic pain in small animals: how to create a pain management plan","authors":"C. Ferrero, M. Gurney","doi":"10.12968/coan.2022.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2022.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic pain impairs the quality of life of pets. Although the exact prevalence is unknown, recognition of chronic painful conditions has increased in the last few decades. Osteoarthritis may affect up to 20% of the canine adult population, although sources put this figure higher, at up to 40%. Chronic pain has a complex pathophysiology and a variety of presentations. The assessment can be challenging, as there may be several pathophysiological mechanisms underlying one disease. This clinical review gives an overview of chronic pain and demonstrates how to approach two case examples using the diagnostic tools available and illustrating the treatment options.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79269925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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