Noise reactivity and firework fear are well-known and often discussed topics among dog owners. The prevalence of noise reactivity varies a lot between different dog breeds; in certain breeds, as many as 50% of all dogs are affected at some level. Even though the prevalence of noise reactivity is high, little is known about the genetic background of noise reactivity in dogs. This article provides a brief introduction to behavioural genetics and the genetics behind noise reactivity and firework fear, some of the animal welfare issues related to extreme fear of noise, and sheds light on the possibilities of reducing the prevalence through systematic breeding.
{"title":"Noise reactivity and firework fear in dogs","authors":"K. W. Handegård","doi":"10.12968/coan.2023.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2023.0041","url":null,"abstract":"Noise reactivity and firework fear are well-known and often discussed topics among dog owners. The prevalence of noise reactivity varies a lot between different dog breeds; in certain breeds, as many as 50% of all dogs are affected at some level. Even though the prevalence of noise reactivity is high, little is known about the genetic background of noise reactivity in dogs. This article provides a brief introduction to behavioural genetics and the genetics behind noise reactivity and firework fear, some of the animal welfare issues related to extreme fear of noise, and sheds light on the possibilities of reducing the prevalence through systematic breeding.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"32 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139012560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is believed that over a third of UK households now have a pet dog, and a Dogs Trust study found that dogs are not only considered as companion animals or pets but are also often perceived as family members who ‘complete’ the home and with whom owners form emotional bonds.
{"title":"A dog is for life, not just for Christmas","authors":"Rebecca Saunders","doi":"10.12968/coan.2023.0066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2023.0066","url":null,"abstract":"It is believed that over a third of UK households now have a pet dog, and a Dogs Trust study found that dogs are not only considered as companion animals or pets but are also often perceived as family members who ‘complete’ the home and with whom owners form emotional bonds.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"37 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138985656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chocolate ingestion is very common in pets, particularly dogs, but has also been reported in other animals including cats and rabbits. Most cases occur around Christmas and Easter, when large amounts of chocolate are often present in the home in the form of chocolate bars, snacks, confectionery, Easter eggs and chocolate figurines. Chocolate-covered raisins, nuts and coffee beans present an additional toxicological hazard in dogs. The type of chocolate is defined in law by the percentage of cocoa solids, with dark (plain) chocolate containing more than milk chocolate. The main toxic component of chocolate is theobromine, a methylxanthine, although caffeine, another methylxanthine, is also present. These cause central nervous system stimulation with cardiac and respiratory hyperactivity. Signs include gastrointestinal effects, excitability, hyperactivity, tachycardia, tremors, hypertension and hyperthermia. Signs of toxicosis generally occur within a few hours of ingestion. The mainstays of treatment are decontamination and supportive care with rehydration, control of central nervous system stimulation and arrhythmias as required. Most pets recover fully, and death is uncommon; however, prognosis is more guarded in pets with seizures or arrhythmias.
{"title":"Chocolate toxicosis in pets","authors":"Nicole Bates","doi":"10.12968/coan.2023.0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2023.0058","url":null,"abstract":"Chocolate ingestion is very common in pets, particularly dogs, but has also been reported in other animals including cats and rabbits. Most cases occur around Christmas and Easter, when large amounts of chocolate are often present in the home in the form of chocolate bars, snacks, confectionery, Easter eggs and chocolate figurines. Chocolate-covered raisins, nuts and coffee beans present an additional toxicological hazard in dogs. The type of chocolate is defined in law by the percentage of cocoa solids, with dark (plain) chocolate containing more than milk chocolate. The main toxic component of chocolate is theobromine, a methylxanthine, although caffeine, another methylxanthine, is also present. These cause central nervous system stimulation with cardiac and respiratory hyperactivity. Signs include gastrointestinal effects, excitability, hyperactivity, tachycardia, tremors, hypertension and hyperthermia. Signs of toxicosis generally occur within a few hours of ingestion. The mainstays of treatment are decontamination and supportive care with rehydration, control of central nervous system stimulation and arrhythmias as required. Most pets recover fully, and death is uncommon; however, prognosis is more guarded in pets with seizures or arrhythmias.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"29 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138985773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feline aortic thromboembolism, or ‘saddle thrombus’, is a common syndrome initiated by the sudden migration of a left atrial thrombus into the systemic arteries. It is usually caused by cardiomyopathy of varying types and severity. It is easily diagnosed clinically using the ‘5P rule’ (pulselessness, pallor, polar, pain and paralysis). Although the prognosis for feline aortic thromboembolism has historically been considered poor, this is not validated by retrospective or prospective studies. Indeed, a prospective study on cats with aortic thromboembolism and bilateral pelvic limb paralysis showed a 37.5% discharge rate, with a calculated 95% confidence interval of 22.5% to 52.5%, and with some cats surviving for more than a year. Treatment includes supportive care, treatment of cardiac disease if applicable and nursing care. Thrombolysis is recommended in many thromboembolic diseases in humans, including pulmonary thromboembolism, acute myocardial infarction and acute ischemic stroke, and has been recently suggested in cats suffering from acute (within 6 hours) aortic thromboembolism. Most clinicians will use the tissue plasminogen activator alteplase. Complications of treatment of feline aortic thromboembolism, with or without thrombolysis, include acute kidney injury (20%) as well as reperfusion injuries (25%). Thromboprophylaxis with clopidogrel or clopidogrel and rivaroxaban is recommended for long-term management of cats with aortic thromboembolism.
{"title":"Why could thrombolysis be an option for cats with acute aortic thromboembolism?","authors":"Julien Guillaumin","doi":"10.12968/coan.2023.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2023.0028","url":null,"abstract":"Feline aortic thromboembolism, or ‘saddle thrombus’, is a common syndrome initiated by the sudden migration of a left atrial thrombus into the systemic arteries. It is usually caused by cardiomyopathy of varying types and severity. It is easily diagnosed clinically using the ‘5P rule’ (pulselessness, pallor, polar, pain and paralysis). Although the prognosis for feline aortic thromboembolism has historically been considered poor, this is not validated by retrospective or prospective studies. Indeed, a prospective study on cats with aortic thromboembolism and bilateral pelvic limb paralysis showed a 37.5% discharge rate, with a calculated 95% confidence interval of 22.5% to 52.5%, and with some cats surviving for more than a year. Treatment includes supportive care, treatment of cardiac disease if applicable and nursing care. Thrombolysis is recommended in many thromboembolic diseases in humans, including pulmonary thromboembolism, acute myocardial infarction and acute ischemic stroke, and has been recently suggested in cats suffering from acute (within 6 hours) aortic thromboembolism. Most clinicians will use the tissue plasminogen activator alteplase. Complications of treatment of feline aortic thromboembolism, with or without thrombolysis, include acute kidney injury (20%) as well as reperfusion injuries (25%). Thromboprophylaxis with clopidogrel or clopidogrel and rivaroxaban is recommended for long-term management of cats with aortic thromboembolism.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135933087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gastrointestinal parasites are a common veterinary concern and pet owner conversation. Globally, parasite ranges and abundances are evolving, and various clinical management challenges in dogs and cats have emerged. Some of these are novel, such as hookworm multi-drug resistance, and others have been veterinary challenges for years, like Giardia's zoonotic potential. For these examples and others, there has been increased awareness of the need for appropriate veterinary anthelmintic use and stewardship. This review provides an update on selected gastrointestinal parasites of One Health importance, highlights gastrointestinal parasite global management and prevention recommendations, and summarises recent research, along with potential risks associated with pet importation and travel. Suggestions on freely available online resources to assist with practical veterinary clinical management (screening, diagnosis, treatment, prevention) and pet owner communication, along with addressing One Health and antiparasitic stewardship concerns, are provided from a global perspective, for example The European Scientific Counsel for Companion Animal Parasites. Clinical cases are drawn from molecular diagnostic faecal surveillance of dogs and cats during 2022 and 2023, and include the following gastrointestinal parasites with zoonotic potential: hookworms (Ancylostoma caninum), tapeworms (Echinococcus multilocularis), roundworms (Baylisascaris procyonis) and Giardia.
{"title":"Updates on Emerging and Evolving Gastrointestinal Parasites in Dogs and Cats","authors":"Michelle D Evason","doi":"10.12968/coan.2023.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2023.0034","url":null,"abstract":"Gastrointestinal parasites are a common veterinary concern and pet owner conversation. Globally, parasite ranges and abundances are evolving, and various clinical management challenges in dogs and cats have emerged. Some of these are novel, such as hookworm multi-drug resistance, and others have been veterinary challenges for years, like Giardia's zoonotic potential. For these examples and others, there has been increased awareness of the need for appropriate veterinary anthelmintic use and stewardship. This review provides an update on selected gastrointestinal parasites of One Health importance, highlights gastrointestinal parasite global management and prevention recommendations, and summarises recent research, along with potential risks associated with pet importation and travel. Suggestions on freely available online resources to assist with practical veterinary clinical management (screening, diagnosis, treatment, prevention) and pet owner communication, along with addressing One Health and antiparasitic stewardship concerns, are provided from a global perspective, for example The European Scientific Counsel for Companion Animal Parasites. Clinical cases are drawn from molecular diagnostic faecal surveillance of dogs and cats during 2022 and 2023, and include the following gastrointestinal parasites with zoonotic potential: hookworms (Ancylostoma caninum), tapeworms (Echinococcus multilocularis), roundworms (Baylisascaris procyonis) and Giardia.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"20 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135933091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.12968/coan.2023.0023.3
Claire Hargrave
Previous articles in this series have considered many of the factors that can initiate a dog's failure to cope during owner absence, as well as the range of resultant behaviours. Missing from the discussion is ‘the middleman’; before a behaviour can occur in response to a trigger stimulus, there needs to be an emotional response. Previously, consideration of separation-related problems focused on the emotion of anxiety. This article considers whether separation-related problems can involve alternative emotional networks and whether anxiety is a requirement for a separation-related problem. As the success of treatment programmes will rely on the accurate identification of causative factors, accurate identification of the emotions associated with an individual dog's separation-related problem will be essential to creating a plan for rehabilitation that is both likely to work and that falls within an owner's capacity to comply with advice.
{"title":"Canine separation-related problems: part 3: identifying the emotional component","authors":"Claire Hargrave","doi":"10.12968/coan.2023.0023.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2023.0023.3","url":null,"abstract":"Previous articles in this series have considered many of the factors that can initiate a dog's failure to cope during owner absence, as well as the range of resultant behaviours. Missing from the discussion is ‘the middleman’; before a behaviour can occur in response to a trigger stimulus, there needs to be an emotional response. Previously, consideration of separation-related problems focused on the emotion of anxiety. This article considers whether separation-related problems can involve alternative emotional networks and whether anxiety is a requirement for a separation-related problem. As the success of treatment programmes will rely on the accurate identification of causative factors, accurate identification of the emotions associated with an individual dog's separation-related problem will be essential to creating a plan for rehabilitation that is both likely to work and that falls within an owner's capacity to comply with advice.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"20 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135933090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article provides an overview on canine atopic dermatitis, diagnostics and therapeutic options for clinicians in general companion animal practice. Canine atopic dermatitis is a chronic, pruritic, inflammatory and hereditary disease that is seen in around 10% of patients and can require lifetime management similar to eczema in humans. The treatment of canine atopic dermatitis can be separated into reactive and proactive management and should be catered to the patient, owner and the clinical signs exhibited. It is important to effectively communicate with clients to ensure appropriate management.
{"title":"Canine atopic dermatitis","authors":"Victoria Robinson","doi":"10.12968/coan.2023.0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2023.0046","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides an overview on canine atopic dermatitis, diagnostics and therapeutic options for clinicians in general companion animal practice. Canine atopic dermatitis is a chronic, pruritic, inflammatory and hereditary disease that is seen in around 10% of patients and can require lifetime management similar to eczema in humans. The treatment of canine atopic dermatitis can be separated into reactive and proactive management and should be catered to the patient, owner and the clinical signs exhibited. It is important to effectively communicate with clients to ensure appropriate management.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"15 37","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135973362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nutrition plays an important role in the management of critically ill and other hospitalised patients, such as patients undergoing routine post-operative care. However, nutrition is often overlooked as an important part of patient care. Identifying patients at risk for malnutrition, addressing malnutrition, considering medical aspects of a case that contribute to malnutrition, completing a nutritional assessment, determining how much to feed and what to feed a hospitalised patient and monitoring a patient after implementation of nutritional support are all important components of managing critical care and hospitalised patients. Creating a customised nutritional support plan is integral to supporting these dogs and cats.
{"title":"Nutritional management of critically ill and hospitalised patients","authors":"Catherine E Lenox","doi":"10.12968/coan.2023.0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2023.0032","url":null,"abstract":"Nutrition plays an important role in the management of critically ill and other hospitalised patients, such as patients undergoing routine post-operative care. However, nutrition is often overlooked as an important part of patient care. Identifying patients at risk for malnutrition, addressing malnutrition, considering medical aspects of a case that contribute to malnutrition, completing a nutritional assessment, determining how much to feed and what to feed a hospitalised patient and monitoring a patient after implementation of nutritional support are all important components of managing critical care and hospitalised patients. Creating a customised nutritional support plan is integral to supporting these dogs and cats.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"20 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135933089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veterinary nurses play an important role in small animal practice. This article covers the diagnostic assessment that a nurse may perform on a small animal cardiac patient, from the physical examination to blood tests and advanced imaging. Cardiac patients can present in a variety of situations, including chronic conditions and acute emergencies. The veterinary nurse must be able to work with these patients in a calm manner to prevent creating any additional stress, and must also know when they should refer to a veterinary surgeon.
{"title":"The veterinary nurse's diagnostic assessment of the small animal cardiac patient","authors":"Charlotte Pace","doi":"10.12968/coan.2023.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2023.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Veterinary nurses play an important role in small animal practice. This article covers the diagnostic assessment that a nurse may perform on a small animal cardiac patient, from the physical examination to blood tests and advanced imaging. Cardiac patients can present in a variety of situations, including chronic conditions and acute emergencies. The veterinary nurse must be able to work with these patients in a calm manner to prevent creating any additional stress, and must also know when they should refer to a veterinary surgeon.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135902748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acute kidney injury, previously called acute renal failure, indicates a sudden and often reversible reduction in kidney function as measured by glomerular filtration rate, increased serum and plasma creatinine concentration and changes in urine output. This article reviews the pathophysiology and common causes of acute kidney injuries, including pre-renal causes from hypovolaemia, intrinsic renal causes such as glomerular diseases and post-renal obstructive causes. Veterinary nurses should be aware of the common diagnostic tests used and how to deliver support to the hospitalised patient. While an acute kidney injury can be a serious condition for some patients, it is possible for others to recover and maintain a good quality of life with effective nursing care to help maximise the prognosis of these patients.
{"title":"Care of the acute kidney injury patient","authors":"Victoria Maund","doi":"10.12968/coan.2023.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2023.0022","url":null,"abstract":"Acute kidney injury, previously called acute renal failure, indicates a sudden and often reversible reduction in kidney function as measured by glomerular filtration rate, increased serum and plasma creatinine concentration and changes in urine output. This article reviews the pathophysiology and common causes of acute kidney injuries, including pre-renal causes from hypovolaemia, intrinsic renal causes such as glomerular diseases and post-renal obstructive causes. Veterinary nurses should be aware of the common diagnostic tests used and how to deliver support to the hospitalised patient. While an acute kidney injury can be a serious condition for some patients, it is possible for others to recover and maintain a good quality of life with effective nursing care to help maximise the prognosis of these patients.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135902744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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